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1 Introduction
In this chapter, we build on the material covered in Chapter 1, and extend the principles to
cover firewater ringmain systems. In order to model firewater ringmain systems well, we
need to understand some of the capabilities of PIPENET VISION that were not covered in
Chapter 2. This chapter is intended to cover both the design methodologies and the
techniques for using PIPENET VISION itself.
Section 2 of this document contains design tips and techniques, while section 3 covers
additional principles in more detail. Section 4 contains a discussion on how to model
firewater ringmain systems, and section 5 contains information on how to set up the
model. The different phases of input (namely, initialisation and libraries) are discussed in
section 5.3. In section 5.4, we describe in detail how to input the network. Systems based
on clack shut type deluge valves are discussed in section 5.5, and systems based on
elastomeric type deluge valves are discussed in section 5.6. In section 6, we describe
techniques for selecting pumps. We give some hints and tips for refining the design in
section 7, and conclude with an example of a real firewater ringmain in section 8.
The material in this document is partly for discussion and partly for actual input.
How to deal with systems using clack shut valves and elastomeric valves
as deluge valves:
The best technique for modelling systems using conventional clack shut valves is
quite different from that for modelling elastomeric valves.
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We need to
Usually, there is not one unique way of modelling a firewater ringmain system. This
chapter is intended mainly to cover the basic principles. Each individual engineer and
each company may wish to develop its own method of applying these principles.
Pressure (Bar G)
14.5
12.5
10
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Sometimes the error message Gradient must be negative over the whole range... is
issued, in which case, the fitted curve (and not necessarily the input data) has a peak
between the minimum and maximum flow rates. Effectively, this error means that, for
some values of pressure, there could be two corresponding flow rates. Under these
circumstances, there may not be a unique solution, as two flow rates could give rise to the
same pressure.
This problem generally arises when the steep part of the pump curve is input together with
the shallow part. There are perhaps three ways of dealing with this problem:
Reduce the range between the minimum flow rate and the maximum flow rate
(either by increasing the minimum value, decreasing the maximum value, or doing
both).
Input either the steep part of the pump curve or the shallow part, but not both parts
together.
Slightly modify the data points so that the peak does not occur.
One other important point that should be borne in mind, especially in offshore firewater
systems, is the following. Often the pump curve refers to the flow rate and pressure at the
discharge flange of the pump assembly. In other words, the static head loss and frictional
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loss in the riser pipe have already been taken into account. If this were the case, the
caisson riser pipe must not be input again.
3.2 How to Deal with Systems using Clack Shut Valves and
Elastomeric Valves as Deluge Valves
Usually, the type of a deluge valve is either clack shut or elastomeric.
Clack shut deluge valves are characterised by the fact that the flow rate depends on the
inlet pressure. For this reason, if more than one system is in operation, the deluge
systems will interact with each other. It is common to model a clack shut deluge valve
using an equivalent nozzle. For example, if the system including the deluge valve
requires a flowrate of 5697 lit/min at a pressure of 9 barg, an equivalent nozzle would have
a K-factor of 5697/9 = 1899 (lit/min, bar). As each deluge system in the ringmain would
have a different K-factor, the nozzles are not normally set up in the nozzle library. Instead,
they are input as user-defined nozzles. The minimum and maximum pressures can be
set to any reasonable values.
User defined
Equivalent nozzle
Elastomeric deluge valves, on the other hand, control the downstream pressure.
Consequently, they control the flow rate entering the deluge system. As the flow rate is
fixed during commissioning, this node is treated as an output with a known flow rate.
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Design phase
flowrate
Output node
Calculation
phase flowrate
Please see the section below for a clarification of the meaning of design-phase and
calculation-phase specifications.
Please note that nozzles are ignored in the above rules, as all of the specifications for
nozzles are automatically assigned in PIPENET VISION.
Please note the following point about applying the above rules. PIPENET VISION always
performs the calculation twice, once in the Design Phase and once in the Calculation
Phase. In PIPENET VISION, the terms Calculation Phase and Analysis Phase mean the
same (and so are interchangeable). The way in which the above rules are applied is
different between the Design Phase and Calculation Phase.
