CH 02 Complex Numbers

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 77 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM
Number
systems:
complex
numbers
2
syllabus ref
efer
erence
ence
Core topic:
Real and complex number
systems
In this chapter
2A Introduction to complex
numbers
2B Basic operations using
complex numbers
2C Conjugates and division
of complex numbers
2D Radians and coterminal
angles
2E Complex numbers in polar
form
2F Basic operations on complex
numbers in polar form
78
M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s C Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
Introduction to complex numbers

In 1545, the Italian mathematician Girolamo Cardano proposed (what was then) a startling mathematical expression:
40 =
(5 +
15 )( 5 15 )
This was a valid expression, yet it included the square root of a negative number,
which seemed impossible.
What is a number such as 1 or 15 and how does it relate to a real number, and
what does it signify in mathematics?
Back in chapter 1, you may recall that our definition of real numbers included
whole numbers, fractions, irrational and rational numbers as subsets of the real
number set. Whenever the square root of a negative number was encountered was
this classified as real? Where did we sometimes encounter such numbers in calculations? Solution of quadratic equations sometimes brought these numbers to the
foreground. What was the difference between these two situations: x2 + 3x 6 = 0
and x2 + 3x + 1 = 0? How did the solutions to these equations relate to properties
of the associated parabolas?
In terms of the mathematics that you have studied so far, these square roots of negative numbers have some significance.
But why did the square roots of negative numbers become central to the study of a
new set of numbers called the complex numbers? It was partly curiosity and partly
because mathematicians such as Diophantus (the Greek mathematician) and Leibniz
(the German mathematician) found that real numbers could not solve all equations.
Eventually scientists and engineers discovered their uses. Complex numbers are now
used extensively in the fields of physics and engineering in areas such as electric circuits and electromagnetic waves. Combined with calculus theory, complex numbers
form an important part of the study of mathematics known as complex analysis.
Square root of a negative number

The quadratic equation x2 + 1 = 0 has no solutions for x in the Real Number System R
because the equation yields x = 1 and there is no real number which, when
squared, gives 1 as the result. If, however, we define an imaginary number denoted
by i such that i = 1 , then x = 1 becomes x = i. For the general case
x2 + a2 = 0, with a R, we can write:
2
x = a
2
= 1 a
2
= ( 1 a )
= ai
Powers of i will produce i or 1. We have i 2 = 1, i 3 = i 2 i = 1 i = i,
i 4 = i 2 i 2 = 1 1 = 1, i 6 = (i 2)3 = (1)3 = 1 and so on. The pattern is quite
obviously that even powers of i result in 1 or 1 and odd powers of i result in i or i.
Definition of a complex number

A complex number (generally denoted by the letter z) is defined as a quantity
consisting of a real number added to a multiple of the imaginary unit i. For real
numbers x and y, x + yi is a complex number. This is referred to as the standard or
Cartesian form.
Chapter 2
Number systems: complex numbers
79
C = {z: z = x + yi where x, y R} defines the set of complex numbers.

The real part of z is x and is written as Re (z). That is, Re (z) = x.
The imaginary part of z is y and is written as Im (z). That is, Im (z) = y.
Note: Every real number x can be written as x + 0i and so the set of real numbers is a
subset of the set of complex numbers. That is, R C. In the worked examples we will
use only the positive roots of surds; that is, we will assume 16 = 4 (not 4).
WORKED Example 1
Using the imaginary number i, write a simplified expression for:
a
b 5 .
16
THINK
a
1
2
3
1
2
WRITE
Express the square root of 16 as the product of

the square root of 16 and the square root of 1.
Substitute i for 1 .
Take the square root of 16.
Express the square root of 5 as the product of
the square root of 5 and the square root of 1.
Substitute i for 1 .
16 1
16 =
= 16 i
= 4i
5 = 5 1
= 5 i
=i 5
WORKED Example 2
Write down the real and imaginary parts of the following complex numbers, z.
1
a z = 3 + 2i
b z = --2- i
THINK
WRITE
a Re (z) = 3
The real part is the non-i term.
The imaginary part is the coefficient of

the i term.
The real part is the non-i term.
1
2
The imaginary part is the coefficient of

the i term.
Im (z) = 2
b Re (z) = 0
Im (z) = 1--2-
WORKED Example 3
Write i 8 + i 5 in the form x + yi where x and y are real numbers.

THINK
1
2
Simplify both i 8 and i 5 using the lowest

possible power of i.
Add the two answers.
WRITE
i 8 = (i 2)4 = (1)4 = 1
i 5 = i 4 i = (i 2)2 i = (1)2 i = 1 i = i
i8 + i5 = 1 + i
80
WORKED Example 4
Simplify z = i 4 2i 2 + 1 and w = i 6 3i 4 + 3i 2 1 and show that z + w = 4.
THINK
WRITE
Replace terms with the lowest possible

powers of i (remember i 2 = 1).
Add the two answers.
i 4 2i 2 + 1 = (i 2)2 2 1 + 1
= (1)2 + 2 + 1
=4
6
4
i 3i + 3i 2 1 = (i 2)3 3(i 2)2 + 3 1 1
= (1)3 3(1)2 3 1
= 1 3 3 1
= 8
4
2
z + w = i 2i + 1 + i 6 3i 4 + 3i 2 1
z+w=48
z + w = 4
WORKED Example 5
Evaluate each of the following.
a Re (7 + 6i)
b Im (10)
c Re (2 + i 3i 3)
1 3i i 2 i 3
d Im ----------------------------------
THINK
WRITE
a The real part of the complex number

7 + 6i is 7.
a Re (7 + 6i) = 7
b The number 10 can be expressed in

complex form as 10 + 0i and so the
imaginary part is 0.
b Im (10) = Im (10 + 0i)

=0
Simplify 2 + i 3i 3.
The real part is 2.
Simplify the numerator of

3i i 2 i 3
1--------------------------------- .
Simplify by dividing the numerator by 2.
The imaginary part is 1.
c Re (2 + i 3i 3) = Re (2 + i 3i i 2)
= Re (2 + i + 3i)
= Re (2 + 4i)
=2
1 3i i 2 i 3
1 3i + 1 + i
d Im ---------------------------------- = Im -------------------------------
2
2
2 2i
= Im --------------
2
2(1 i)
= Im -----------------2
= Im (1 i)
= 1
Chapter 2
81
remember
remember
1.
2.
3.
4.
The imaginary number i has the property that i 2 = 1.

A complex number z is of the form z = x + yi where x, y R.
The real part of z is x and is written as Re (z).
The imaginary part of z is y and is written as Im (z).
2A
Introduction to
complex numbers
1 Using the imaginary number i, write down expressions for:

a
b
c
9
25
49
1
e
f
11
7
g
4--9-
Math
WORKED
----- 36
25
cad
Example
Complex 1
2 Write down the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of the following complex
numbers, z.
2
a 9 + 5i
b 5 4i
c 3 8i
d 11i 6
e 27
f 2i
g 5 + i
h 17i
WORKED
Example
3 Write each of the following in the form x + yi, where x and y are real numbers.
b i 9 i 10
c i 12 + i 15
d i 7 i 11
a i 9 + i 10
3
5
6
7
13
16
2
3
e i +i i
f i(i + i )
g 2i i + 2i
h 3i + i 4 5i 5
WORKED
Example
WORKED
Example
4 Simplify z = i 6 + 3i 7 2i 10 3 and w = 4i 8 3i 11 + 3 and show that z + w = 5.
5 Evaluate each of the following.

a Re (5 + 4i)
b Re (15 8i)
5
d Im (1 6i)
e Im (3 + 2i)
WORKED
c
f
Example
g Re (i 5 3i 4 + 6i 6)
Re (12i)
Im (8)
4i 9 5i 14 2i 7
h Im ------------------------------------
i3 i + 2
6 Write 3 -------------------- in the form x + yi, where x and y are real numbers.
i2 i4
7 multiple choice
a The value of Re (i + i 3 + i 5) is:
A 2
B 1
C 3
D 1
E 0
b The value of Im [i(2i 4 3i 2 + 5i)] is:
A 0
B 5
C 5
D 10
E 4
c The expression i + i 2 i 3 + i 4 i 5 + i 6 simplifies to:
A i
B 0
C i1
D i+2
E i
1 + i + i 2 + + i 11
d If f ( i ) = ---------------------------------------------- which one of the statements below is true?
4
A f(i) = 2 + i
B Re [f(i)] = 5
C Im [f(i)] = 1--4D f(i) = 1 i
E f(i) = 0
n
---
8 If n is an even natural number show that ( 1 ) 2 = i n .
82
Complex numbers in
quadratic equations
In your junior mathematics studies you graphed quadratics and found the real roots
of the expressions using the formula for the solution of a general quadratic
equation of the form ax2 + bx + c. Sometimes the values for a, b and c meant that
the value under the radical sign was negative; that is, it had a negative discriminant
(for example, 16 ). You might have been told that this meant there were no real
roots for this quadratic. That was correct, but only half the answer. Follow the
steps below and you will hopefully develop a better understanding of the results
you obtain.
The following formulas are included for your assistance:
2
b b 4ac
b
x = ------------------------------------- , turning point x = -----2a
2a
Step 1 Use the formula for the solution of a quadratic equation to find the roots
of:
y = x2 2x + 3 ....................(A)
Interpret this result.
Step 2 Use the formula for the x-coordinate of the turning point and substitute
this into the original quadratic to find the y-coordinate of this turning
point.
Step 3 Graph this quadratic equation using the information from steps 1 and 2.
Repeat steps 13 with the following quadratic equations. Note the effect of the
negative discriminant in equation (C).
y = x2 2x + 1 ..................................(B)
y = x2 2x 2 ..................................(C)
Graphically, we can see that there are no real values of x that satisfy the equation
x2 2x 2 = 0.
Basic operations using complex

numbers
Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. In general, the
solutions obtained when performing these operations are presented in the standard form
z = x + yi.
Argand diagrams
We know that an ordered pair of real numbers (x, y) can be represented on the Cartesian
plane. Similarly, if we regard the complex number x + yi as consisting of the ordered
pair of real numbers (x, y), then the complex number z = x + yi can be plotted as a point
(x, y) on the complex number plane.
Chapter 2
83
This is also referred to as the Argand plane or an Argand diagram in recognition of

the work done in this area by the Swiss mathematician Jean-Robert Argand.
The horizontal axis is referred to as the Real axis and the vertical axis is referred to
as the Imaginary axis.
Im (z) (Imaginary axis)
The points A, B, C, D and E shown on the
5
C
Argand diagram at right represent the complex
4
numbers 3 + 0i, 0 + 2i, 4 + 5i, 3 4i and 2 2i
3
2 B
respectively.
1
A
This method of representation is a useful way of
4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 Re (z)
illustrating the properties of complex numbers
1
(Real axis)
under the operations of addition, subtraction and
2
E
3
multiplication.
D
Addition of complex numbers

