www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.

com

o





o

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

o
o

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Principles of Constitution

in the Hadith)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Supreme

Authority

of Almighty Allah and Holy Prophet)

(Q u r a n & Sun na h

Supreme Law of State)

Constitution)

(Supremacy of Judiciary)

(Essentaility of Enforcement of

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Rule of Law)

(Q u a li f ic a t io n f or

Constitutional and Political Office)

(Muslim Head of State)

(State Responsibilities

as Trust)

of State)

Trustee for every Citizen)

(Adult Franchise)

Adult Franchise)

(Respect of Majority Opinion)

(No Gender Disc rimina tion in

(D iffer enc e of O pinion a s

Fundamental Right)

(C ons t it ut iona l St a t us of

(Conditional Superordination

(Elec t e d

a nd

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Representative Govt)

(Structure of Govt System)

(Govt - a Bilateral Contract)

(Pur pos e of Gov t :

& People)

Maintenance of Justice & Welfare System)

(Duties & Rights of Govt

(Vice regency of Holy

Prophet in Exercise of Govt Powers)

(Guarentee of Religious Freedom)

(Guarentee of Political Freedom)

(Guarentee of Equal Human

Rights)

Govt Powers)

(Accountability in Exercise of

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Constitutional Aspect of Seerah )

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Analysis of Constitution of Madina)

(Fundamental Principles of Constitution of M adina)

(Real & ultimate Soveresiguty of Almighty Allah

(State Authority of the Holy Prophet )

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Written Constitution

Establishment

of State

Spirit of Democracy

Moral Foundation of State

(Establishment of Multi Cultural Society)

NationalUnity

(Recognition of Different Nations of State)

System

of State

Devolution of Authority

Balance of Powers

Regional Autonomy

Rule of Law

(Recognition of Local Customs & Laws)

Economics Self Reliance

Defence Pacts & Alliances

Contemporary Distinctions

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Guarantee of Fundamental Human Rights)

(Protection of Religious Freedom)

(Protection of Minority Rights)

Protection of Women Rights

(Gaurantee of Constitution's Enforcement)

(Eradication of Conspiracies)

(Madina was Declared Sanctuary)

Watt



M. Watt
In the main ear ly sour ce (apar t fr om the Qur 'an) for
the car eer of Muhammad ther e is found a document
which may conveniently be called 'the Constitution of
Medina'. (1)
(1) Watt Mont gome r y Wa tt, Is la mic Poli tica l Th ough t: The
Bas ic Con cepts, p . 4.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

document

Thus the t er m 'M essenger of G od' in cont r ast t o

'Pr ophet' may indicate that the pr actical and political
ac t i v i t y

in

whi c h M u hamm ad

e ngag ed

w as

commissioned by God. If we look mor e gener ally at

the r elat ion between r eli gi on and p oli ti c s, i t is
helpful to consider fir st the place of r eligion in the
life of an individual. In the case of a per son to whom
r eligion means something and is not a mer ely nominal
adher ence, two points may be emphasized. Fir st, the
ideas of his r eligion constitute the intellectual fr ame
- wor k wit hin whic h he sees all hi s act iv ity t aki ng
place. It is fr om this r elationship to a wider context
that his act i vi ti es gai n t heir signif ic ance, and a
consi der at ion of thi s r elationship may influence hi s
gener al plan for his life in par ticular ways. Secondly,
because r eli gion br i ngs an awar eness of this wid er
context in which the possible aims for a man's life ar e
set , it may of t en gener ate t he mot iv es f or hi s
ac t iv i ty ; i ndeed, wi t hout t he mot i ves gi ven b y
r eligion some activities cannot be car r ied out. Fr om
these two points it is seen that r eligion has a centr al
posi tion in a man's life, not because it d eter mines
many of the details (though in some cases it may),
but because it giv es him gener al ai ms i n life and
help s t o c onc ent r ate his ener gies i n t he pur sui t of

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

these aims.(1)

(Messenger of God)

(Prophet)

(1) Watt Mont gome r y W att, Is la mic Poli tica l Th ough t: The
Bas ic Con cepts, p. 28.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Preliminaries

(Supreme Authority of State)