The Design Phase
The purpose of the Design Phase is to determine the sizes for pipes whose sizes have
been left unset by the user. However, even if all of the pipe sizes have been specified (by
the user), PIPENET VISION still performs the Design Phase.
During the Design Phase, flow-rate specifications should be given to all input/output
nodes except one. PIPENET VISION automatically assigns a pressure specification to
one of the input/output nodes, thereby satisfying the basic rules shown above.
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Input/output nodes are terminal points in the system, and so monitors that are modelled as
nozzles do not count as input/output nodes. Therefore, there are two input nodes in the
system.
For the Design Phase, we need to provide a flow-rate specification for all but one
input/output node. Therefore, we have to give one flow-rate specification, which can be
applied to either of the input nodes, and can have any reasonable value.
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In practice, we would know the inlet pressures of the pumps. So, for the Analysis Phase,
we can give, say, a pressure of 0 barg to both input nodes.
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q
P
in which q is the flow rate and P is the pressure. We can then ensure that the pressure
available at the output node is more than the required pressure.
It is important to be aware of the weaknesses of the output-node approach, which just
shows that the available pressure is more than the required minimum pressure. This
approach, which would result in the flow rate becoming more than the minimum required,
does not lend itself to studying the interaction between two items.
Ability to generate sufficient pressure at the inlet to the deluge systems and
other users:
It is not just the sizing of the fire pumps that is important. The pipes have to be
sized adequately too. They must be small enough to reduce the weight and cost,
but large enough to offer acceptable pressure drops.
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5 Training Example
5.1 The Network Schematic
The network that we shall be working with is shown below. This network schematic was
developed in PIPENET VISION. It is being shown here for illustration purposes only.
Please do not input the network at this stage.
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In the above schematic, there is no indication of how the terminal nodes of the system are
going to be treated. The reason is that the treatment of these nodes depends on whether
clack shut deluge valves or elastomeric deluge valves are used.
The steps involved in inputting the data are shown below.
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Select all
windows
Then, move the windows on the desktop so that the screen is similar to that in the diagram
below. Note that you may also need to follow the steps described in the section entitled
Display Options below.
Display Options
From Options | Display options, choose the display options that are shown in the
following dialog box.
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The menu style that has been illustrated in this document so far is the Windows Menu
Style (which is used in the diagram below).
Those of you who are experienced users of PIPENET VISION might prefer to use the
menu style that is similar to that of PIPENET Classic. This style may be selected as
follows.
The Windows Menu Style will be used in the remainder of this document.
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It is recommended that the title should relate to the calculation that is performed,
especially for models that are to be kept. Therefore, choosing an appropriate title could
potentially save a lot of time later when you wish to study the results.
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Spray Options
The above dialog box shows a typical set up, which has been used for the calculations in
this chapter of the training manual. The fluid properties depend on whether water or
seawater is being used as the fire protection medium.
NFPA 2013 refers to the NPFA rules up to date as of December 2013. The option
NFPA pre-1996 refers to earlier editions of the NFPA rules. The difference lies in the
way that equivalent lengths for fittings are used. In earlier editions, it was assumed that
Schedule 40 pipes were being used in calculating the values of the equivalent lengths of
fittings. In the later editions of the NFPA rules, there is a correction for the actual inner
diameters for pipes other than Schedule 40. The NFPA option is still retained for
historical reasons; it is used to ensure that older data files produce the same results as
before.
For restriction orifices, which may be used in firewater systems, the Crane Option is
generally used. BS 1042 is a flow-metering standard, and the Heriot-Watt Option is
proprietary Sunrise Systems correlation.
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With the Spray Option, all of the nozzles are kept open; with the Sprinkler Option, all of the
nozzles are closed. The sprinkler heads may be opened individually afterwards, if
required.
Units
A comprehensive range of units is available in PIPENET VISION. In this example, we
shall use metric units, but with lit/min for the flow rate.
Please note the Save as defaults Button. If you click on this button, the default units on
the specific computer will be set to the units currently shown on the screen. Then,
PIPENET VISION will default to this unit selection every time a new model is created.
The next step is to select the pipe schedule that is to be used. Before performing this
step, we shall take a diversion into the Libraries Menu, and return to options later.
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Pipe Schedules
As an example, enter the data below for the following pipe schedule (called NEW
Schedule).