Addition is performed by adding the real and imaginary parts separately.
If z = a + bi and w = c + di then z + w = (a + c) + (b + d)i
where Re (z + w) = Re (z) + Re (w) and Im (z + w) = Im (z) + Im (w).
Geometric representation
If z1 = x1 + y1i and z2 = x2 + y2i then z2 + z1 = (x2 + x1) + (y2 + y1)i. If a directed line
segment connects the origin (0 + 0i) to each of the points z1, z2 and z1 + z2, then the
addition of two complex numbers can be associated with standard methods of addition
of the directed line segments.
Im (z)
The figure at right illustrates the situation for
z2 + z1, with, say, positive values for x1, x2, y1, y2
(y1 + y2)
z1 + z2
and x1 < x2 and y1 < y2.
Note: The origin, z1, z2 and z2 + z1 form a parallelogram.
You will use this concept later in this course when you
study vector addition.
y2
y1
0
z1
x1
z2
Re (z)
x2 (x1 + x2)
Subtraction of complex numbers

If we write z w as z + w we can use the rule for addition of complex numbers to
obtain z + w = (a + bi) + (c + di)
= a + bi c di
= (a c) + (b d)i
If z = a + bi and w = c + di then z w = (a c) + (b d)i.
Geometric representation
If z1 = x1 + y1i and z2 = x2 + y2i then z2 z1 = (x2 x1)
+ (y2 y1)i. If a directed line segment connects the
origin (0 + 0i) to each of the points z1, z2 and z2 z1
then the subtraction of two complex numbers can also
be associated with standard methods of the addition of
directed line segments. The figure at right illustrates
the situation for z2 z1, again with positive values for
x1, x2, y1, y2 and x1 < x2 and y1 < y2.
Im (z)
y2
(y2 y1)
y1
z2
z1
z2 z1
Re (z)
x1 (x2 x1) x2
84
WORKED Example 6
For z = 8 + 7i, w = 12 + 5i and u = 1 + 2i, calculate:

a z+w
b wz
c u w + z.
THINK
WRITE
a Use the addition rule for complex numbers.
a z + w = (8 + 7i) + (12 + 5i)
= (8 12) + (7 + 5)i
= 4 + 12i
b Use the subtraction rule for complex
b w z = (12 + 5i) (8 + 7i)
numbers.
= (12 8) + (5 7)i
= 20 2i
c Use both the addition rule and the
c u w + z = (1 + 2i) (12 + 5i) + (8 + 7i)
subtraction rule.
= (1 + 12 + 8) + (2 5 + 7)i
= 21 + 4i
Multiplication by a constant (or scalar)
Im (z)
If z = x + yi and kR
ky
kz
then kz = k(x + yi)
= kx + kyi
z
y
For k > 1, the product kz can be illustrated as shown at right.
The ratio of corresponding sides of the two triangles is k:1.
A similar situation exists for k < 1.
0
x
kx Re (z)
So when a complex number is multiplied by a constant,
this produces a directed line segment in the same direction (or at 180 degrees if k < 0)
which is larger in length if k > 1 or smaller if 0 < k < 1. Geometrically this is called a
transformation or dilation, which means magnifying or decreasing by a constant factor.
WORKED Example 7
If z = 3 + 5i, w = 4 2i and v = 6 + 10i, evaluate:

a 3z + w
b 2z v
c 4z 3w + 2v.
THINK
WRITE
a 1 Calculate 3z + w by substituting values
a 3z + w = 3(3 + 5i) + (4 2i)
for z and w.
= (9 + 15i) + (4 2i)
Use
the
rule
for
adding
complex
numbers.
= (9 + 4) + (15 2)i
2
= 13 + 13i
b 1 Calculate 2z v by substituting values for
b 2z v = 2(3 + 5i) (6 + 10i)
z and v.
= 6 + 10i 6 10i
2 Use the rule for subtraction of complex numbers.
= 0 + 0i
=0
c 1 Calculate 4z 3w + 2v by substituting
c 4z 3w + 2v
values for z, w and v.
= 4(3 + 5i) 3(4 2i) + 2(6 + 10i)
Use
the
addition
rule
and
the
subtraction
= 12 + 20i 12 + 6i + 12 + 20i
2
rule to simplify.
= 12 + 46i
Chapter 2
85
Multiplication of two complex numbers

So far we have shown that complex numbers can be plotted on an Argand diagram;
adding and subtracting them is geometrically equivalent to adding and subtracting
directed line segments and multiplication by a positive constant is equivalent to
extending or shrinking the directed line segment without altering the direction.
What geometrical interpretation, if any, can be given to multiplication of two (or
more) complex numbers?
The multiplication of two complex numbers also results in a complex number.
If z = a + bi and w = c + di
then z w = (a + bi)(c + di)
= ac + adi + bci + bdi 2
= (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i (since i 2 = 1)
If z = a + bi and w = c + di then z w = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i.
WORKED Example 8
If z = 6 2i and w = 3 + 4i express zw in standard form.

THINK
WRITE
zw = (6 2i)(3 + 4i)
1 Expand the brackets.
= 18 + 24i 6i 8i 2
2
= 18 + 24i 6i + 8
2 Express in the form x + yi by substituting 1 for i
and simplifying the expression using the addition
= 26 + 18i
and subtraction rules.
WORKED Example 9
Simplify (2 3i)(2 + 3i).

THINK
1 Expand the brackets.
2
2 Substitute 1 for i and simplify the expression.
WRITE
(2 3i)(2 + 3i) = 4 + 6i 6i 9i 2
= 4 9 1
= 13
WORKED Example 10
Determine Re (z2w) + Im (zw2) for z = 4 + i and w = 3 i.

THINK
WRITE
2
z2w = (4 + i)2(3 i)
1 Express z w in the form x + yi.
= (16 + 8i + i 2)(3 i)
= (16 + 8i 1)(3 i)
= (15 + 8i)(3 i)
= 45 15i + 24i 8i 2
= 53 + 9i
2
Re (z2w) = 53
2 The real part, Re (z w) is 53.
Continued over page
86
THINK
WRITE
Express zw2 in the form x + yi.
zw2 = (4 + i)(3 i)2

= (4 + i)(9 6i + i 2)
= (4 + i)(8 6i)
= 32 24i + 8i 6i 2
= 38 16i
The imaginary part, Im (zw2) is 16.
Im (zw 2) = 16
Calculate the value of

Re (z2w) + Im (zw2).
Re (z2w) + Im (zw 2) = 53 16
= 37
Plotting complex numbers

You will need graph paper, a ruler and a protractor.
For z = 3 + 2i and w = 5 + i
1 Accurately plot z and w on an Argand diagram.
2 Find zw and plot this on the same diagram.
3 Measure each length and angle from the positive end on the Real axis. Do you
notice any pattern between the numbers you started with and your result?
4 Try this with some other complex numbers. Plot your original complex
numbers accurately and plot the product. Test your original hypothesis.
Equality of two complex numbers

If z = a + bi and w = c + di then z = w if and only if a = c and b = d.
The condition if and only if (sometimes written in short form as iff ) means that both
of the following situations must apply.
1. If z = w then a = c and b = d.
2. If a = c and b = d then z = w.
WORKED Example 11
Find the values of x and y that satisfy (3 + 4i)(x + yi) = 29 + 22i.

