Grammar encompasses phonology (sound system); semantics (the system of

meaning); morphology (the rules of word formation); syntax (the rule of sentence
formation) and the lexicon (vocabulary of word)
Grammar is the way of describing how language works to make meaning with a
particular culture. Grammar is the key to language, it is the level of words in
structure since that is where the meanings are organized, processed, and package
in a form that can be turned into an expression of some kind.
Grammar is the system of patterns we use to select and combine words it makes us
possible to write a text which expresses our experiences, ideas, thought, and
feelings.
Carter and McCarthy, there are two basic principles of grammar, syntax and
morphology.
Knowledge of grammar (derewianka) includes knowledge about: word, how words
are formed, how words are combined into sentences.
Halliday, grammar has open and closed systems. Closed system: preposition (in on),
some adverbs (so, very), articles (the, a), pronouns (he, she) and conjunction (but,
and). Open items all the lexical or vocabulary items

Functional grammarians, the urgency of teaching and learning grammar.

Teaching grammar allows students to
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Reflect on how the English language works

Have a shared language for talking about the main features of the English
language
Understand how grammatical structures create different kind of meaning
Examine patterns of language and word choices to critically analyze texts
Use language effectively, appropriately, and accurately

Traditional linguists (borjars & Burridge) it can be to do with typology, speech

therapy, foreign language learning and stylistic.
Typology- if someone wants to compare English and other languages, he needs a
detail description of English and other languages sentence structures.
Speech therapy. We are able to develop techniques which can be used in speech
teraphy to help people with communication disorders to improve their
communication abilities.
Stylistic devoted to the study of how language is used in literature

Functional grammar is built from assumption

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Language is dynamic, complex system of resources for making meaning.

Language reflects the culture in which it is used

Language changes from situation to situation, depending on the social

purposes for ehich it is being used, the subject matter, who is involved, and
whether the language is spoken or written
How people use authentic language
Critically evaluate our own text

Fundamental categories for a theory of FG: class, structure, unit, and system
Class: in FG we use a label which specifies not to the class but to the function (class
label: noun verb) functional label : actor process goal
FG: open (lexical item) and closed class (preposition, determiners, conjunction,
pronouns
NOUN & Verb
Adjective in nominal group : Deictic, Numerative, Epithet, Classifier
Word order
1. Both all half
2. The
3. Ordinal number ( first,)
4. Cardinal number ( one,)
5. General judgment (physical good bad)
6. mental intelligent smart
7. Measurement (tall short)
8. Age/ temperature (old hot)
9. Shape (round)
10.Colour
11.Verb participate form (crying stolen)
12.Material (wooden)
13.Original (Indonesian)
14.Noun in apposition (steel cigarette)
Function word Preposition, pronouns, determiners
Structure

SFL influence prague school of linguistics concerning its notion of a functional

sentence perspective, examining utterance in terms of the information they contain
and the role of each part of the utterance in terms of its semantic contribution to
the utterance as a whole
The background theory of SFL is systemic theory
The distinguish feature of SFL

Its interest in language in functional terms. It evolved 3 basic human needs

(ideational metafunction: represent experience, interpersonal metafunction:
negotiating and maintaining relationship with others, textual metafunction:
text connected and coherent discourse
In terms of set of choice in making meaning.
The object of this study is whole text not decontextualized sentences or
utterance.

Basic principle of SFL

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Language is a social semiotic

SFL sees language as a resource of making meaning rather than a system of
a rule
SFL concerns text rather than sentence
SFL focuses on close relations between texts and social contexts rather than
texts as decontextualized structural entities in their own right
SFL concerns language as a system for construing meaning, rather than as a
conduit through which thoughts and feelings are poured

Two types of context: situation (field tenor mode = register) and culture (social
purposes/genre)
Field realized through transitivity patterns of the grammar
Mode _ theme
Tenor - Mode