Nominal Size (mm)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.0457 mm.
The pipe roughness must be input even if it is not used. It is not used with the HazenWilliams Option, but it is used with the Darcy Option.
Choose Libraries | Schedules, and click on New Button. Then enter the data from the
above table, as illustrated below.
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Pressure (Bar G)
14.5
12.5
10
Enter this data by choosing Libraries | Pumps Coeffs. unknown, clicking on the New
Button, and then typing in the data, as indicated below.
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Click on the Apply Button and then the OK Button. When the Apply Button is clicked, the
dialog box will display the pump curve, as shown below.
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140,
6 m/sec,
none.
To enter this data, choose Options | Pipe types, click on the New Button, and type in the
values.
A short cut for entering the maximum velocity is (a) enter 6 m/sec in one cell, (b) click on
another cell, and (c) click and hold the left button on the cell that has the 6 m/sec already
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entered, and drag the cursor down over the other cells in the maximum velocity column.
Of course the maximum velocity could also be entered individually in each cell.
We have already completed the Display Tab. We shall return to the Calculation Tab again
later, but, for the time being, the initialisation and library phases are complete. We can
now return the input phase for the network.
Pipe Tool
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For the data-input stage, it might be preferable to display the grid (by either (a) using the
Grid On/Off Button on the Display Toolbar or (b) ticking the Display grid box from
Options | Display options).
In your schematic diagram, try to use the pipe and node labels that are shown in the
diagrams in this section, as it will then be easier to input the attributes later. It may
be easier if the nodes and links are displayed (using either the Display Tools or Options |
Display options).
Display node
labels
Display link
labels
In the drawing area, click on a grid point, preferably near the lower left-hand part of the
drawing area.
Drag the tool in the Northeast direction, until you reach the point at which you wish to
change the direction of the pipe, and then press and hold down the Shift Key (on the
keyboard). Click on the left-hand mouse button every time you want to change direction.
(In the network schematic that we are drawing, there are two changes of direction.) When
you want to create the end node, release the Shift Key and click on the left-hand mouse
button.
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Then, to complete the pipe network, draw the other pipes as shown below.
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Diameter (mm)
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Length (m)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Elevation (m)
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
-5
0
0
0
0
0
Fittings
2 x 90
2 x 90
1 x Tee
1 x Tee
1 x Tee
1 x Tee
1 x Tee
1 x Tee
1 x Tee
1 x Tee, 1 x 90
1 x Tee
1 x Tee, 1 x 90
1 x Tee
1 x Tee
1 x Tee
1 x Tee
1 x Tee
As this example is created for training purposes, the data for pipes and fittings is not
realistic. It is geared towards practising fast data entry using capabilities such as global
edit, copy/paste, etc.
This data can, of course, be entered using either the Properties Window or a Data
Window.
We shall now revise how to enter the diameters quickly. Firstly, under the Data Tab of a
Data Window, choose 200 from the pull-down menu in the Diameter Column for Pipe 1,
as shown below.
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Next, click on any other cell in the Data Window, and then click on the cell with the
diameter of 200 mm again. Right click on that cell, and choose Paste in column from the
context-sensitive menu. The Data Window will now appear as shown below.
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According to the pipe data in the table above, Pipes 10 to 17 inclusive have diameters of
100 mm (and not 200 mm, as we have set). Use the following steps to obtain the 200mm
diameters quickly. Firstly, choose a diameter of 100 mm for Pipe 10. Next, click on any
other cell, and then click on the diameter cell for Pipe 10 again. Next, use the right-hand
mouse button and select Copy.
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Then individually paste the value into the required cells by right clicking and selecting
Paste until all the length values are set.
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Enter the other data for the pipes in the same way. The Data Window should then look as
shown below.
Fittings Tab
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To add the two 90-degree-elbow fittings to Pipe 1, begin by clicking on Pipe 1 in the
Schematic Window. Next, in the Fittings Window, select 90 deg elbow and then click on
the Add Button twice.
In a similar manner, we can input the pipe fittings (which are shown in the table of pipe
data above).
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Then, select each pump in turn, and choose Fire Pump 1 from the pull-down menu in the
Properties Window, as illustrated below.