THINK
1 Write the left-hand side of the equation
2 Expand the left-hand side of the equation.
3 Express the left-hand side in the form a + bi.
WRITE
LHS = (3 + 4i)(x + yi)
LHS = 3x + 3yi + 4xi + 4yi 2
LHS = (3x 4y) + (4x + 3y)i
Chapter 2
THINK
87
WRITE
Equate the real parts and imaginary parts to

create a pair of simultaneous equations.
3x 4y = 29
4x + 3y = 22
[1]
[2]
Simultaneously solve [1] and [2] for x and y.
9x 12y = 87
[3]
Multiply equation [1] by 3 and equation [2]

by 4 so that y can be eliminated.
16x + 12y = 88
[4]
Add the two new equations and solve for x.
Adding equations [3] and [4]:

25x = 175
x=7
Substitute x = 7 into equation [1] and solve

for y.
Substitute x = 7 into equation [1]:

3(7) 4y = 29
21 4y = 29
4y = 8
y = 2
State the solution.
Therefore x = 7 and y = 2.
Check the solution by substituting these values

into equation [2].
Check: 4 7 + 3 2 = 22.
Multiplication by i
Let us examine the effect on z = x + yi after
multiplication by i, i 2, i 3 and i 4.
z = x + yi
iz = i(x + yi) = y + xi
i 2z = 1z = x yi = z
i 3z = i(i 2z) = y xi = iz
i 4z = i(i 3z) = x + yi = z
The five points are shown on the complex plane
at right.
It is observed that multiplying z by i n, n N
produces an anticlockwise rotation of 90n degrees.
remember
remember
If z = a + bi and w = c + di for a, b, c, dR then:

1. z + w = (a + c) + (b + d)i
2. z w = (a c) + (b d)i
3. kz = ka + kbi, for kR
4. z w = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i
5. z = w if and only if a = c and b = d.
(Note: If and only if can be written as iff.)
Im (z)
iz
x
z or i 4z
i 2z
i 3z
Re (z)
88
2B
1 Represent each of the following complex numbers on an Argand diagram.

a 3+i
b 4 5i
c 2 6i
d 3i + 7
e
f 8+i 3
5 2i
Mat
d
hca
Complex 2
WORKED
Example
6
WORKED
Example
SkillS
HEET
2.1
Basic operations using

complex numbers
WORKED
Example
8
WORKED
Example
2 For z = 5 + 3i, w = 1 4i, u = 6 11i and v = 2i 3 calculate:

a z+w
b uz
c w+v
d uv
e wzu
f v+wz
3 If z = 3 + 2i, w = 4 + i and u = 8 5i, evaluate:
a 3w
b 2u + z
d 3z + u + 2w
e 2z 7w + 9u
c
f
4z 3u
3(z + 2u) 4w
4 Using z, w, u and v from question 2 express each of the following in the form x + yi.
a zw
b uv
c wu
2
d zu
f
u(wv)
e u
5 Simplify the following.
a (10 + 7i)(9 3i)
d (5 + 6i)(5 6i)
b (3 4i)(5 + 4i)
e (2i 7)(2i + 7)
c
f
(8 2i)(4 5i)
(9 7i)2
6 For z = 1 3i and w = 2 5i calculate z 2w.

WORKED
Example
10
WORKED
Example
11
7 Determine Re (z 2) Im (zw) for z = 1 + i and w = 4 i.

8 For z = 3 + 5i, w = 2 3i and u = 1 4i determine:
a Im (u 2)
b Re (w 2)
c Re (uw) + Im (zw)
d Re (zu) Im (w 2)
e Re (z 2) Re (zw) Im (uz)
f Re (u2w) + Im (zw 2)
9 Find the values of x and y that satisfy each of the following.
a (2 + 3i)(x + yi) = 16 + 11i
b (5 4i)(x + yi) = 1 4i
c (3i 8)(x + yi) = 23 37i
d (7 + 6i)(x + yi) = 4 33i
10 multiple choice
If z = 8 7i and w = 3 + 4i, then:
a Re (zw) is equal to:
A 4
B 4
b Im (w 2) + Re (z2) is equal to:
A 76
B 39
c 3z 2w is equal to:
A 30 13i
B 30 29i
C 5
D 11
E 52
C 105
D 56
E 32
C 18 29i
D 24 13i
E 18
11 If z = 2 + i and w = 4 3i then represent each of the following on an Argand diagram.

b zw
c z+w
d wz
a z2
e 3z + w
f 2w 4z
h (w z)3
g (z + w)2
12 If z = 3 + 2i represent each of the following on the same Argand diagram.
z, iz, i 2z, i 3z, i 4z, i 5z, iz, i 2z
Chapter 2
89
Conjugates and division of

complex numbers
The conjugate of a complex number
The conjugate of a complex number is obtained by changing the sign of the imaginary
component.
If z = x + yi the conjugate z of z is defined as z = x yi.
Conjugates are useful because the multiplication (or addition) of a complex number
and its conjugate results in a real number.
Multiplication:
zz = (x + yi)(x yi),
= x2 + y2
where x, y R, and x yi and x + yi are conjugates. You will use this result when
dividing complex numbers.
Note: Compare this expression with the formula for the difference of two squares
(a b)(a + b) = a 2 b 2.
Addition:
z + z = x + yi + x yi
= 2x
Graphing complex conjugates

As seen earlier, z and its conjugate can be written as
z = x + yi and z = x yi
Im (z)
The geometrical representation of z and z is
shown at right.
Notice that the conjugate z appears as
a reflection of z in the Real axis.
x
Other properties of conjugates include:
1. z = z
2. z1 z2 = z1 z2
3. z1z2 = z1z2
z1
z1
4. ------- = -------- where z2 0
z2
z2
WORKED Example 12
Write the conjugate of each of the following complex numbers.
a 8 + 5i
b 2 3i
c 4+i 5
THINK
WRITE
a Change the sign of the imaginary component.

b Change the sign of the imaginary component.
a 8 5i
b 2 + 3i
c Change the sign of the imaginary component.
c 4i 5
z = x + yi
y
y
z = x yi
Re (z)
90
WORKED Example 13
If z = 5 2i and w = 7 i show that z + w = z + w .

THINK
WRITE
Add the conjugates z and w .
z + w = ( 5 + 2i ) + ( 7 + i ) = 12 + 3i
Add z to w.
z + w = ( 5 2i ) + ( 7 i ) = 12 3i
Write down the conjugate of z + w.
z + w = 12 + 3i
The conjugate of z + w equals zz + w .
z + w = z + w
Multiplicative inverse of a complex number

Given a non-zero complex number z, there exists a complex number w such that
1
zw = 1, with w being the multiplicative inverse of z denoted by w = z 1 = --- .
z
WORKED Example 14
If z = 3 + 4i, determine z1.

THINK
1
Write z as a rational expression:

1
z 1 = --z
Multiply both the numerator and

denominator by the conjugate of 3 + 4i.
WRITE
1
1
z1 = --- = -------------z
3 + 4i
Write the expression in the form x + yi.
1
(3 4i)
= ------------------- -----------------(3 + 4i) (3 4i)
3 4i
= -------------25
3 4i
= ------ -----25 25
a bi
-.
This example shows that if z = a + bi then z 1 = ---------------a2 + b2
Division of complex numbers

The application of conjugates to division of complex numbers will now be investigated.
z
Consider the complex numbers z = a + bi and w = c + di. To find ---- in the form x + yi
w
we must multiply both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of w to make
the denominator a real number only.
(You might need to review rationalisation of the denominator which was discussed in
chapter 1.)
Chapter 2
z
a + bi
---- = -------------w c + di
a + bi c di
= -------------- ------------c + di c di
( ac + bd ) + ( bc ad )i
= -----------------------------------------------------c2 + d 2
ac + bd ( bc ad )i
+ -----------------------= -----------------c2 + d 2
c2 + d 2
91
Multiply by the conjugate of c + di.

Simplify the expressions in the numerator
and in the denominator.
Express in the form x + yi.
Thus we can state:

z
If z and w are complex numbers in the form x + yi, then --w can also be expressed
in the form x + yi by simplifying:
z
w
---- ---w w
WORKED Example 15
2+i
Express ---------2 i in standard form.
THINK
1
Multiply both the numerator and

denominator by the conjugate of 2 i
to make the denominator real.
Expand the expressions obtained in the

numerator and denominator.
Substitute 1 for i 2 and simplify the

expression.
Complex numbers can be used

to generate fractal patterns such
as the Julia Set shown.
WRITE
2 + i (2 + i) (2 + i)
---------- = --------------- --------------2i
(2 i) (2 + i)
4 + 4i + i 2
= ----------------------4 i2
4 + 4i 1
= ----------------------4+1
3 + 4i
= -------------5
3 4i
= --- + ----5 5
92
WORKED Example 16
2
If z = 3 + i, and w = ---------- determine Im (4z w).
4i
THINK
1
2
Substitute for z and w in 4z w.

Express 4z w with a common
denominator.
Remove i from the denominator by

multiplying the numerator and
denominator by the conjugate of 4 i.
Simplify the expression so that it is in

the form x + yi.
State the imaginary component of

4z w.
WRITE
2
4z w = 4 ( 3 + i ) ---------4i
4(3 + i)(4 i) 2
= -------------------------------------------4i
4 ( 13 + i ) 2
= ------------------------------4i
50 + 4i
= ----------------4i
(50 + 4i) (4 + i)
= ---------------------- --------------(4 i)
(4 + i)
196 + 66i
= ----------------------17
196 66i
= --------- + -------17
17
66
Im (4z w) = -----17
WORKED Example 17
Prove that z1z2 = z1z2.

THINK
WRITE
z1 = a + bi
z1 = a bi
z2 = c + di and z2 = c di
When asked to Prove you should not

use actual values for the pronumerals.
State the general values of z1, z2,
z1 and z2.
Let
Generally, in a proof do not work both

sides of the equation at once. Calculate
the LHS first.
LHS = (a + bi) (c + di)

LHS = ac + adi + cbi + bdi2
LHS = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i
LHS = (ac bd) (ad + bc)i
Calculate the RHS and show that it

equals the LHS.
RHS = (a bi)(c di)

RHS = ac adi bci + bdi2
RHS = (ac bd) (ad + bc)i
RHS = LHS
Hence z1z2 = z1z2
Let
Chapter 2
93
remember
remember
If z = a + bi and w = c + di, for a, b, c, d R, then:

1. The conjugate of z is z = a bi.
z
ac + bd ( bc ad )i
-.
+ -----------------------2. ---- = -----------------w
c2 + d 2
c2 + d 2
2C
WORKED
12
1 Write down the conjugate of each of the following complex numbers.

a 7 + 10i
b 5 9i
c 3 + 12i
7 3i
d
e 2i + 5
f 6 i 11
2 Graph the following complex numbers and their conjugates on an Argand diagram.
a 3i
b 1 + 3i
c 4 5i
WORKED
Example
3 If z = 6 + 3i and w = 3 4i, show that z w = z w .
13
WORKED
Example
14
4 Determine z1 if z is equal to:

a 2i
b 3+i
d 5 + 4i
e 2i 3
c
f
4 3i
3i 2
2 + 5i
-------------4 3i
2+i 3
---------------------5i 2
5 If 676z = 10 24i, express z1 in the form x + yi.