Fundamental

Constitution of

Principles

FundamentalRights

Legislation

(Judiciary)

(Executive Matters)

(State defence)

(Foriegn Affairs)

Minorities

Continuty of System

Madina & World Constitutions: Development &

Execution

Preliminaries

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Concept of Constitutional Nation)

(Territory of the State)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Watt M. Watt

Fr om most par ts of Ar abia tr ibes or sections of tr ibes
sent r epr esentatives to Medina seeking alliance with
him. By the time of his death in June 632, despite
r umbli ngs of r ev olt, he was in contr ol of muc h of
Ar ab ia. The Islamic state had no pr eci sely defined
geogr ap hi c al f r ont i er s, but i t was c er t ainly i n
exist ence. (1)

(alliance)

Population of the

State

(1) Watt Mont gome r y Wa tt, Is la mic Poli tica l Th ough t: The
Bas ic Con cepts, p. 4.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

confederation

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Multicultural Society

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Supreme Authority & Sovereignty of State)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Allah & Prophet Muhammad are the Sovereign

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Law Giving Authority

Nomenclature

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Vicegerency

Fundamental

Principles

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(State Matters would be under Constitution)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Watt M. Watt

The essential points defining the natur e of the state

(apar t fr om the functions and pr ivileges of the head
of state) ar e the following:
The believer s and their dependents constitute a
si ngle-c ommuni ty ( umma). Befor e we di sc uss
these points in mor e detail the gener al comment may
be mad e that thi s d oc ument is no i nv ention of a
political theor ist, but is r ooted in the mentality and
mor es of pr e-Islamic Ar abia. So any consider ation of
the natur e of the Islamic state must begin by looking
at t he poli ti c al conc ep t i ons whic h gui d ed the
activities of the pr e-Islamic Ar abs.(2)

(2) Watt Mont gome r y Wa tt, Is la mic Poli tica l Th ough t: The
Bas ic Con cepts, p. 6.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Prohibition to Violate Constitution)

(Rule of law)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Prohibition of Violating Law)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Distinguished Status of Muslim Ummah)

(Identity of State Citizens)

(Supervision and Leadership of Defence Affairs)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Observance of International Treaties)

Fundamental

Rights

Have nots)

(Protection of Fundamental Human Rights)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Right

of Constitutional Identity

(Right of Constitutional Equality)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Equality in Rights)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Right of Equality in Obedience of Law

(Right to Continue Just Laws)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Right of State Security on Abiding State Law)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Right of Justice for Oppressed)

(Freedom from the Penalty of Undone Crimes)

(Right of Protection from Unjust Favouritism)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Right of Economic Support )

(Right of Protection for Women)

(Right of Religious Freedom )

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Right of Cousultation in State Matters)

(Legislation)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Recognition of Local Laws and Conventions)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Judiciary)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Supreme Judic ial Authority : The Holy Prophet)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Executive Matters)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Double Way Traffic

(Secretaries)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Financial Management Budgeting

(Resistance against Aggression & Terrorism)

Aggression & Terrorism)

(Unjus t ic e, Mis c hief,

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Resistance against Human Killings)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Right of

Retaliation

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Equal Enforcement of

Retaliation Law)

(Administrative Orders for Regions Affiliated w ith Madina)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ii







www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

iii










www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

iv

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

vi







www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

vii

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

viii

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(State Defence)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Supr em e Defence A utho r ity o f State: The Ho ly Pr o phet
)

(Eradication of State Enemies)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Prohibition of Conspiracy Against Islamic State)

(Involvement of all Communities in State Defence)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Responsibility of State Defence)

(Right of Relaxation inDefence Respo nsi bil iti es)

(Right of Representation in State Defence)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Right to Retaliate the Bloodshed)

(Defence Role of State Communities)

Right of

Security

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Right of Protection from Mutual Warfare)

Right of

Life

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Foreign Affairs)

Amphictyonic League Treat y of Delphi
Hug o Gr o it ous

(1583-1645)










(2) Hugh Bow den, Clas s ical Athen s an d the Delphic Oracle,
Divin ation an d Democracy, p p. 91, 138 .
(3) H u g o G r o t i u s , O n t h e L a w o f W a r & P e a ce , <http://w w w .constitution.or g/gr o/djbp.htm>
(4) http://en.w iki pedia .or g /w iki /Chr istia n_op posit ion_ to_
anti-Semitism