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Choose the
fire pump
The initial stage of inputting the network is now complete. From this point, the clack-shut
valve-based system and elastomeric-valve-based system become different. In Section 5.5
below, we consider aspects that are specific to clack-shut-valve-based systems, and, in
Section 5.6, we consider elastomeric-valve-based systems.
5.5.1 Monitors
Monitors are attached to Nodes 12 and 13, and the data for these monitors is as follows.
K factor
Required flow rate
Minimum pressure
Maximum pressure
=
=
=
=
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Pressure (bar)
7
6.5
7.3
The above requirements at nodes 14, 15 and 16 can be converted into equivalent nozzles
by using the formula in Section 3.4 (namely, that the equivalent K-factor is equal to the
flow rate divided by the square root of the pressure).
Node Number
14
15
16
As the nozzles in the system are not real nozzles, the minimum and maximum pressure for
the equivalent nozzles can be arbitrarily set to 1 bar and 20 bar respectively.
All of above data for these five items should be input as user-defined nozzle data.
We add nozzles to the nodes, and assign user-defined attributes to these nozzles as
shown below.
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After all of the equivalent nozzles have been input, the Data Window for the nozzles is as
shown below.
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Note that Node 17 has only an analysis specification, whereas Node 18 has a design
specification and an analysis specification.
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Finally, we must make sure that the type of calculation to be performed has been set to
user-defined (since specifications for the inlet pressures have been given). Typically, the
option for firewater ringmains is user-defined specifications.
The other two options (namely, the most remote nozzle and mass balance options) are
typically used with deluge systems. The only exception is the pump selection case with
firewater ringmain systems, in which case, the most remote nozzle option would typically
be used.
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Ensure that you save the file, as it will be reused later in Scenario 9 as a pump sizing
example. Furthermore, it is good practice to save all modified files so they can be re-used
and run quickly. Also, proper and consistent labelling will help cut time when searching for
files.
If we look at the results for this calculation, we can see that the monitors are discharging
too much water, and the deluge systems are under-performing. We need to investigate
this behaviour by looking at the velocities in the pipes.
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It is clear that the velocities in most of the pipes are too high. We can, therefore, consider
increasing (a) the diameters of the 200 mm pipes to 300 mm and (b) the diameters of the
100 mm pipes to 200mm. We can easily carry out this change by copying and pasting in
the Data Window.
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The results are now satisfactory, and so we shall use the increased diameters for all
subsequent calculations.
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Scenario 2: All Three Deluge Systems and the Two Pumps are Working
We turn off the two monitors simply by switching off the nozzles. This change can be
made using either a Data Window or the Properties Window.
Scenario 3: All Three Deluge Systems are Working, but Only One Pump is Running
The data for this scenario is the same as that for Scenario 2, except that the pressure
specification (of zero barg) at the inlet of one of the pumps is changed to a flow-rate
specification of zero litres per minute.
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The volumetric flow rates throughout the system are shown below.
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Scenario 4: All Three Deluge Systems are Working, but Only One Pump is Running,
and Pipe 8 is Blocked
We use the Properties Window to change the status of Pipe 8, as illustrated below.
Blocked pipe
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Blocked pipe
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The nozzle deviations and node pressures are shown in the diagram below.
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5.6.1 Monitors
Nodes 12 and 13 have monitors attached to them, and the data is as follows.
K-factor
Required flow rate
Minimum pressure
Maximum pressure
=
=
=
=
The monitors do not normally have elastomeric valves, and so they are modelled in the
same way as before (namely, as nozzles).
Pressure (bar)
7
6.5
7.3
As the deluge valves are of the elastomeric type, the flow rates are fixed, and so we
cannot model them as nozzles. What we need to do is the following. We can set the flow
rates at the deluge systems. The pressure generated by the pumps at the outputs should
be at least equal to the system-demand pressure plus the minimum pressure drop in the
elastomeric valve. As long as the pressure generated by the pump is higher than this
threshold pressure, the deluge system can be expected to work satisfactorily.
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The dialog boxes for the two input nodes are shown below.
Note that, as before, Node 17 has only an analysis specification, and Node 18 has both
design and analysis specifications.
The following specifications apply to the three output nodes.