WORKED
E xample
15
2+i
6 Express ---------- in the form x + yi.
3i
7 Express each of the following in the form x + yi.
3 2i
1i
a ---------b -------------1+i
2 + 3i
4 3i
d -------------5 + 2i
WORKED
E xample
16
4 5i
-------------2 7i
1
8 If z = 2 i and w = ---------- determine each of the following:
3+i
a Re (z + w)
b Im (w z)
c Re (z1 + w1)
d Im (3z + 2w)
e Re (4w 2z)
2 + i 9 2i 7 + i
9 Write ---------- + -------------- + ---------- in the form x + yi.
1+i 2i 1i
( 2 + 5i ) 2 ( 5i 2 )
10 Simplify --------------------------------------------------- .
3 ( 4 + 7i ) 2 ( 5 + 8i )
11 Determine the conjugate of (5 6i)(3 8i).
Math
cad
Example
Conjugates and division

of complex numbers
Complex 2
94
12 multiple choice
If z = 5 12i, w = 9 i and u = 15 6i, then:
a Re (z1) is:
12
A 5
B 12
C --------169
b Im ( zw ) is equal to:
A 33
B 103
C 113
c
The expression 2z w + 3u is equal to:

A 26 7i
B 64 + 41i
C 46 29i
5
D --------169
12i
E --------169
D 70
E 0
D 34 41i
E 64 19i
13 If z = 6 + 8i and w = 10 3i:
a show that zw = z w
b generalise the result by letting z = a + bi and w = c + di.
14 Use the result zw = z w to prove that z n = ( z )n.
2.2
SkillS
HEET
15 If z = 4 + i and w = 1 + 3i
z
z
a show that ---- = --- w
w
b generalise the result by letting z = a + bi and w = c + di.
16 If z = 5 4i and w = 2i, calculate Re (z w + z w).
17 If z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = 4 i and z3 = 5 i find:
a 2z1 z2 4z3
b z 1 z 2 + z2 z 3
z1 z2 z3 z1 z2 z3
18 If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di show that (z1z2)1 = z11z21.

19 a If z = 1 + i find z4, z8 and z12.
b Deduce from your results in a that z4n = (2i)2n, n N.
z1
20 If z = x + yi find the values of x and y such that ----------- = z + 2 .
z+1
z+i
21 Find values for a and b so that z = a + bi satisfies ----------- = i .
z+2
22 If z = x + yi, determine the values of x and y such that z =
3 + 4i .
23 If z = 2 3i and w = 1 2i
ii ww
a find
i zz
17
b Show that iii z + w = z + w
WORKED
Example
iii
zw = z w
iii
z
z
--- = --- w w
Find
c
1
--z
ii
1
---w
d z2 + w2
e z + zw
f z1w1
Chapter 2
95
Radians and coterminal angles

When a complex number is expressed in a geometrical representation, we use a
directed line segment which has length (modulus) and which lies in a certain direction
with respect to the positive Real axis. This angle formed with the positive Real axis is
called the argument. The argument of a complex number z is written as arg(z) and
arg(z) = .
Before we look at complex numbers in polar form (in the next section), a new unit of
measuring angles is needed, the radian.
Radian measure
A radian is the angle subtended by an arc the length of the radius of
a circle, as shown in the diagram on the right.
Because the circumference of a circle is given by c = 2 r, there are
2 radians in one complete circle. Taken in an anticlockwise
rotation from the positive end of the x-axis as shown, the common
angles have radian equivalents.
360
Therefore, if 2 radians = 360, 1 radian = ----------- g 57.3.
2
1 radian r
So an arc of 2 r subtends an angle of 2 radians.
Coterminal angles
Consider the angle 420. This angle is made up of a full
revolution, 360 plus 60. When using degrees as our unit
of angle measure, 420 and 60 are said to be coterminal
angles; that is, angles which differ by a multiple of 360.
2D
0
2
Radians and coterminal angles
1 Draw a circle with a set of axes through its centre. Mark the following on the circumference of the circle.
3
3 5 7
5 7
b --- , ------ , ------ , -----c --- , ------ , -----a 0, --- , , ------ , 2
2
2
4 4 4 4
6 6 6
2 Convert the following common angle measures to radians.
a 45
b 60
c 135
d 270
3 Convert the following radian measures to degrees.
7
5
4
a -----b -----c -----6
4
3
4 Draw the following sets of coterminal angles:
a 30, 390
b 60, 420
11 23
13
d --- , --------e --------- , --------6 6
6
6
e 150
5
d -----3
c
f
135, 495
5 13
------ , --------4
4
96
Graphics Calculator tip! Simple algebra of complex numbers

1. To select complex number mode, press MODE and
select Radian mode; scroll down to a + bi and press
ENTER .
2. To perform simple algebra on complex numbers, use
standard HOME screen operations.
3. To find the real part, imaginary part and conjugate
of a complex number, press MATH , select CPX and
the menu item required then type in the complex
number, close brackets and press ENTER .
4. For a simple complex number, these menu items

should not be needed. However, they can be useful
in more complicated questions.
More detailed graphics calculator notes for
complex numbers are given on pages 114116.
Complex numbers in polar form

The modulus of z
The magnitude (or modulus or absolute value) of the
complex number z = x + yi is the length of the line segment
joining the origin to the point z. It is denoted by
z, x + yi or mod z.
The modulus of z is calculated using Pythagoras theorem.
z = x 2 + y 2 so that we have zz = z 2 .
WORKED Example 18
Find the modulus of the complex number z = 8 6i.

THINK
WRITE
Calculate the modulus by rule.
Because it forms the hypotenuse of a rightangled triangle, the modulus is always
greater than or equal to Re (z) or Im (z).
z = 8 2 + ( 6 ) 2
= 100
= 10
Im (z)
y
z =
P(x, y)
z = x + yi
x2 + y2
Re (z)
Chapter 2
97
WORKED Example 19
If z = 4 + 2i and w = 7 + 6i, represent the position of w z on an Argand diagram and

calculate w z.
THINK
WRITE/DRAW
Im (z)
w z = 7 + 6i (4 + 2i)
w
1 Calculate w z.
6
= 3 + 4i
5
wz
P
4
2 Represent it on an Argand diagram
3
as a directed line segment OP.
2
Use Pythagoras Theorem to

determine the length of OP.
z
1
O
0 1234567
OP 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 = 25
Re (z)
OP = 5
So w z = 5
WORKED Example 20
Represent z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = 5 2i and z3 = 4 2i on the complex number plane and calculate

the area of the shape formed when the three points are connected by straight line segments.
THINK
WRITE/DRAW
1 Show the connected points on the
Im (z)
complex number plane.
4
3
2
1
z1
432 1 1 2 3 4 5
z2
2
3
Re (z)
z3
2
Calculate the area of the triangle obtained.

The length of the base and height can be
found by inspection (base = 9, height = 5).
The argument of z
Area of triangle = 1--2- 9 5

Area of triangle = 22.5 square units.
Im (z)
The argument of z, arg (z), is the angle measurement

y
anticlockwise of the positive Real axis.
In the figure at right, arg (z) = , where
y
x
y
sin = -------- and cos = -------- or tan = -z
z
z
x
As seen in the previous section, for non-zero z an
infinite number of arguments of z exist since, for
a given z { : = 2n, n N} also represents the

0
position of point P in the figure at right because a
x
clockwise or anticlockwise rotation consisting of
multiples of 2 radians (or 360) merely moves P to its original position.
P(x, y)
z = x + yi
Re (z)
98
To ensure that there is only one value of corresponding to z we refer to the principal
value of and denote it by Arg (z). Note the capital A.
Arg (z) is the angle in the range < or (, ].
Some useful triangles

1
cos --- = ------- ,

4
2
sin --- = ------- ,

4
2
tan --- = 1
4
1
cos --- = --- ,
3 2
sin --- = ------- ,

3
2
tan --- =
3
cos --- = ------- ,

6
2
1
sin --- = --- ,
6 2
tan --- = ------6

3
It will be easier if you remember these 2 triangles

only not the ratios shown above. Draw a quick
sketch and work out each trigonometric ratio when
you need to.
WORKED Example 21
Find the Argument of z for each of the following in the interval (, ].

b z=1
3i
THINK
a 1 Plot z.
2
WRITE/DRAW
a Im (z)
Sketch the triangle that has sides in this

1:1 ratio.
This result can be verified using an

y
inverse trigonometric ratio, = tan1 -- .
x
Re (z)
4
From the diagram
= --4
Arg (z) = --4

4
= tan1 --4
= --4
2
1
a z = 4 + 4i
Chapter 2
THINK
b 1 Plot z.
2 Sketch the triangle that has sides in this
ratio.
WRITE/DRAW
b Im (z)
3
3
This result can be verified using an

y
inverse trigonometric ratio, = tan1 -- .
x
WORKED Example 22
Convert each of the following into Arguments.
THINK
a 1 Sketch the angle.
From the diagram
= --3
Arg (z) = --3

3
= tan1 ---------1
= --3
7
a -----4
WRITE/DRAW
a Im (z)
7
Re (z)
Since the given angle is positive,

subtract multiples of 2 until it lies in
the range (, ].
Sketch the angle.
5
b -----2
Re (z)
4
7
Arg (z) = ------ 2
4
= --4
b Im (z)
Re (z)
2
52
Since the given angle is negative, add

multiples of 2 until it lies in the range
(, ].
5
Arg (z) = ------ + 2
2
= --2
99
100
WORKED Example 23
Find the modulus and Argument for each of the following complex numbers.
a
b 1 2i
3+i
THINK
WRITE/DRAW
a 1 Plot z.
a Im (z)
2 This triangle has sides in the same ratio as
Plot z.
Arg (z) = --6

2
2
z = ( 3 ) + 1
= 4
=2
1
= tan1 ------- = --3 6
These results can be verified by

calculating the modulus.
Re (z)
z = 2
Im (z)
Re (z)
Find the modulus.
The triangle in the third quadrant will

be used to find but the answer will be
finally expressed as and Arg (z).
Remember Arg (z) can be thought of as

the quickest way to get to z.
Arg (z)
z =
( 1 ) + ( 2 )
z =
1+2
z =
y
= tan1 -x
2
= tan1 ---------1
= 0.955
= + 0.955
Arg (z) = 2.187
Chapter 2
101
Expressing complex numbers in polar

form
Suppose z = x + yi is represented by the point P(x, y) on the
complex plane using Cartesian coordinates.
Using the trigonometric properties of a right-angled
triangle, z can also be expressed in polar coordinates as
follows. We have:
x
cos = -- or x = r cos
r
y
sin = -- or y = r sin
r
Im (z)
P(x, y)
y
r = z
where z = r = x 2 + y 2 and = Arg (z).
Re (z)
The point P(x, y) in polar form is shown at right.