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

peace covenant/pact
treaty pledge

alliance treaty

A tr eaty i s a wr itt en agr eement by whi ch two or

mor e States or inter national or ganizations cr eate or
intend t o c r eat e a r elati on between t hemselves
oper ating within the spher e of inter national law.(3)

treaty

Vienna Convention on the Law of

treaty Treaties, 1969

(3) Lor d A. McNair , The Law of Treaties 4, 1961 .

(4) i. "Draft Con ven tion on the Law of Treaties," 29 AM. J.
INR'L L. (Supp.) 653, 657 .

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

1. For m
2. Pr eamble
3. Pr ocedur e for conclusion of tr eaty
4. Capacity to conclude a tr eaty
5. Mode or time of entr y into for ce
6. Peiod of validatoin or dur ation
7. Pr ocedur e for amendments or modifications
8. Expr ession of consent to be bound by tr eaty
9. Gr ounds and pr ocedur e for te
rminati on
10. Pr inciple of Pacta Sunt Ser venda(1)

Pacta Sunt Serv anda

ii . Gu y o r a B in d e r , Tr e a t y Co n f l i ct a n d P o l i ti ca l
Con tradiction : The Dialectic of Duplicity, p . 7.
iii. Opp enh eim L., In tern ation al Law Sec. 491, at 877 .
(1) Vien n a Con ven tion on the Law of Treaties
, r epr inted in S.
Rosenne, The Law of Treaties: A Guid e to the Legis lative
His tory of the Vien n a Con ven tion108 .
(2) Vladimir Ur o Degan,Sources of In tern ation al Law,p. 394.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(1) i. M De Taube, Le M on de Le L'Is lam et Son In fluen ce Sur
L'Europe Orien tate, pp. 380-397.
ii. Er nest Nys, Les Origin es de droit in tern ation.al

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Principles

of

Foreign Policy

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

o






www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Constitution of Madina & Foreign Relations

(Guarantee of Promotion of Peace & Security)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Principle of Peaceful Coexistence

(Reconciliation & Peace is Subject to Constitution)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Constitutional Doc uments of Madina's Foreign Polic y)

Documents of Treaties

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ii








www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

iii

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

iv

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Effects of Successful Defence & Foreign Policy)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Minorit ies)

(Holy Prophet's Instructions for Minorities' Rights)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Minorities' Rights in Constitution of Madina)

i
(Right of Life for Minorities)

ii
(Guarantee of c onstitutional & legal equality )

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

iii
(Protec tion of the Rights of Minorities)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Fr e e d o m o f R e lig io n &

iv

Culture)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(R o le o f Min or itie s in S ta te

v
Defenc e)

(Minorities' rights in constitutional documents of Seerah

)

in letter and spirit

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

ii

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

[ ]

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

iii

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Continuity of System)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Divine Rights must be Obser ved)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Rule of Law

in Future

(Continuity of system is collective responsibility)

(Holy Prophet enforced the system in ideal form)

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Comparative

Analysis of D evelopment of

Constitution of Madina & World Constitutions

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

G ov ernment

Constitution

Sovereignty

Legislation

as S ocial C ontract

Government as Trust

Constitution

constit utio constitution

Cons titution of A thens Politics Arist ot le

Nicomachean Ethics

(1) i. M erriam Webs ter's Diction ary of Law, 1996.
ii. The American Heritage, Stedman 's M edical Diction ary,
1995.
(2) i. Ar istotle, The Politics an d the Con s titution of Athen
,s
pp. x v, x vii.
ii. Ar istotle, Nicomachean Ethics, p. 151.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

A Consti tuti on may be said t o b e a c ollect ion of

pr inci ples ac cor d i ng to whi ch the power s of t he
gover nment , t he r i ght s of t he gover ned and the
r elations between the two ar e adjusted. (1 )

The Const itution may b e a deliber ate c r eati on on

paper , it may be found in one document which itself
is alter ed or amended as time and gr owth demand,
or it may be a bundle of separ ate laws given special
author ity as the laws of the constitution. (2 )

It may be that the bases of the constitution ar e fixed
in one or two fundamental laws while the r est of it
dep end s f or i t s aut hor i t y up on t he f or c e of
customs. (3 )

(1) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 10 .
(2) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 10 .
(3) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 10 .

