Grade 11

Chapter 2
37.
Molecular compounds: those made upo of molecules, for eg. glucose.
38.
Most molecular compounds remain molecular when dissolved in water (ex glucose).
39.
Some molecular compounds hydrolyze into ions when dissolved in water, for eg. hydrogen halides,
H2SO4, HNO3.
SQ14
40.
Ionic compounds: form when metals and nonmetals react.
41.
Ionic compounds: dissociate into ions in aqueous solutions.
BQ 3, SQ13
42.
Electrolytes : substances that dissolve in water to form conducting solutions.
SQ15, 16
43.
Periodic Table can be used to predict electrolytes from a list.
ex2.7, 2.8 pg 71
44.
Cations are positively charged ions, anions are negatively charged ions. SQ20
45.
Soluble substance: one that dissolves to give a concentration > 0.1M at room temperature SQ21
46.
All ammonium salts, alkali metal salts, nitrate salts and acetate salts are soluble.
SQ22
+
+
2+
47.
Chlorides, bromides and iodides are soluble except Ag , Cu and Pb .
SQ25
2+
2+
2+
2+
48.
Sulfates are soluble except Sr , Ba , Pb and Ca .
SQ24
49.
Sulfides (S2) are insoluble [except for rule 1 & Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+]. SQ26, ex 2.14 p. 77
50.
Hydroxides, oxides, phosphates, sulfites and carbonates are insoluble [except for rule 1]. SQ23
51.
Use the rules to predict solubility of a given compound.
Ex 2.10 , 2.11 , 2.12 pg76
52.
Use the rules to predict if a precipitate will form upon mixing two given solutions. BQ4, 5a, Q10 p97
53.
Colors of common compounds:
All group 1 salts are white and their solutions are colourless
All carbonate salts are white except copper(II) carbonate which is green
All sulfide salts are white except CuS, FeS and PbS which are black
A green precipitate is due to iron (II) ions, like Fe(OH)2
A reddish brown precipitate is due to iron(III) salts, like Fe(OH)3
Barium sulfate is white
Silver chloride is white , silver bromide is creamy white and silver iodide is yellow
Copper(II) hydroxide is blue
lead (II) chloride is white, lead (II) bromid is creamy, lead(II) iodide is yellow
Lead (II) hydroxide is white
Aluminium hydroxide is gelatinous white
Zinc hydroxide is white
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.

Demonstration: flame tests

Flame colours of Li+ (red), Na+ (yellow/orange), K+ (lilac or violet), Ca2+ (brick red). SQ38
Demonstration: test for halide ions using silver nitrate solution followed with ammonia
Demonstration: test for NH4+ using NaOH and heat
SQ37, BQ7ai
Properties of NH3(g): colorless, pungent smelling gas that turns wet red litmus blue.
Test for Al3+ ions: add NaOH till in excess, add NH3 till in excess. SQ36
Test for Zn2+ ions: add NaOH till in excess, add NH3 till in excess. SQ32
Test for Pb2+ ions: add NaOH till in excess, add NH3 till in excess.
PbCl2 is soluble in hot water and insoluble in cold.

Grade 11

63.
Test for Cu2+ ions: add NaOH till in excess, add NH3 till in excess. SQ33
64.
Test for Fe2+ ions: add NaOH till in excess, add NH3 till in excess. SQ34, BQ7f
65.
Test for Fe3+ ions: add NaOH till in excess, add NH3 till in excess. SQ35, BQ7g
66.
Test for Ca2+ ions: add NaOH till in excess, add NH3 till in excess. SQ31, BQ7d
67.
Test for CO32- / HCO3- ( add a few drops of acid )
SQ29, BQ7a, 7bii
68.
Properties of CO2: colorless, odorless gas that turns lime water milky.
69.
Test for SO42-: add acidified barium nitrate. Ba2+ solution must be acidified to eliminate other possible
anions being present.
SQ28, BQ7c
70.
Test for NO3 : add NaOH, Al(s) and heat
SQ30, BQ7e
71.
Solubility: is the molar concentration of a saturated solution. It is also defined in terms of max mass
of solute that can dissolve in 100g solvent.
SQ1
72.
Solubility of most solids increase with increasing temperature.
SQ6, BQ1
73.
Saturated solution: The solvent contains as much solute as it can hold at equilibrium at a given
temperature. The solid must be in contact with the liquid.
74.
If a saturated solution at a certain temperature is cooled, the solid precipitates out.
75.
Use a solubility curve to:
read the solubilities of solids at different temp.
determine the increase in solubility when heated
determine the mass of solid formed when a saturated solution is cooled
determine mass of water needed to dissolve a specific mass of solid at a specific temp
determine mass of solid that will dissolve in a specific mass of water at a specific temp BQ2, q2 pg 96
76.
Aan insoluble solid is always in equilibrium with its ions in solution
77.
Ksp expression for any insoluble solid is called solubility product pg90 ex2.17/2.18, SQ39
78.
The larger the Ksp value, the more soluble a solid is. SQ40,41
79.
Calculate the solubility of a salt given its Ksp
BQ 8, 9
2
- When a solid gives out ions in a 1:1 ratio , Ksp = s
- When a solid gives out ions in a 1:2 ratio , Ksp = 4s3
- When a solid gives out ions in a 1:3 ratio , Ksp = 27s4
80.
Calculate Ksp of a salt given its solubility in water
(page 100 chapter test q12)
81.
When two solutions are mixed, their concentrations change due to a change in volume.
82.
Comparing the value of Q to that of Ksp allows us to predict if a precipitate forms when 2 solutions
are mixed.
Page 98 chapter review q17, BQ10
if Q >Ksp a precipitate will form
Know that if Q <Ksp a precipitate will not form
83.
Ccalculate the concentrations of ions left after a precipitation reaction (challenge exercise page 94)
84.
Calculate the mass of a ppt formed when two ionic solutions are mixed
BQ6
85.
Separate ions in a mixture through precipitation
pg 95,ex. 2.20, BQ5b, q7 pg97