Now z = x + yi in Cartesian form becomes
Im (z)
y
z = r cos + r sin i (after substitution of x = r cos , y = r sin )

= r (cos + i sin )
= r cis , where cis is the abbreviated form of cos + i sin .
(Note: The acronym cis is pronounced sis.)
P(r cos , r sin )
r
O
0
r cos
WORKED Example 24
Express each of the following in polar (or cis) form.

a z=1+i
b z=1
3i
THINK
a 1 Plot z.
WRITE/DRAW
a
Im (z)
1
Re (z)
1
The ratio of the sides of this triangle matches

the following special triangle:
From the diagram

z = 2
= --4
1
Continued over page
r sin
Re (z)
102
THINK
3 These results can be verified by rule:
WRITE/DRAW
12 + 12
ii Find the value of r using

r = z = x2 + y2 .
r=
y
ii Determine tan from tan = -- and
x
hence find .
1
tan = --1
=1
= --4
The angle is in the range (, ], which is

required.
Substitute the values of r and in
z = r cos + r sin i = r cis .
z=
z=
b
Sketch z.
2 cos --- + 2 sin --- i

4
4
2 cis --4
Im (z)
Re (z)
1
3
The ratio of the sides of this triangle is the same

as that in the following special triangle:
From the diagram

r=2
= --3
Arg z = --3
1
3
These results can be verified by rule:

ii Calculate the value of r.
ii Determine the appropriate value of .
Substitute for r and in

z = r cos + r sin i and write in the form
r cis .
r = 1 + ( 3)2
r=2
3
tan = ------1
= 3
= --3
z = 2 cos --- + 2 sin --- i

3
3
= 2 cis ---
3
MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 103 Friday, October 12, 2001 4:06 PM
Chapter 2
103
WORKED Example 25
Express 3 cis --- in Cartesian form.

4
THINK
1 Sketch z.
WRITE
Im (z)
3
2
3
Express 3 cis --- in Cartesian form.

4
Simplify using exact values from the
following triangle:
Re (z)
3 cis --- = 3 cos --- + 3 sin --- i

4
4
4
1
1
= 3 ------- + 3 ------- i
2
2
3
3
= ------- + ------- i
2
2
3
= ------- ( 1 + i )
2
History of mathematics
ABRAHAM DE MOIVRE (26 May 1667 27 November 1754)
During his lifetime. . .
Christopher Wren
finishes St Pauls
Cathedral.
Blackbeard the
pirate is killed.
The first
successful
appendectomy is
performed.
People are put to
death, as witches, in
Salem.
Abraham De Moivre was born in the French
town of Vitry but from the age of eighteen he
lived in England. The son of a doctor, he was
educated at the Protestant Academy at Sedan
and then attended college in Paris. In 1685
his family emigrated to England to escape the
growing tensions between Catholics and

Protestants in France.
De Moivre contributed to the development
of analytic geometry and to the theory of
probability. One of his most famous books,
The Doctrine of Chances, was published in
1718 and contained major advances in
probability theory. In 1725, after investigating
mortality statistics, he published Annuities on
Lives. Insurance companies of the day used
his work to calculate the probabilities of
various events. He is best known to students
for his formula (r cis )n = r n cis n which
can be used to work out the powers of
complex numbers.
It is said that De Moivre was inspired to
further research by reading Isaac Newtons
book Principia. He had little spare time so he
tore out pages and carried them around with
104
noticed that he needed to sleep for an extra 15

minutes each night. He calculated the date
when the cumulative result of this would
mean that he was asleep for 24 hours. He
died in his sleep on that day.
him, studying them in any free moment. Later

in life he became involved in the controversy
about whether Newton or Leibniz had been
the first to discover calculus. He was
appointed by the Royal Society to the
commission set up to investigate the rival
claims.
De Moivre always had difficulty earning
money, but was able to eke out a living by
working as a private tutor and by writing
books. Unlike many other mathematicians of
the time, he could not find a rich patron to
support him because he was a foreigner. Even
though he was made a fellow of the Royal
Society in 1697 and had famous friends such
as Newton and Halley, he was always poor
and eventually died in poverty.
Apparently, De Moivre predicted the time
of his own death. Near the end of his life he
Questions
1. What was the subject of De Moivres
book The Doctrine of Chances?
2. Why couldnt De Moivre find a patron?
3. How did De Moivre make a living?
4. Which famous mathematician played a
major role in his life?
5. What was unusual about the date he
died?
Research
Investigate how insurance companies use
probability to work out how much each
insurance policy costs you.
remember
remember
1. The magnitude (or modulus or absolute value) of z = x + yi is the length of the
line segment from (0, 0) to z and is denoted by z, x + yi or mod z.
2. z = x 2 + y 2 and z z = z
2.
y
y
3. arg z = where tan = -- . = tan1 -x
x
n
4. z i , n N produces an anticlockwise rotation of 90n degrees.
5. z = r cos + r sin i = r cis in polar form.
6. Arg z is the angle in the range < .
2E
Complex numbers in polar

form
In the following questions give arg (z) or Arg (z) correct to 3 decimal places where the
angle cannot be easily expressed as a common multiple of .
Mat
d
hca
Complex
1
1 a Represent z = 4 + 8i on an Argand diagram.

b Calculate the exact distance of z from the origin. (Do not use your calculator.)
WORKED
Example
18
2 Find the modulus of each of the following.

a z = 5 + 12i
b z = 5 2i
d z = 3 6i
e z=
3 + 2i
z = 4 + 7i
z = (2 + i)2
Chapter 2
WORKED
Example
19
WORKED
Example
20
3 If z = 3 + i, w = 4 3i and u = 2 + 5i then:
i represent each of the following on an Argand diagram
ii calculate the magnitude in each case.
a zw
b u+z
c
d w+z
e z+wu
f
105
wu
z2
4 a Show the points z1 = 3 + 0i, z2 = 2 + 5i, z3 = 7 + 5i and z4 = 9 + 0i on the complex

number plane.
b Calculate the area of the shape formed when the four points are connected by
straight line segments in the order z1 to z2 to z3 to z4.
5 a Show the points z = 1 + 3i, u = 3 and w = 3 + 12i on the complex number plane.
b Calculate the area of the triangle produced by joining the three points with straight
line segments.
WORKED
Example
21
WORKED
Example
22
WORKED
Example
23
6 Find the argument of z for each of the following in the interval [0, 2 ]. (Give exact
answers where possible.)
a z = 3 + 2i
b z=
e z = 2 2 3i
i z = 6i
z = 6 10i
z = 55
Example
24
Example
25
z = 5 5i
g z = 3i
d z = 4 + 8i
h z= 7
5
d -----4
13
h --------12
8 Find the modulus and Argument of each of the following complex numbers.
a 3 3i
b 5 + 5i
c 1 3i
d 4 3 + 4i
f
6i 2
g ( 3 + i )2
9 Express each of the following in the polar form z = r cis where = Arg (z).
a z = 1 + i
b z = 6 + 2i
c z = 5 5i d z = 5 15i
3
1
e z = --- ------- i
2 2
WORKED
7 Convert each of the following into Arguments.

11
15
3
a -----b --------c --------2
6
8
20
18
19
e --------f --------g --------6
7
5
e 7 10i
WORKED
3+i
1 1
z = --- + --- i
4 4
10 Express each of the following complex numbers in Cartesian form.