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

A state said to have a constitution when its or gans

and their funtions ar e definitly ar r anged and ar e not
subject to the whim of some despot.(1 )

The basic pur pose of a politi cal Consti tuti on is the
same wher ever it appear s: to secur e social peace and
pr ogr ess, saf eguar d indiv idual r ights and pr omote
national well-being. (2)

Sovereignty

(1) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 10 .
(2) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 47 .

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

The ter m sover eignty means above or super ior to all

other s, the gr eatest & supr eme i n power , r ank or
author ity. ( )

Bodin

1530-1596

The chief mar k of the sover eign is his r ight to impose

law as all subjects r egar dless of their consent.(2)

Sover eignty is the most absolute & per petual power

over citizens and subjects in a state and itself and
was not subject to the law but above all laws. He
who r ecei ved or der s or laws fr om other s was not
sover eign, for sov er ei gnty was indi v isib le by i ts
natur e. (3)

()

Webes ter's New Diction ary of the AmericanLan guage , p.

1395.

(2) Ber nar d Cr i ck, " Sover eign ty" In t'l En cycl opedia of Soci al
Scien ces, vol. 5, p. 79.
(3) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 2.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(John

Austin 1790-1859)

The per son or per sons to whom the bulk of a given

soc iety is in habi t of ob ed ienc e b ut who hi mself
r ender s no such obedience to anyone. ()

Species of command & a legal syst em t o him was a

collect ion of those laws emenating f r om t he same
sover eign. (2)

He thought that a por tion of it (society) was always

sover eign and a por tion of it was subject.(3)

()

H.L .A. H ar t, " Au s ti n , Jo hn " " In t'l E n cyclo pe dia o f t he

Social Scien ces, v ol. I, p. 471.

(2) H.L .A. H ar t, " Au s ti n , Jo hn " " In t'l E n cyclo pe dia o f t he

Social Scien ces, v ol. I, p. 471.
(3) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 49.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

absolute theories of sovereignty
unity political sovereigns
thoroughgoing supremacy
inclusive ness

(Harold J. Laski 1893-1950)
(2)
The author itar ian tr adition is far fr om dead.

Legislation

(1) Ber nar d Cr ick, " Sover eign ty" In t'l En cycl opedia of Soci al
Scien ces, vol. 5, pp. 80, 81.
(2) Har old J. Laski, Authority in the M odern State
, p. 167.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

wher eas

Wester n thought r egar ds legislation as

the hi ghest ac tiv ity of the state, Islamic polit ic al
philosophy admitted legislation only as a par t of the
judicial pr ocedur e.(1)

Laws ar e divinely made. The or dinances may var y in

scope but not in str ingency. Ever y or der issuing fr om
Him car r ies t he same for ce. T he only indif fer ent
ar eas ar e those wher e lack of infor mation bar s man
fr om t he knowled ge of Allah's d etailed r egulat ions,
and by var ious methods the community makes effor ts
to supply the unkonwn instr uctions. Law is intended
as the complement of faith r egulating man's actions
inasmuch as faith r egulates his beliefs.(2)

(1) Gr unebaum, M edieval Is lam, p. 210.
(2) Gr unebaum, M edieval Is lam, p p. 142, 144 .

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Islam is in essence an equilibr ium and union, it does

not p r i mar ily sub li mat e the will by sacr if ice, but
neutr alizes it by the law.(1)

Hamilton A. R. Gibb

B ut ap ar t al t oge t her f r om i t s i nt e llec t ual

pr e- eminenc e and scholastic f unct ion, Islamic Law
was the most f ar - r eaching and eff ec ti ve agent in
moulding the social or der and the community life of
the Muslim peoples. By its ver y compr ehensiveness it
exer ted a steady pr essur e upon all pr ivate and social
ac t i v i t i es, set t i ng a st and ar d t o whi c h t hey
confor med mor e and mor e closely as time went on,
in sp i te of t he r esi st anc e of anc ient hab it s and
time-honour ed customs, especially amongst the mor e
independent nomadic and mountain tr ibes. Mor eover ,
Islami c Law gave p r ac ti c al exp r essi on t o t he
char acter istic Muslim quest for unity. In all essentials
it was unifor m, although the var ious schools differ ed
in p oi nt s of detai l. To i ts op er ati on was due t he
str iking, conver gence of social ideals and ways of life
thr oughout the medi eval Muslim wor ld. It went far
(1) Pr ith Joseph Schacht, Under standing Islam, p. 29.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

deeper t han Roman law; b y r eason of it s r eligious

bases and its theocr atic sanctions it was the spir itual
r egulator , the conscience, of the Muslim community
in all its par ts and activities.
T hi s f unc t i on of l aw ac q ui r ed st i l l gr eat e r
signi fi canc e as poli tic al li fe i n the Muslim wor ld
swung ever fur ther away fr om the theocr atic ideal of
Mohammed and his succ essor s. The decli ne of the
Ab b asi d C ali p hat e i n t he t ent h and elev ent h
centur ies opened the door to political disintegr ation,
the usur pation of r oyal author ity by local pr inces and
militar y gover nor s, the r ise and fall of ephemer al
dynasties, and r epeated outbr eaks of civil war . But
however ser iously the political and militar y str ength
of the vast Empir e mi ght b e weakened , the mor al
author ity of the Law was but the mor e enhanced and
held the social fabr ic of Islam compact and secur e
thr ough all the fluctuations of political for tune. (1)

(1) Ham ilto n A. R. G ib b, M oh amm ed an ism : An Hi st or i ca l
Sur vey, p. 7.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Rousseau did not give legislative power to the Govt.
Thi nking that i t might b e an eff ec ti ve met hod to
pr event it fr om b ec oming mast er of t he st at e by
usur ping that sover eignty or legislation power , which
could belong only to the people. (1)

(1) Rober t Der athe, Rous s eau, J.J., In t'l En cyclopaedia of the
Social Scien ces, v ol. 13, p. 568 .

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Government as Social Contract

Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679
The state of natur e was a state of war . For pur poses
of secur it y & gr eater p r otect ion, eac h ind iv id ual
agr eed with other to give up par ts of his individual &
natur al r ights to a man or a gr oup of men who would
gover n & pr otect them & ther e inter ests.(1)

The r uler was not a par t of t he cont r ac t ; the

ind ivi duals mer ely sur r end er ed themselves to the
r uler . (2)
(1) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 14.
(2) Ber nar d Cr i ck, " Sover eign ty" In t'l En cycl opedia of Soci al
Scien ces, vol. 5, p. 79.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

John Locke

16 32 -1 70 4

Indi viduals ent er ed a c ontr act in or der to p r eser ve

thei r nat ur al r i ght s. A c ont r ac t was b et ween
individuals & society, with individuals sur r ender ing a
par t of their r ights to society in or der to secur e and
pr otect their r ights.(1)

Jean Jacques

Rousseau 1712-1778

Each ind ivi dual sur r ender ed his t otal r i ght s to t he

whole community. This pact or contr act established
the absolute supr emacy of the community over all of
its individuals.(2)

(1) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 15.
(2) Robe r t Der athe , " Rous s eau , J.J., In t 'l En cycl opae dia of
the Social Scien ces,v ol. 13, p . 567.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

Leon Duguit

1859-1928

Sover eignty is an essential attr ibute of the state was

a myth to be discar ded. He pr esented the idea of the
"social gr oup" instead of "Social Contr act."(1)

Government as Trust

(1) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l

Law , p. 49.
(2) Rosenthal, Political Thought in M edieval Is lam, p p.
27-50 .
(3) Rosenthal, Political Thought in M edieval Is lam, p p.
51-62 .

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

John

Civil Government Locke 1632-1704

'Gov er nment was c r eated in or der to car r y out t he
administr at iv e wor k as a "tr ust" or an "agent " on
behalf of the community. (2)

Jean Jacques
Limitation of Government

Rousseau 1712-1778

Powers

He made a di sti ncti on between sover eign p ower &

gov er nment wi t h gov er nment to hi m b ei ng an
"executive agent" of the sover eign power . (3)

(2) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 17.
(3) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 18.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

The elite not masses, gover n Amer ica.(2)

King

Charter

of Liberties 11 00 Henry I

Magna Carta 12 15
King John I

Habeas Corpus


16 47 4
Constitutional Monarchy

17 00 (Bill of Rights) 16 89
The Parliament Act

19 11

The Act of Settlement

(1) The U S Co n s ti tu ti on, Ar ti cle I, Secti on 7, Ar ti cle II,

Section 2.
(2) Th o ma s R. D y e & L. H a r m o n Ze i gle r , Th e I r on y o f
Democracy, p. 1 .
(4) Sidney Painter , William M ars hal, p. 200.
(5) James C. Holt, M agn a Carta , p. 1.
(6) Wi lli a m Sh a r p M cke ch ni e , M a g n a Car t a: Tex t a n d
Commen t ary, p. 8.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

17 87
Magna Carta

Montesquieu Locke Polybius

17 76 (Thomas Jefferson)

(The Declaration of Independence)

17 80 (Constitutional Convention)

(Philadelphia Convention) 17 87

The Gr ea t

Compromise

17 87 17

ConstitutionalConvention
(1) John Patter son, Bill of Rights : Politics , Religion an d the
Ques t for Jus tice, p. 25.
(2) Lee, J. J., Politics an d Society, p. 1.
(3) Er ic Foner , John Ar thur Gar r aty,The Reader's Compan ion
to American His tory, p. 227 .
(4) Me r r i ll D . P e t er s on , Oli ve B r a n ch a nd Sw o r d: Th e
Compr omise of 1833, p. 1.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

17 89

18 65


18 68 80

No State shall make or enfor ce any law which shall
abr idge the pr ivileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State depr ive any per son
of life, liber ty, or pr oper ty, without due pr ocess of
law; nor deny to any per son within its jur isdiction the
equal pr otection of the laws.

19 20

17 91 The Bill of Rights 10







19 19 20

(1) Ra lp h Ke tcha m, Th e An ti -F ed er al is t P ap er s an d t he
Con s titution al Con ven tion Debates
, p p . 10, 31.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

92 19 72 22

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Charles Austin Beard - 18 74 1 94 8

The older wr it t en menti oned c onsti tuti on i s t he
Constitution of United States. Only four nations
Nor way, Ar gentina, Luxembour g & Colembia have
consti tutions that wer e wr it ten p r ior t o 1900 and
only 15 contempor ar y national constitutions existed
befor e Wor ld War -II.(2 )

'The Unite States was vir tually the fir st countr y in the
wor ld to set down a codified, r easoned and wr itten
(1) Eugene W. Hickok, The Bill of Rights : Origin al M ean in g
an d Curren t Un ders tan din,gp. 5 .
(2) Char les Austin Bear d, Whither M an kin d: A Pan orama of
M odern Civilization, p. 132 .

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

const it ut ion, all ot her consti tuti ons at that t ime

having evolved thr ough r ight, might and custom.(1)

Constitution Act, 19 00
Commonwealth of Australia
Statute of
shared monarchy
Australia Act Westminster

Commonwea lt h of Aus tr a ilia

Declaration of Rights of Man

Secular

Democratic Republic

Republic of Germany
Federal

Republic
Basic Law for the Federal

Refer end um

(1) Colin Pilkington, The Britis h Con s titution , p. 1.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Ombudsma n)

(Charter of

Madina)