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Scenario 6: All Three Deluge Systems and the Two Pumps are Working
We turn off the two monitors by simply switching off the nozzles (which is carried out using
either a Data Window or the Properties Window). The results are as shown below.
Scenario 7: All Three Deluge Systems are Working, but Only One Pump is Running
The data is the same as that for Scenario 2, except that the pressure specification (of zero
bar G) at the inlet to one of the pumps is changed to a zero flow-rate specification.
In particular, the analysis specification on Node 18 is changed from 0 barg to 0 lit/min, as
illustrated below.
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Scenario 8: All Three Deluge Systems are Working, but Only One Pump is Running,
and Pipe 8 is Blocked
The following results are obtained for this scenario.
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Node 3 will be set as the input node into the system. We are using the most remote nozzle
specification and the flow rate required at the most remote nozzle will be used as an
Analysis specification. Hence we are not required to input any specifications in this present
scenario.
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We note that the smallest pump that would meet the demand exactly would have the
following operating point.
Flow rate = 45120.92 lit/min,
Pressure = 19.51 bar.
This information can be used to choose the pump.
We note, in passing, that one nozzle has a deviation of exactly 0%, thereby confirming that
this is the smallest pump that would satisfy the requirement.
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Pressure (bar)
7
6.5
7.3
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We guess that Node 16, with required flowrate of 8000 lit/min and pressure of 7.3 barg, is
probably the most difficult to satisfy. Nodes 14 and 15 will be set design and analysis flow
rates. Note, the larger diameter pipes from scenario 1 (scenario01_pipechange.sdf) are
used in the following scenario. You will have to repeat the modifications for single input
flow again.
First of all, we confirm that our guess of the worst output node is correct. As can be seen
from the following schematic, the pressures at all of the output nodes are more than is
required.
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Please note that the use of equivalent nozzles for modelling clack valves is useful as a
simulation tool for studying the interaction between systems. However, for design and
design refinement, it is often better to treat the connections to the deluge systems as
outlets. In the section, we shall adopt the method of using outlets.
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At all of the outlets, the flow rates are set to their minimum required values. From the
results of the initial calculation (with no additional restriction), which are shown below, we
see the following levels of over pressurisation.
We note that the following are the requirements for the pressures at the output nodes.
Node
Number
12
13
14
15
16
Minimum Pressure
(barg)
4
{= (5000/2500)2}
4
{= (5000/2500)2}
7
6.5
7.3
Actual Pressure
(barg)
10.77
10.77
11.07
10.98
11.14
Deviation
(bar)
6.77
6.77
4.07
4.48
3.84
Note that the minimum pressures for Nodes 12 and 13 are obtained using the formula in
Section 3.4, with a flow rate of 5000 lit/min and a K-factor of 2500 (lit/min, bar). Please
save this file as it will be required as the basis for the remaining scenarios.
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The results of the calculation can be seen below. Please note that Node 16 satisfies its
required pressure of 7.3 barg, but the pressures at all of the other output nodes are above
their required values.
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The following procedure could be adopted for selecting the overboard dump valves.
The fire pump inlet and outlet pipes have flow rates of around 33582 lit/min and
20000 lit/min respectively. Therefore, we conclude that the overboard dump valve should
dump about 13582 lit/min at a pressure of 8.426 barg.
It can be seen that the overboard dump valve can be used for the dual role of ensuring
that the pressure in the system does not exceed the design pressure, as well as restricting
excess flow rates.
Minimum Pressure
(barg)
4
{= (5000/2500)2}
4
{= (5000/2500)2}
7
6.5
7.3
Actual Pressure
(barg)
10.77
10.77
11.07
10.98
11.14
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Deviation
(bar)
6.77
6.77
4.07
4.48
3.84
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The orifice plates, therefore, should produce the following restrictive pressure drops.
Pipe Label
13
14
15
16
17
To achieve these pressure drops, place orifice plates on all the relevant pipes, and specify
the required pressure drops.
This scenario results in virtually the exact required performance from the system.
The orifice plate details are shown below.
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Use the Equipment Item Tool to place a restriction on the bypass line.
Equipment item
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The calculated results for the bypass line are shown below. The network can now be fine
tuned as required.
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