2
a 2 cis -----3
e
7
7 cis ------
4
b 3 cis --4
f
8 cis --2
5
5 cis -----6
3 cis
d 4 cis ---
3
11 multiple choice
If z = 3 50i and w = 5 + 65i the value of z + w is:
A 64
B 15
C 17
D 225
E 289
106
12 multiple choice
The perimeter of the triangle formed by the line segments connecting the points
2 4i, 14 4i and 2 + i is:
A 13
B 30
C 10
D 17
E 25
13 multiple choice
The Argument of 4
A --B
6
3 4i is:
--3
5
C -----6
D --6
E --3
5
C cis -----2
D 5 cis 5
E 5 cis --2
3
3
D --- + ------- i
2 2
3 1
E ------- --- i
2 2
14 multiple choice
In polar form, 5i is:
B cis 5
A cis --2
15 multiple choice
Work
ET
SHE
2.1
The Cartesian form of

1
3
A --- + ------- i
2 2
7
3 cis ------ is:
6
1
3
B --- + ------- i
2 2
3 1
C ------- + --- i
2 2
Basic operations on complex numbers

in polar form
Addition and subtraction
In general there is no simple way to add or subtract complex numbers given in the polar
form r cis . For addition or subtraction, the complex numbers need to be expressed in
Cartesian form first.
Multiplication in polar form

In earlier sections we performed multiplication and division on complex numbers
in standard form. This is quite a lengthy process for both these operations.
However, as is the case in many aspects of mathematics, patterns exist that make
the job so much easier. Work through the following investigation that will form the
basis of future work.
1 Given that z = 1 + 3 i and w = 2 + 2i:
a find zw in standard form
b express the product from part a in polar form
c verify that | zw | = | z || w |
d verify that arg (zw) = arg (z) + arg (w).
Chapter 2
107
2 Given that z = 1 i and w = 2 2 3 i:

b express the product from part a in polar form
c verify that | zw | = | z || w |
d verify that arg (zw) = arg (z) + arg (w)
3 Given that z = a + bi and w = c + di
b verify that | zw | = | z || w |
c For z = r1 cis = r1 (cos + i sin ) and w = r2 cis = r2 (cos + i sin ),
show that zw = r1 r2[(cos cos sin sin ) + i(cos sin + sin cos )]
4 Using the trigonometric identities:
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
sin (A + B) = cos A sin B + sin A cos B
verify that zw = r1 r2[cos( + ) + i sin ( + )]
= r1 r2 cis ( + )
This investigation illustrates the following useful facts concerning multiplication
of complex numbers in polar form:
If z and w are two complex numbers, then
| zw | = | z || w | and arg (zw) = arg (z) + arg (w)
Similarly, for division of complex numbers:
z
z
z
---- = -------- and arg ---- = arg (z) arg (w)
w
w
w
The proofs required to establish these rules are outside the Mathematics C
syllabus and will not be included in this chapter on complex numbers.
WORKED Example 26
Express 5 cis --4- 2 cis ----6 in the form r cis where (, ].

THINK
1
Simplify using the multiplication rule

zw = r1r2 cis ( + ) (see part 4 above).
WRITE/DRAW
5
5
5 cis --- 2 cis ------ = ( 5 2 ) cis --- + ------
4 6
4
6
13
= 10 cis ---------
12
Sketch this number.
Im (z)
13
12
Re (z)
11
12
Subtract 2 from to express the

answer in the required form.
13
11
10 cis --------- = 10 cis ---------
12
12
108
WORKED Example 27
Express z1z2 in Cartesian form if z 1 =
THINK
1
5
2 cis ----6 and z 2 =
6 cis --- .
3
WRITE
Use z1z2 = r1r2 cis (1 + 2).
2 cis ------ 6 cis ---
6
3
z1z2 =
=
5
2 6 ) cis ------ ---
6 3
= 2 3 cis --2
2
Write the result in standard form.
= 2 3 cos --- + 2 3 sin --- i

2
2
= 2 3 0 + 2 3 1i
= 2 3i
WORKED Example 28
If z = 5 3 + 5i and w = 3 + 3 3i express the product zw in polar form.
THINK
1
WRITE/DRAW
Sketch z.
Im (z)
Write z in polar form. Use the special

triangle below:
The ratio of sides in z is 5 times that of

the sides in this triangle.
5
5 3
Let z = r 1cis 1.
r1 = 5 2 = 10
1 = --6
Re (z)
Chapter 2
THINK
3
Verify this by rule if you wish.
109
WRITE/DRAW
(5 3)2 + 52
r1 =
= 10
= tan1 ---------- , so 1 = --6

5 3
Therefore z = 10 cis --6

4
Sketch w.
The ratio of sides in w is 3 times that of
the sides in the triangle shown in step 2.
Im (z)
3 3
Re (z)
3
Verify this by rule if you wish.
Write w in polar form.
r2 = 3 2 = 6
2 = --3
Let w = r2 cis 2
Then r 2 =
32 + (3 3)2 = 6
3 , so 2 = --3
Therefore w = 6 cis --3
zw = 10 cis --- 6 cis --6

3

= 60 cis --- + ---
6 3
3 3
tan 2 = ---------- =
3
Determine zw using
z1z2 = r1r2 cis (1 + 2).
= 60 cis --2
WORKED Example 29
5
Express 10 cis --- 5 cis ------ in the form r cis where (, ].

3
6
THINK
1
Simplify using the division rule.
WRITE/DRAW
5
5
10 cis --- 5 cis ------ = 2 cis --- ------
3
3 6
6
7
= 2 cis ------
6
Continued over page
110
THINK
2
WRITE/DRAW
Sketch this number.
Im (z)
2
Re (z)
76
3
State , the principal argument.
5
Arg (z) = -----6
State the result in polar form.
5
Arg ()z = 2 cis -----6
Powers of complex numbers

Whole powers of z
As with real numbers, powers of complex numbers can be written as:
zn = z z z z z to n factors.
Since z = a + bi is a binomial (containing two terms) we can express zn using Pascals
Triangle to generate the coefficients of each term.
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
4
6
4
1
5th row
1
5
10 10
5 1
and so on.
(a + bi)5 can therefore be expanded using the elements of the fifth row of Pascals
Triangle:
(a + bi)5 = 1a5 + 5a4(bi)1 + 10a3(bi)2 + 10a2(bi)3 + 5a(bi)4 + (bi)5
(a + bi)5 = 1a5 + 5a4bi + 10a3b2i2 + 10a2b3i3 + 5ab4i4 + b5i5
(a + bi)5 = 1a5 + 5a4bi 10a3b2 10a2b3i + 5ab4 + b5i
(a + bi)5 = 1a5 10a3b2 + 5ab4 + 5a4bi 10a2b3i
(a + bi)5 = 1a5 10a3b2 + 5ab4 + (5a4b 10a2b3 + b5)i grouped into standard form.
Re [(a + bi)5] = 1a5 10a3b2 + 5ab4
Im [(a + bi)5] = 5a4b 10a2b3 + b5
Graphics Calculator tip! Pascals Triangle coefficients

The coefficients of each term of the expansion of (a + bi)n can be found using your
graphics calculator. For example, the coefficients of the expansion of (a + bi)5 can also
be written as:
5
C0 a5 + 5C1 a4(bi)1 + 5C2 a3(bi)2 . . . 5C5(bi)n
where 5C0, 5C1, . . ., 5C5 represent the coefficients.
To find 5Co: type 5 , press MATH , select PRB, 3:nCr, press ENTER 0 ENTER
to obtain 1. Any coefficients can be found using this method.
Chapter 2
111
WORKED Example 30
Use Pascals Triangle to expand (2 - 3i)3.

THINK
1
WRITE
Use the third row of Pascals Triangle

to expand (1 3 3 1).
Use brackets to keep the negative sign of
the second term.
Simplify the expression.
(2 3i)3
= 1(23) + 3(2)2(3i) + 3(2)(3i)2 + (3i)3
= 8 36i + 54i2 27i3
= 8 36i 54 + 27i
= 46 9i
Negative powers of z
1
1
Your earlier studies have shown that z1 = --- . Similarly, z3 = ---3- .
z
z
WORKED Example 31
Evaluate (3 - i)-4.
THINK
1
2
3
WRITE
First find the expansion with a positive

power. Use the fourth row of Pascals
Triangle to expand (1 4 6 4 1).
Use brackets to keep the negative sign
with the second term.
Simplify to obtain the standard form.
Express this as the denominator then

multiply by the complex conjugate.
Write the final expression in standard

form.
(3 i)4
= 34 + 4(3)3(i) + 6(3)2(i)2 + 4(3)(i)3 + (i)4
= 81 108i 54 + 12i + 1
= 28 96i
1
( 28 + 96i )
(3 i)4 = ------------------------ ------------------------( 28 96i ) ( 28 + 96i )
28 + 96i
(3 i)4 = --------------------------784 + 9216
28 + 96i
(3 i)4 = -------------------10 000
7
6
(3 i)4 = ------------ + --------- i
2500 625
Fractional powers of z
Fractional powers of complex numbers generally follow the same rules as with real
numbers.
p
--q-
z = z
Our discussion here will deal only with the square root of z, where
1
--2
z = z .
112
WORKED Example 32
Express 3 + 4i in standard form.
THINK
1
2
Let 3 + 4i be a complex number such

as (a + bi), where a, b R.
All dialogue given in the write
column should appear as
communication in your working.
WRITE
Let
3 + 4i = a + bi
Square both sides:

3 + 4i = (a + bi)2
3 + 4i = a2 + 2abi b2
Equating real and imaginary terms:
3 = a 2 b2
(1)
4 = 2ab
(2)
4
2
a = ------ = --(3) from (2)
2b b
Substitute for a into (1)
2 2
3 = --- b2
b
State the final result in standard form.
Verify this result.
4
3 = ----2- b2
b
3b2 = 4 b4
0 = b4 + 3b2 4
= (b2 1)(b2 + 4)
Therefore, b2 = 1, b = 1
or
b2 = 4, b = 2i
Since a and b are real numbers discard b = 2i.
Substitute for b = 1 into (3)
2
a = --- a = 2 or 2
1
Therefore 3 + 4i = 2 + i or 2 i
= (2 + i)
[(2 + i)]2 = 4 + 4i 1 = 3 + 4i
remember
remember
1. If z1 = r1 cis 1 and z2 = r2 cis 2, then:

z1 z2 = r1r2 cis (1 + 2)
r
z
---1- = ----1 cis (1 2).
z2
r2
2. A complex number zn = (a + bi)n can be expanded using Pascals Triangle to

generate the coefficients of each term.
1
3. Negative powers of z: z n = ---nz
p
--q-
4. Fractional powers of complex numbers: z =
Chapter 2
2F
WORKED
26
1 Express each of the following in the form r cis where (, ].
a 2 cis --- 3 cis --4

2
Example
b 5 cis ------ 4 cis ---

3
3
3 cis ------ 2 cis ---

6
2
d
WORKED
Basic operations on complex

numbers in polar form
GC pro
3
6 cis ------ 5 cis
4
5
7
7 cis ------ 2 cis ----- 12
12
2 Express the resultant complex numbers in question 1 in standard form.
27
WORKED
Example
28
WORKED
Example
29
WORKED
Example
30
WORKED
Example
31
3 Express the following products in polar form.

a (2 + 2i)( 3 + i)
b ( 3 3i)(2 3 2i)
(4 + 4 3 i)(1 i)
4 Express each of the following in the form r cis where (, ].