(Watt

Islamic Political Thought M. Watt)
Muhammad's Hijr a or migr ation to Medina in 622 (AD)
mar ks the beginning of his political activity. It was
not that he suddenly acquir ed gr eat political power ,
for in f act hi s power gr ew ver y gr ad ually; b ut the
agr eements into which he enter ed with the clans of
Medi na meant t he establishment of a new bod y
polit ic, and wi thin t hi s body ther e was sc op e for
(1) Ma r t en O o s ti n g, I n t he I n t e r n at i o n a l Om b u ds m a n
An t h o lo g y: Se l e ct ed W r i ti n g s

f ro m I n te r n a ti o n a l

Ombuds man In s titute, Kluwer Law In tern ation ,alp. 1.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

r eali zing the p olit ical potentialiti es of the Q ur 'anic

ideas. By 624 Muhammad and the Muslims of Medina
wer e involved in hostilities with the pagan Meccans.
Despite the initial super ior ity of the latter the final
outcome was the vir tually unopposed occupation of
Mecca by Muhammad in 630. A week or two later he
def eat ed a concentr ati on of nomad i c t r ib es at
Hunayn; and this meant that no one in Ar abia was
now capable of meeting him in battle with any hope
of suc cess. Fr om most par t s of Ar ab ia t r ib es or
sec ti ons of t r i bes sent r ep r esentati ves t o Med ina
seeking alliance with him. By the time of his death in
June 632, d espit e r umblings of r ev olt, he was i n
contr ol of much Ar abi a. The Islamic st ate had no
pr ecisely defined geogr aphical fr ontier s, but it was
cer tainly in existence. (1)

(1) Watt M. Watt, Is lamic Political Thought, p. 20.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

(Watt M. Watt)
In the main ear ly sour ce (apar t fr om the Qur 'an) for
the car eer of Muhammad ther e is found a document
which may conveniently be called 'the Constitution of
Medi na. Some of the ar ticles in the constitution deal
with minor matter s, while other s ar e r epetitive. The
essential points defining the natur e of the state (a
par t fr om the functions and pr ivileges of the head of
state) ar e the following :
i.

The believer s and their dependents constitute a

single community (umma).

ii. Each clan or sub di vi si on of the communit y i s

r esp onsi ble f or blood- money and r ansoms on
behalf of its member s.
iii. The memb er s of the communi ty ar e t o show
comp lete solid ar i ty against cr ime and not to
sup por t a cr i minal ev en when he i s a near
ki nsman, wher e the c r i me i s against anot her
member of the community.
iv. The memb er s of the communi ty ar e t o show
complete solidar i ty agai nst the unbeliever s in
peace and war , and also solidar ity in the gr anting
of 'neighbour ly pr otection'.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

v. T he J e ws of v a r i ou s gr ou p s b el ong t h e
community, and ar e to r etain their own r eligion;
they and t he M usli ms ar e t o r end er ' help '
(including militar y aid) to one another when it is
needed. (1)

(1) Watt M. Watt, Is lamic Political Thought, p. 20.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

The Constituion of Madina
An

(G e r h a r d

Endres s )

Introduction to Islam

Whether we r ecognise Muhammad as the Pr ophet of

God , or whet her we r egar d the K or an as the
exp r essi on of hi s p er sonali ty , the cr eation of the
Islami c stat e and the unif ici at ion of Ar abi a under
Islam ar e his handiwor k. The fir st impor tant sign of
thi s ac hievement is a document hand ed down by
histor ians i n an ap par ent ly aut henti c for m t he
r egulat ions or 'C onst it uti on' of the c ommunit y of
Medina. This document, pr omulgated soon after the
Hij r a, r egulated te r elati onshi p of t he t r ib es, the
Mec can ' Emigr ants' and the Medinan 'Helper s' and
bound t hem t oget her i n a new lar ger c ommunit y
whic h was not b ased on blood r elationshi ps but on
r eligion. Fr om now onwar ds, ther e stood above the
tr ibes the umma, the community of believer s under
the author ity and pr otection of God and under the
leader ship of Muhammad.(1)

(1) Gar har d Endr ess: An In troduction to Is lam

, p. 31 .

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

A History of (Albert Hourani)

the A rab

Peoples

A new political or der was cr eated which included the

whole of the Ar abia peninsula. (1)

(1) Alber t Hour ani, A His tory of t he Arab People, p. 14 .

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

52.

Alber t Hour ani, A History of the Arab People, Faber

& Faber Limited, 3 Queen Squar e, London, 1991.

53.

Ar i st otle, Th e Politic s an d th e C ons titu tion of

Athens, CUP, The Ed inb ur gh B ui ldi ng, Cambr idge,
UK, 1996.

54.

Ber nar d C r i ck, "Sovereignty" In t' l Enc yclop edia of

Social Sciences, V ol, 5, NY, Macmillan Co, 1968.

55.

Char les Austin Bear d, Whither M ankind: A Panorama

of M odern Civiliz ation , Longmans, G r een & Co.,
1923.

56.

Er i c Foner , John A r thur G ar r aty , Th e R ead er' s

Com pan ion to Americ an His tory, Houghton Mif fli n
Co., NY, 1991.

57.

Eugene W Hic kok, Th e B ill of R igh ts : O rigin al

M eaning and Current Understanding, The Univer sity
Pr ess of V ir ginia, 1991.

58.

Gar har d Endr ess, An Introduction to Islam, Edinbur gh

Univer sity Pr ess & Car ale Hillenbr and, 1994.

59.

Gr unebaum, G.E. V on, Is lam (Essays on the natur e

and gr owth of a cultur al tr adition). London, 1955.

60.

Hamilton A. R. Gibb, M ohammedanism: An Historical

Survey , Oxfor d Univer sity Pr ess, 1970 .

61.

Har old J. Laski, Authority in the M odern State , New

Haven, 1919.

62.

Har t, H.L.A., "Austin, John" "Int'l Encyclopedia of the

Social Sciences, vol. 1, NY, Macmillan Co., 1968.

63.

Hugh Bowden, Clas sical Athens an d th e Delp hic

Oracle, Divination and Democr acy, CUP, 2005.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

64.

James C. Holt, M agna Carta, CUP, T he Edi nbur gh

Building, UK, 1992 .

65.

John Patter son, Bill of Rights: Politics, Religion and

the Quest for Justice

66.

Julian Hoppit, A Land of liberty?, England 1689-1727,

OUP, Oxfor d, 2000.

67.

Lee J.J., Ireland, 1912- 1985: Politics and Society,

CUP, Cambr idge, 1989.

68.

Mar t en Oost i ng in t he In tern ation al O m bu d sm an

An th ology : S elec ted W r i ti ngs f r om I nt er nati onal
Ombudsman Institute, Kluwer Law Inter national, The
Hague, The Nether lands, 1999.

69.

Matter n, Johannes, Concepts of State, Sovereignty &

Int'l Law, Baltimor e, John Hopkins Pr ess, 1978.

70.

McNai r , Lor d A ., Law of Treaties , O UP, US A, Aug

1986.

71.

Mer r ill D. Peter son, Olive Branc h and Sword : The

Comp romise of 1833, Louisiana S tate Uni ver sit y
Pr ess, 1982.

72.

Ralph Ketcham, The Anti-Federalist Papers and the

Con stitution al Con ven tion Debates, New Amer i can
Libr ar y, 375 Hudson Str eet, NY, 1986.

73.

Rosent hal, E.I . J. , Political Th ought in M ed ieval

Islam, Cambr idge Univer sity Pr ess, 1962.

74.

Sidney Painter , William M arshal, John Hopkins Pr ess,

1982.

75.

St r ong , C . F. , M od ern Politic al C ons titu tions,

Sidgwick & Jackson Limited, London, 1973

76.

Taube, M De, Le M onde Le L'Islam et Son Influence

Sur L'Europe Orientate, The Hague Recuel, 1962.

www.MinhajBooks.com

www.sirat-e-mustaqeem.com

77.

The US Constitution.

78.

V ienna Convention on the Lawof Tr eaties, r epr inted

in S. Rosenne, The Law of Treaties: A Guide To The
Legislative History of T he Vienn a Con vention108
1970.

79.

V lad imir Ur o Degan, Sources of I nternational Law,

Kluwer Law Int er nati onal, P O Box 85889, 2508 CN
The Hague, The Nether lands, 1997.

80.

Watt Montgomer y Watt, and Cachina P., A History of

Islamic Spain, Edinbur gh, 1996.

81.

Web sters' New B iograph ical Dic tion ary, Mer r iamWebster Inc., Spr ingfield M.A., U.S.A., 1983.

82.

Willi am Shar p Mc kec hnie, M agna Carta: Text and

Com mentary, the Univer sity Pr ess of V ir ginia, 1998.

www.MinhajBooks.com