ANODYNE Water Engineering Company Pvt. Ltd.

An ISO 9001:2008 Organization

DESCALING CHEMICALS
Purpose of Chemical Cleaning :
The primary reasons for chemical cleaning of boilers / heat exchangers are to prevent tube failures & improve unit availability. Tube failures in low
pressure boilers/heat exchangers are normally the results of creep which occurs when internal deposits produce excessive metal temperature. A
relatively smaller quantity of deposit creates difficulties in high pressure boilers. Caustic corrosion & hydrogen damage, which occur only in the
presence of deposits, may cause tube failures at temperatures well below the creep limit. Deposits originating both from fabrication & during
operation should be considered potential problems.
All the pressure parts of steam generator may be subjected to heat treatment of some sort during fabrication or erection during forming operations,
stress relief, welding or bending. Whenever carbon low alloy steels are subjected to high temperatures in the presence of air, oxidation occurs, the
oxide produced is known as mill scale. Mill scale on boiler/ heat exchanger tubing is normally very thin with the exception of areas near welds &
bends. Even where mill scale is initially uniform its brittleness upon cooling may produce flaking. The resulting non-uniform surface is undesirable
from the standpoint of corrosion susceptibility. During operation mill scale is rapidly eroded from the steam generating surfaces & may subsequently
be redeposited in critical areas. Preoperational acid cleaning removes mill scale & serves to remove atmospheric rust which inevitably accumulates to
some degree during erection.

After a boiler / heat exchanger placed into service, numerous solid constituents may enter the units with the feed water & some portion of the
insolubles can be expected to deposit on surfaces. If not removed these deposits accumulated over a period of time can minimize the quantity of these
materials; however, complete freedom from deposition is not possible in a high pressure system. The need for occasional chemical cleaning during
the life of the equipment has become a recognized fact & should be accepted as a routine maintenance practice. A frequency of service cleaning of
every 3 to 4 months is recommended. This frequency should be increased if individual unit operating history dictates.

What is Anodyne SR-231?

Anodyne SR-231 is a revolutionary descaling agent. In other words, it is inhibited acid for general use in all types of chemical descaling operations.
It removes water hardness scales, deposits from steam and hot water, mill scales, weld scales, moulding, foundry deposits and many other types of
foreign residues on metals.

Anodyne SR-231 in addition to the inhibitors also incorporates wetting agents to assist the solvent action of the acids on the deposits to reduce drag
out losses, absorption of inhibitors by scale, rust and helps the solution to penetrate into inaccessible regions.

DESCALING CHEMICALS :

Anodyne SR-231 is a liquid preparation with Organic base, designed to dissolve industrial deposits without affecting metals. Anodyne SR-231
is supplied in fully inhibited & concentrated form & is to be diluted with water for use. In general, any type of equipment on which scale has been
deposited, can be cleaned by using Anodyne SR-231. This chemical is specially developed for removal of soft/Mild scale.

Anodyne SR-231 is specially developed for removal of hard scales like silicate of calcium, magnesium, sulphates, carbonates etc. Anodyne SR231 is supplied in fully inhibited & concentrated form & is to be diluted with water for use. This chemical is meant especially for hard scale.
ALGAE PREVENTING CHEMICAL :
Anodyne SR-239 is a liquid preparation with acidic base, designed to prevent formation of Algae in cooling tower etc. This chemical is supplied
in fully inhabited & concentrated form & is to be diluted with water. It can be feed online for removing algal deposits.

Features of Anodyne SR-231 or Anodyne SR-233

Anodyne SR-231 contains HCL as principal agent. Although many acids namely Sulphuric, Sulfamic, Citric, can be used for removal of
scales, but Hydrochloric offers the following definite advantage over others :
Calcium Chloride, Iron Chloride, etc. which are formed by reaction of scales are highly soluble with HCL in water.
The time taken for the solution of rust or scale is minimum in HCL as compared to that required by other acids.
The solution rate of mill scale is 10% to 27% higher in 10% & 5% HCL, respectively than in similar solutions of Sulphuric Acid.
A dark slime or smut left on metal surface pickled in other acids is not present when HCL is used.

ANODYNE Water Engineering Company Pvt. Ltd.

An ISO 9001:2008 Organization
No heating is required during cleaning with HCL as the acid dissolves the scale at normal temperature.
During pickling in HCL the scale is directly dissolved by the acid & the mechanical effect of removal of scale by Hydrogen bubbles (formed by
reaction between metal & acid), is not required. Accordingly HCL can be inhibited with strength inhibitors.
The degree of Hydrogenation & consequently Hydrogen embrittlement are absent when HCL is used.
The tolerated Iron content in pickling solution is higher when HCL is used.
The corrosive action of HCL on clothing & skin is milder.

Anodyne SR-231 contains corrosion inhibitors & other agents.

Corrosion inhibitors are used in descaling acid to essentially prevent the attack on metal equipment when scale is removed. There are
several other advantages of inhibitors which are given below :
Saving valuable metal.
Saving acid.
Reduction of acid fume.
Prevention of Hydrogen blisters, Hydrogen cracking & Hydrogen embrittlement.
Prevention of pitting & other surface roughness resulting from acid attack on metal.

ESTIMATED METAL LOSS (gm/cm2/hr at 25 degrees centigrade) by using Anodyne SR- 231.

METAL

HCL

Anodyne SR- 231

ALUMINIUM

0.03997

0.000056

BRASS

0.000032

0.000008

CAST IRON

0.00644

0.00484

COPPER

0.00004

0.000024

MILD STEEL

0.00072

0.000032

STAINLESS STEEL (304)

0.00022

0.000016

ZINC

0.3582

0.00166

WHAT EQUIPMENTS MUST BE TREATED WITH Anodyne SR- 231?

In general any type of metallic equipment on which scale has been deposited can be cleaned by Anodyne SR- 231. Typical examples of equipments
are Boilers, Economizers, Super Heaters, De-aerators, Vents, Condensors, Stage Heaters, Heat Exchangers, Surface Condensors, Feed water treating
equipments, valves, and miscellaneous equipments, pipelines, water mains, oil wells, equipment used for acidizing of oil wells (to improve yields of
oil from oil bearing lime stone formations), air-conditioning equipment, canteen equipment, stabilizers, electric boilers, kettles, surgical instruments,
immersion heaters, heating coils, sugar and caustic evaporators, black liquor evaporators in the pump industry, railway carriages and bus bodies,
brewery equipments, steel strips and sections requiring pickling, cold drawings etc.

PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED IN DESCALING THE EQUIPMENT :

1st Stage : Take Anodyne SR-231 and mix with water in the ratio of 1:6 (One litre of chemical and six litres of water) or by mixing gradually in
water and maintaining pH 2-3 during the descaling process. Circulate the solution for 6-8 hrs.
2nd Stage : Flush the entire system with ample fresh water, at least for 15 to 20 minutes.
3rd Stage : : Take Caustic soda(0.1 % ) and mix with water in the tank in ratio of 0.1 % by weight (100 gm in 1000 litres of water). Circulate the
solution or immerse the equipment in this solution for 2 hrs.
4th Stage : Flush the entire system with ample fresh water, till the ph of inlet & outlet of fresh water matches. The information contained in this
technical bulletin is adequate for common descaling problems, but in case further information is required, please write to us giving details of
equipments to be de-scaled and type of scale encountered.

ANODYNE Water Engineering Company Pvt. Ltd.

An ISO 9001:2008 Organization

ANODYNE Water Engineering Company Pvt. Ltd.

An ISO 9001:2008 Organization

This is news to you, isn't it?

And all this while you have been sitting & burning the 'midnight oil' trying to figure out from all your financial statements and balance sheets, 'what is really
eating into my profits?' The answer to your question is 'scales'. A hard water formation or incrustation that chokes plant and equipment, restraining them from
functioning normally.

A scale is a hard water soluble substance formation or incrustation resulting from the general deposition of dissolved solids in water, over heat transferring
metal surfaces.

The principal scale forming material, coolant water is calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a hard tenacious adherent baked scale. Other scale
forming constituents are magnesium hydroxide, calcium sulphate and silica. Other types of scales which are formed on hot or cold
worked metals consist of metallic oxides, sulphide and other components.

The solubility of different salts in water is given below :

Salts

Solubility as CaCO3 (ppm) At 320F

At 2120F

15

13

Ca(HOC3)2 (Water saturated with CO2)

1620

Decomposes

CaSO4

1293

1246

CaCl2

366000

3430000

MgCO3

101

75

MgSO4

170000

356000

MgCl2

362000

very soluble

Na2CO3

62600

289000

CaCO3 (Water free from CO2)

Various types of deposits which are found in Boilers, Auxiliaries & miscellaneous plant equipments are given in table 1, Tables 2 & 3 provide analysis of
typical scales. (These tables will be found at the back.)

HOW ARE SCALES FORMED?

When heat is applied to water containing bicarbonate, the CO2 is expelled from Calcium compound. Since the relatively high solubility of Calcium
bicarbonate is due to this gas, CaCO3 is precipitated rapidly as soon as the gas is removed. Removal of CO2 by chemical means the same results should be
obtained & the precipitation of non-carbonate of calcium follows. As a result of this phenomenon calcium carbonate is precipitated within the
boiler/equipment, forming a scale.
Also calcium sulphate, owing to its insolubility at high temperature, is precipitated rapidly. Unless it is converted into some other form by chemical treatment
or removed from water as it is formed, it causes a hard, dense scale which adheres tenaciously to the internal metal surfaces of the boiler/equipment.
The problem of deposition of boiler/equipment scale is primarily one of the solubility at elevated temperature i.e. certain slightly soluble substances become
less soluble with increase in temperature. The whole body of a boiler solution constantly tends towards a state of super saturation as steam is removed.
In addition, since scale forming substances decreases in solubility with increase in temperature, the film of boiler water adjacent to a heating surface may be
relieved by spontaneous crystallization, possibly promoted by irregularities in the surfaces even when vaporisation is taking place.
The growth of deposits is accelerated by the effect of skin friction at the internal surface of the tubes, since the velocities along the tube wall are much smaller
than those near the centre of the tube. Deposition of silicate scale might not otherwise develop in the presence of the minimal amount of siliceous materials in
feed water.

ANODYNE Water Engineering Company Pvt. Ltd.

An ISO 9001:2008 Organization
ANODYNE SR- 231 is a liquid preparation with Hydrochloric Acid base, designed to dissolved industrial deposits without affecting metals. ScalecleanA is supplied in fully inhibited and concentrated form and is to be diluted with water for use. In general, any type of equipment on which scale has been
deposited, can be cleaned by using ANODYNE SR- 231.

ANODYNE SR- 231 is specially developed for removal of hard scale like silicate of calcium, magnesium, sulphates, carbonates etc. ANODYNE SR231 is supplied in fully inhibited and concentrated form and is to be diluted with water for use.

OPERATIONAL HAZARDS CAUSED BY SCALE:

Some of the operational difficulties caused by scale deposits are :
Obstruction of fluid flow
Impedance of heat transfer
Wear & tear of metal parts
Localization of corrosion attack
METAL failure at hot spots under scale deposits (plate)
Metal oxide scales (Mill scale, rust etc.) must be removed from metal surfaces before painting, galvanizing, tinplating and other principal metal-finishing
processes.

WHAT IS ANODYNE SR-231?

ANODYNE SR-231 uses HCL as principal agent.

Although many acids namely Sulphuric, Sulfamic, Citric, Hydrochloric can be used to remove scale, Hydrochloric Acid offers the following definite
advantages over others :
Calcium Chloride, Iron Chloride etc. which are formed by reaction of scale are highly soluble with HCL in water.
The time taken for the solution of rust or scale is minimum, in HCL as compared to that required other acids.
The solution rate of mill scale is 10% to 27% higher in 10% & 5% HCL respectively than in similar solutions of H2SO4
A dark slime or smut left on metal surface pickled in other acids is not present when HCL is used.
During pickling in HCL the scale is directly dissolved by the acid and the mechanical effect of removal of scale by hydrogen bubbles
(formed by reaction between metal and acid), is not required. Accordingly HCL can be inhibited with the strength inhibitors.
The degree of Hydrogenation and consequently Hydrogen embrittlement are absent when HCL is used.
No heating is required during cleaning with HCL as the acid dissolves the scale at normal temperature
The tolerated iron contents in pickling solution are higher when HCL is used.
The corrosive action of HCL on clothing and skin milder.
WHAT EQUIPMENTS MUST BE TREATED WITH ANODYNE SR-231?
In general any type of metallic equipment on which scale has been deposited can be cleaned by Anodyne SR-231. Typical examples of equipments are
Boilers, Economizers, Super Heaters, De-aerators, Vents, Condensors, Stage Heaters, Heat Exchangers, Surface Condensors, Feed water treating equipments,
valves, and miscellaneous equipments, piping, water mains, oil wells, equipment used for acidizing of oil wells (to improve yields of oil from oil bearing lime
stone formations), air-conditioning equipment, canteen equipment, stabilizers, electric boilers, kettles, surgical instruments, immersion heaters, heating coils,
sugar and caustic evaporators, black liquor evaporators in the pump industry, railway carriages and bus bodies, brewery equipments, steel strips and sections
requiring pickling, cold drawings etc.

1st Stage : Take Anodyne SR-231 and mix with water in the ratio of 1:6 (One litre of chemical and six litres of water) or by mixing gradually in water and
maintaining pH 2-3 during the descaling process. Circulate the solution for 6-8 hrs.
2nd Stage : Flush the entire system with ample fresh water, at least for 15 to 20 minutes.
3rd Stage : : Take Caustic soda(0.1 % ) and mix with water in the tank in ratio of 0.1 % by weight (100 gm in 1000 litres of water). Circulate the solution
or immerse the equipment in this solution for 2 hrs.
4th Stage : Flush the entire system with ample fresh water, till the ph of inlet & outlet of fresh water matches. The information contained in this technical
bulletin is adequate for common descaling problems, but in case further information is required, please write to us giving details of equipments to be descaled and type of scale encountered.

ANODYNE Water Engineering Company Pvt. Ltd.

An ISO 9001:2008 Organization
TYPES OF DEPOSITS WHICH ARE FOUND IN BOILERS, AUXILIARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS PLANT EQUIPMENT

Principal Ion

Common Name

Mineralogical Name

Formulae Determined by X - ray analysis

Calcium

Calcium Magnesium Carbonate

Dolomite

CaCO3 MgCO3

Calcium Carbonate

Aragonite

CaCO3

Calcium Carbonate

Calcite

B CaCO3

Calcium Sulphate

Gypsum

CaSO4 2 H2O

Calcium Sulphate

Anhydrite

CaSO4

Calcium Sulphate

Hemi - hydrate

CaSO4 5 H2O

Calcium Hydroxide

Magnesium
Silicate

CA(OH)2

Calcium Phosphate

Hydroxyapatit

Ca 10 (OH)2 (PO4)3

Calcium phosphate

Whitlockite

B Ca3P2O3

Calcium Fluoride

Fluorite

CaF2

Magnesium Hydroxide

Brucite

Mg (OH)2

Magnesium Silicate

Forsterite

Mg2SiO4

Silicon Oxide

opal

SiO2nH2O

Silicon Oxide

Quartz

SiO2

Silicon Oxide

Cristobalite

SiO2

Sodium-Iron-Silicate

Acmite

Na2Ofe2O3 4SiO2

Sodium-Alumina-Silicate

Analcite

NaA1(SiO2)2 H2O

Sodium-Alumina-Silicate

Natrolite

Na2A1 2 Si3 O10 2H2o

Sodium-Alumina-Silicate

Noselite

Na4 A13 Si3 O12 SO4

Sodium-Alumina-Silicate

Pectolite

Na2O.4CaO.6SiO2 H2O

Sodium-Alumina-Silicate

Wollastonite

B-CaSiO3

Calcium Silicate

Xonotlite

5CaO SiO2 H2O

Calcium-Alumina-Silicate

Cancrinite

4 Na2O.CaO.4A1 2 O3

Magnesium Silicate

Serpentine

3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O

Iron Carbonate

Siderite

FeCO3

Iron Oxide

Ferrous oxide

FeO

Iron Oxide

Hematite

Fe2O3

Iron Sulfided

Triolite

Fes

Iron Oxide

Magnetite

Fe3O4

Iron Oxide

Geothite

Fe2O3.H2O

2 CO2.2SiO2.3H2O
Iron

Copper

Copper Sulphide

CuS

Copper Sulphite

Chalcocite

Cu2S

Copper Carbonate

Malachite

CuCO3.Cu(OH)2

Copper Iron Sulfide

Cu FeS

Copper Oxide

Cuprite

Cu2O

Sodium Sulfate

Thenardite

Na2SO4(V)

Sodium Carbonate-Sulfate

Burkeite

Na2CO3.2Na2SO4

Sodium Chloride

Halite

NaCl

Ammonia

Ammonium Bicarbonate

Teschemacherite

NH4HCO3

Barium

Barium Carbonate

Witherite

BaCO3

Barium Sulfate

Barite

BaSO4

Sodium

ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES OF SCALE DEPOSITED FROM THE SAME WATER SUPPLY

Constituent

Scale from Boiler 1

Scale from Boiler 2

Silica (SiO2)

2.12

3.24

Iron & aluminium oxide (Fe2O3AL2O3)

0.11

1.21

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

85.31

68.00

Calcium Hydroxide Ca (OH)2

1.26

0.98

Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4)

9.86

25.20

Magnesium Hydroxide (Mg (OH)2)

0.15

0.90

Undetermined

1.19

0.47

Total 100.00

100.00

Total

ANODYNE Water Engineering Company Pvt. Ltd.

An ISO 9001:2008 Organization
ANALYSIS OF TWO SAMPLES OF SCALE DEPOSITED IN THE SAME BOILER

Constituent

Scale from front of boiler

Scale from back of boiler

Silica (SiO2)

2.28

7.08

Iron & aluminium oxide (Fe2O3AL2O3)

2.00

5.52

Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4)

75.38

30.63

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

13.28

41.55

Magnesium Hydroxide (Mg (OH)2)

6.09

10.64

Organic matter, etc.

0.97

4.58

Total

100.00

100.00

PASSIVATION CHEMICALS

What is passivation ?

Forming a thin film quote inside the equipment by circulation of different chemicals through the equipment is known as passivation. It forms a film in
microns over surface which is Descaled & Neutralized. It prevents further corrosion of the treated surfaces.
Why the passivation is necessary?

After descaling & the neutralizing procedure, passivation is essential for any vessel or the equipment. It is essential that the residual acid attack on the surface
should be properly neutralised & properly quoted by applying a suitable solution, before applying the equipment back in service. Following cleaning with an
acid, rinsing with water & neutralizing, the highly reactive surface tends to flush rust. The formation of this type of ferric acids can be prevented by adding
some organic agents to the passivation chemicals. These organised agents form very stable complexes with Ferric Iron & thus prevent the formation of rust
without interfering with the development of the Passivating film of Fe2O3.