3
5
b 36 cis ------ 9 cis ---

a 12 cis ------ 4 cis -- 6
4
6
3
c
20 cis --- 5 cis ---

2
5
5
7
3 5 cis ------ 2 10 cis ----- 12
6
11
4
d 4 3 cis ------ 6 cis --------7
14
3 cis ------ and w = 2 cis --- then express each of the following in:
4
4
i polar form
ii standard form.
b w4
c z4
d w5
a z3
5 If z =
6 If z = 1 i and w = 3 + i , write the following in standard form.

z3
a z4
b w3
c z3
d w5
e -----4w
z2w3
7 Determine ( 2 + 2i ) 2 ( 1 3i ) 4 in standard form.

( 3 i )6
8 Write ----------------------------3 in the form x + yi.
( 2 2 3i )
9 multiple choice
a
5 cis --- 8 cis --- is equal to:

3
6
A 6 2i
b If z =
A 1+i
B 2 10i
C 6 3
6 + 2 ) + ( 6 2 ) i then
B
2i
D 6i
E 6 6
E 1 2i
2z 3 is:
C 1i
2+i
w4
c If z = 1 3i and w = 2 + 2i then -----3- is equal to:

z
A 4 + 4i
C
2
D 4i
B 2 3
E 8
gram
Example
113
Power of
a complex
number
114
10 If z =
3
2 cis ------ and w =
4
z6
3 cis --- , find the modulus and the argument of -----4- .
6
w
11 If z = 4 + i and w = 3 2i, determine (z + w)9.

12 Find z6 + w4, if z =
13 If z 1 =
2 2i and w = 2 2i.
3
2
5 cis ------ , z 2 = 2 cis ------ and z 3 =
5
8
10 cis ------ , find the modulus and

12
z 12 z 23
the argument of ------------------.
4
z3
Work
ET
SHE
2.2
WORKED
Example
32
14 Express each of the following in standard form:

a
5 + 12i
5 12i
2 + 2i
3 4i
Graphics calculator notes for complex

numbers
The following notes are designed to support TI83 graphics calculators. Two menus are
used: MODE (screen shown below left) and MATH (screen at right).
The highlighted terms shown in the screens above should be selected when using
MODE and MATH facilities. Press 2nd QUIT to exit the menu.
To enter complex numbers in rectangular or Cartesian form (using the

MODE menu):
Task
Enter 4 + 2i then store in A.
Enter 3 3i then store in B.
Keystrokes
4
+
2
2nd
ALPHA A ENTER
STO
3
3
2nd
ALPHA B ENTER
STO
Chapter 2
115
To recall complex numbers stored in A and B and perform operations with

them using the MODE menu:
Task
Add A + B to get 7 i.
Keystrokes
STO
2nd
ALPHA
A ENTER
ALPHA B
+
2nd STO
ENTER ENTER
Repeat for subtraction, multiplication,

division, powers, using the recall
function RCL .
To repeat these operations without using
the RCL function, brackets will be
needed around each number. For A + B
you would press the keys shown.
To enter 3(4 + 2i)4 without the RCL
function press the keys shown.
2nd
2nd
2nd
3
ENTER
2
ENTER
Repeat a selection of operations from

your text.
The tabe below shows how to use the MATH facilities:
Task
1. Find the conjugate of A and perform
some operations with it and A. Repeat
for addition, subtraction, etc.
Keystrokes
(
2nd STO ALPHA A
ENTER
)
MATH select
CPX 1: ENTER 2nd STO ALPHA
A
2. Find the real part of

((4 + 2i) (4 2i)) using the
keystrokes shown.
Note the double brackets around the
whole product.
ENTER
2nd
ENTER
4. Find the angle formed with the x-axis

(in polar form) given in radians using
the keystrokes given. Note that the
initial setting is in radians.
5. Finds the absolute value or modulus
of the number using
STO
ALPHA
ENTER
ENTER
MATH select CPX 3: ENTER

(
2nd STO ALPHA A ENTER
)
MATH select CPX 1:
ENTER
ENTER

(
)
select CPX 1: ENTER
)
3. Find the imaginary part of

((4 + 2i) (4 2i) using the
keystrokes shown.
4 +2 .
2nd
)
STO
)
ALPHA
ENTER

STO ALPHA A ENTER
2nd
)
ENTER
STO ALPHA A ENTER
ENTER
2nd
)
Task
6. Converts a number given in polar
form to rectangular form (using the
angle obtained in part 4 and modulus
from part 5).
7. Converts a number given in
rectangular form to polar form.
Keystrokes
4.472
LN
0.464 2nd
2nd
MATH select CPX 6:
.
)
ENTER ENTER
MATH select CPX 7: ENTER ENTER
Repeat a selection of exercises using complex numbers in polar form.
Graphing complex numbers on an Argand diagram

The TI-83 graphics calculator has no built-in function to graph on the complex plane
but it can be manipulated to produce a similar effect using the STAT facilities.
Task
Select plot type.
Enter 4 + 2i, the origin, and the
conjugate 4 2i in two lists. The points
are listed in the order they should be
connected. Add the real part to list 1
(L1) and imaginary part to list 2 (L2).
To select the lists to be graphed.
Adjust the scales of the graph.
Y= select 1: ENTER select On

(second graph) ENTER 2nd QUIT
2nd
STAT
2nd
L1
L2
4
0
4
2
0
-2
STAT select OPS 8: ENTER
2nd
1
GRAPH
WINDOW
-5
2nd
5
Trace the points on the graph.
Keystrokes
116
TRACE
or
to give
coordinates of the points.
Note that due to the method used in plotting complex numbers, they must be entered as
2 lists: real and imaginary (in rectangular or standard form).
Powers of complex numbers

These can be entered in either standard form or polar form.
Example: Evaluate 4 + 4i and give the answer in both polar and standard forms.
Task
Set mode to complex rectangular.
Enter the power of the number as a
decimal power.
Result displayed in rectangular form.
Change display to polar.
Keystrokes
MODE select a+bi
2nd
2nd
QUIT
.
(
)
4
^
.5
4
ENTER
= 2.197 + 0.910 i
MATH select CPX 7: ENTER ENTER

= 2.378e^ (0.393i)
Rework a selection of similar exercises throughout this chapter using the TI83
graphics calculator.
Chapter 2
117
Complex numbers: applications

1 Choose a complex number that falls in the first quadrant of the complex plane.
Calculate the first 8 powers of this number and investigate any pattern that
exists between the modulus of each of the powers. Plot each power on an
Argand diagram. What do you notice?
2 Let z = r cis , a complex number. Find, in terms of r and :
a iii z2 = z.z
ii z3 = z.z2
iii z4 = z.z3
5
4
6
5
iv z = z.z
v z = z.z
vi z7 = z.z6
b Write the moduli of the powers of z as a sequence.
c What do you notice about the sequence given in part b?
3 As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter the equation z2 = 1 has two
solutions, z = 1, whereas the equation z = 1 has only one solution, z = 1. The
2
2
equation z3 = 1 has 3 solutions, z = 1, cis ------ and cis ------ .
3
3
Graph these solutions on an Argand diagram. Express all solutions in both
rectangular and modarg form.
2
4 Let z = x + yi. Therefore | z | = x + y , and | z |2 = x2 + y2, where this is the

general equation of a circle, of radius 1, about the origin. Graph this circle and
fully label the path of the rotating z as it moves about the origin. Therefore,
what is the meaning of the statement z < x + yi. Sketch | z | < 4 and | z | > 1.
5 Research the life of William Rowan Hamilton and his contribution to the study
of complex numbers.
6 Research the area of mathematics called fractals. You will investigate this
fascinating area in more detail later in your studies.
7 In chapter 1, you were introduced to the term transcendental numbers
irrational numbers that are not algebraic; that is, cannot be produced by the
algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and
by taking roots. Pi () is one such transcendental number and e is another,
1
1
1
1
1
where e = e1 = 10 + ----- + ----- + ----- + ----- . . .
1!
2!
3!
4!
(and 3! = 3 2 1, and so on. The symbol 3! is referred to as factorial 3.)
The function ex is referred to as the exponential function.
1
x
x
x
x
ex = x0 + ----- + ----- + ----- + ----- . . .
1! 2! 3! 4!
The graph of the function ex is especially interesting because the slope of the
curve at any point equals the value of the curve, at that point. That is, the slope
of a tangent to the curve at x = e2 is e2.
Euler discovered a special relationship between e and i,
4
i
i
i
i
where ei = i 0 + ----- + ----- + ----- + ----- . . .
1! 2! 3! 4!
MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 118 Friday, October 12, 2001 4:07 PM
118
Write 4 expressions for ei, with increasing numbers of terms and simplify them
where possible. The alternating positive and negative signs suggest that the
expression is approaching a particular value as the number of terms in the series
increases. You might find it more methodical to list the results as each new term
is added as you creep closer to the value. Can you suggest what that value
might be? What is the modulus of this number? Use the TI-83 graphics
calculator to evaluate ei.
History of mathematics
W I L L I A M R O WA N H A M I LT O N ( 1 8 0 5 1 8 6 5 )
During his life . . .
Charles Darwin
developed his
theory of
evolution.
Charles
Babbage
developed the
first automatic
digital computer.
Gregor Mendel
laid the
mathematical
foundation for the science of genetics.
Sometimes considered the second greatest
mathematician of the English-speaking world,
after Sir Isaac Newton. William Hamilton was
born in Dublin, Ireland on August 3, 1805.
Even the fact that Hamilton did not attend
school before he entered college, did not deter
his thirst for knowledge. By the age of three
he was skilled at reading and arithmetic, by the
age of five he read and translated Latin,
Hebrew and Greek, and by the age of 14 he
could speak 14 languages.
By the age of 21 he published a paper
entitled A Theory of Systems of Rays,
introducing and developing concepts that
created the field of mathematical optics.
Propelled by the success of this work, at 22

he was unanimously voted into the chair of
the professor of astronomy at Trinity College
(Dublin), even though he was still an
undergraduate and had not applied for the
position.
In 1833 Hamilton further developed his
work on complex numbers and in 1843 he
released what he considered to be his greatest
discovery the algebra of quaternions. With
these ordered sets of four numbers,
magnitude and direction in 3-dimensional
space could be determined. The fact that
multiplication of quaternions is not
commutative led to the development of the
first ring in which the commutative property
does not hold. This inspiration came to him
while he was crossing the Brougham Bridge
in Dublin and he left the inscription:
i2 = j2 = k2 = ijk = 1 in a stone in the bridge.
A stamp featuring these quaternions was
issued in Ireland in 1983.
His work also led to the development of
the concepts of vectors, scalars and tensors,
which you will encounter later in your
studies. Plagued throughout his life with
alcoholism, he died in 1865.
Research
1. Find out more about quaternions.
2. Research the notion of rings.
Chapter 2
119
summary
Introduction to complex numbers
We define the imaginary number i as having the property that i = 1 .

A complex number z = x + yi with x, y R and C = {z: z = x + yi, x, y R} defines
the set of complex numbers.
The real part of z is x and is written as Re (z).
The imaginary part of z is y and is written as Im (z).
Basic operations using complex numbers
If z and w are two complex numbers such that z = a + bi and w = c + di for a, b, c,

d R then:
1. z = w if and only if (i.e. iff) a = c and b = d
2. z + w = (a + c) + (b + d)i
3. z w = (a c) + (b d)i
4. kz = ka + kbi, for k R
5. z w = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i.
Conjugates and division of complex numbers

If z = a + bi:
1. The conjugate z of z is z = a bi.
2. z. z = a2 + b2.
The polar form of complex numbers
The magnitude (modulus or absolute value) of z = x + yi is the length of the line

segment from (0, 0) to z. It is denoted by z, x + yi or mod z.
z = x 2 + y 2 and z z = z 2 .
The argument of z, arg (z), is the angle measurement anticlockwise of the positive
y
Real axis and arg (z) = where = tan1 -- .
x
z = x + yi can be expressed in polar form as z = r cos + r sin i = r cis .
Arg (z) is the angle in the range < and is called the principal argument.
Basic operations on complex numbers in polar form

If z1 = r1 cis 1 and z2 = r2 cis 2, then:
1. z1 z2 = r1r2 cis(1 + 2)
r
z
2. ---1- = ----1 cis(1 2)
z2
r2
120
CHAPTER
review
Questions 1 and 2 refer to the complex number z = 2 5 4i .
1 multiple choice
2A
The real and imaginary parts of z respectively are:

A 2 5 and 4 B 2 5 and 4 C 4 and 2 5
D 4 and 2 5
E 2 5 and 4i
2 multiple choice
2A
The Argand diagram which correctly represents z is:

A Im (z)
B Im (z)
Re (z)
2 5
2 5
Re (z)
4
2A
2B
C Re (z)
2 5 Im (z)
Re (z)
Im (z)
2 5
z
Im (z)
2 5
Re (z)
3 Simplify i 6 i 3 (i 2 1).
Questions 4 and 5 refer to the complex numbers u = 5 i and v = 4 + 3i.
4 multiple choice
The expression 2u v is equal to:
A 1 4i
B 3 7i
C 6 5i
D 5 + 8i
E 14 + i
C 20 + 3i
D 15 4i
E 23 + 11i
5 multiple choice
2B
The expression uv is equal to:

A 9 + 2i
B 20 3i
6 multiple choice
2B
If z = 5 12i, decide which statement is true concerning iz.

A iz = 13
B iz = 12 5i
C The point z is rotated 90 clockwise.
D Re (iz) = 0
E Im (iz) = i
Chapter 2
7 If z = 3 8i, then find:

a Im (z2)
121
2B
b a and b if z3 = a + bi.
8 If z = 2 5i, u = 3 + i and w = 1 + 2i evaluate:

a z 2u + 3w
b z
uz + w
2B,C
9 multiple choice
1 + 2i
Im -------------- is equal to:
1i
A 2
B 1--2-
3
--2
2
--3
E 2
2C
10 multiple choice
If z = 3i and w = 4 i then z w is equal to:
A 12 + 3i
B 12 i
C 7 + 3i
D 12 3i
E z = 4 2i
11 multiple choice
2i
3
The expresion ----------- ---------- simplifies to:
1+i 2i
1 2
1 3
A --- + --- i
C --- --- i
B 3 + 7i
4 4
5 5
2C
2C
D 4 2i
E 3i
z
12 If z = 6 2i and w = 5 + 3i, express ---- in the form a + bi, a, b R.
w
2C
13 multiple choice
Arg (2 2i) is equal to:
A
B --4
3
C -----4
D --4
E 2
14 multiple choice
The polar form of 3 + 3i is:
3
A 3 2 cis --B 3 2 cis -----4
4
2E
2E
3
C 3 cis -----4
D 3 cis ---
4
5
E 3 2 cis -----4
15 If z = 7 7i, express z in polar form.
2E
16 multiple choice
How many degrees apart are two consecutive roots of z8 = 1 on the unit circle?
A 180
B 90
C 135
D 225
E 45
2E
17 multiple choice
If z1 = 10 cis --- and z2 = 5 cis --- then z1z2 in polar form is:
6
4
A 50 cis -----12
5
B 15 cis -----12
C 2 cis -----12
D 15 cis ------
12
2F
5
E 2 cis ------
12
122
18 multiple choice
2F
In standard form, 12 2 cis ------ 3 cis --- is equal to:

2
4
A 4 + 4i
B 4 4i
C 4 4i
D 4 + 4i
E 36 36i
19 multiple choice
2F
2F
CHAPTER
test
yourself
5 5 3i in standard form is:

A ( 5 5 3i )
B 5 3 5i
10
30
D ---------- ---------- i
2
2
C ( 5 + 5 3 i )
15 5i
20 multiple choice
The solutions to z3 = 3 + i in polar form are:
5
3
A 2 cis --- , 2 cis ------ , 2 cis -----6

6
2
C
E
2 cis ------ ,
18
13
2 cis--------- ,
18
2 cis --- ,
3
2
2 cis ------
3
11
2 cis ---------
18
2 cis --- ,
6
D 4 cis --6
5
2 cis ------ ,
6
2 cis ---
2

CH 02 Complex Numbers

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MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 77 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 78 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

Introduction to complex numbers

Square root of a negative number

Definition of a complex number

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 79 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

Number systems: complex numbers

C = {z: z = x + yi where x, y R} defines the set of complex numbers.

Express the square root of 16 as the product of

The real part is the non-i term.

The imaginary part is the coefficient of

The imaginary part is the coefficient of

Write i 8 + i 5 in the form x + yi where x and y are real numbers.

Simplify both i 8 and i 5 using the lowest

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 80 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

Replace terms with the lowest possible

Add the two answers.

a The real part of the complex number

b The number 10 can be expressed in

b Im (10) = Im (10 + 0i)

The real part is 2.

Simplify the numerator of

Simplify by dividing the numerator by 2.

The imaginary part is 1.

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 81 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

Number systems: complex numbers

The imaginary number i has the property that i 2 = 1.

1 Using the imaginary number i, write down expressions for:

4 Simplify z = i 6 + 3i 7 2i 10 3 and w = 4i 8 3i 11 + 3 and show that z + w = 5.

5 Evaluate each of the following.

8 If n is an even natural number show that ( 1 ) 2 = i n .

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 82 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

Basic operations using complex

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 83 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

Number systems: complex numbers

This is also referred to as the Argand plane or an Argand diagram in recognition of

Addition of complex numbers

Subtraction of complex numbers

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 84 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

For z = 8 + 7i, w = 12 + 5i and u = 1 + 2i, calculate:

Multiplication by a constant (or scalar)

If z = 3 + 5i, w = 4 2i and v = 6 + 10i, evaluate:

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 85 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

Number systems: complex numbers

Multiplication of two complex numbers

If z = 6 2i and w = 3 + 4i express zw in standard form.

Simplify (2 3i)(2 + 3i).

Determine Re (z2w) + Im (zw2) for z = 4 + i and w = 3 i.

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 86 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

Express zw2 in the form x + yi.

zw2 = (4 + i)(3 i)2

The imaginary part, Im (zw2) is 16.

Calculate the value of

Plotting complex numbers

Equality of two complex numbers

Find the values of x and y that satisfy (3 + 4i)(x + yi) = 29 + 22i.

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 02 Page 87 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 3:59 PM

Number systems: complex numbers

Equate the real parts and imaginary parts to

Simultaneously solve [1] and [2] for x and y.

Multiply equation [1] by 3 and equation [2]

Add the two new equations and solve for x.

Adding equations [3] and [4]: