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The Universe
SCIENCTIFIC THEORIES
Cyclical/Oscillating Universe
(15th Century BCE) Rigveda, ancient Hindu text,
described the universe as a cyclical or oscillating
universe in which a cosmic egg or Brahmanda.
Atomic Universe (5th Century BCE)
Leucippus and Democritus believed that the
universe is composed of very small indivisible
and indestructible building blocks known as
atoms.
Aristotelian Universe (4th Century BCE)
Aristotle; Geocentric Universe spherical Earth is
at the center surrounded by concentric celestial
spheres of planets, stars and the four classical
elements.
Stoic Universe (3rd Century BCE) Stoic
philosophers believed that the universe is like
giant living body.
-What happens in one place affects what happen
elsewhere.
-All parts are interconnected.
Heliocentric Universe (3rd Century BCE) the
Sun is the center of the universe.
Ptolomaic Universe (2nd Century BCE)
Claudius Ptolemy supported the Geocentric
Universe.
Abrahamic Universe (6th Century CE) John
Philiponous believed that the universe is finite, it
has a beginning and an end.
Partially Heliocentric Universe (15th-16th
Century CE) Somayaji Nilakantha believed that
-Fresh water: 1%
-Glacier/ice caps: 2%
-Effects of Pollution:
Uses of Minerals:
-Reipie
Romans 8:18
The pain youve been feeling cant
compare to the joy thats coming.
FilBas
TEKSTONG IMPORMATIBO:
Sulatin - may iba ibang genre
- Malaya
- Personal
- Technical
Mga kuwento ni lola Bashang
Bob Ong books
Akda ni Rizal
Wattpad
Teksto mayroong format o anyo
Informative
Narrative
Argumentative
- factual o informative
- creative
GenChem
Reviewer in General Chemistry 1-MATTER
CHEMISTRY- is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and
change of matter.
STATES OF MATTERSOLID
has definite shape and
definite volume
Particles are very close
together and arent
moving around much.
LIQUID
has indefinite shape
and definite volume
Particles are much
farther apart and
theyre also moving
around more freely.
GAS
has indefinite shap
MACROSCOPIC VIEW
indefinite volum
Particles are mu
farther apart than
are in solids and l
MIICROSCOPIC VIEW
and theyre mov
relatively independ
each other.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER- are observed characteristics that enable you to distinguish one
substance from another.
Physical Properties
o Extensive Properties-dependent on the amount of matter,
Examples: Mass, Weight, Volume, Thickness and Surface Area
o Intensive Properties-not dependent on the amount of matter.
Examples: Density, Color, Odor, Hardness and Brittleness
Chemical Properties
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
M atter
Pure
S ub stan ce
M ixture
Elem ents
Ho m ogen ou s
C o mp o und s
Hetero ge neo
us
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
o FILTRATION
It is a technique used to separate undissolved solid component from the liquid in a mixture.
It makes use of a filter whose pores are able to separate components based on particle size.
Only solid particles that are bigger than the pores are separated from the mixture.
The smaller the pore size, the more selective the filtration process is.
o EVAPORATION
The liquid component is evaporated away by applying heat until only the solid component
remains.
The liquid component can no longer be recovered
o DISTILLATION
It is used when the mixture is made up of two or more liquids of different boiling points.
An elaborate set-up that involves the process of evaporation and condensation is used
It is used to separate and identify components of a mixture based on selected affinity.
ELECTROPHORESIS
It can be used to separate fragments of DNA and is used in Genetic Mapping.
MEASUREMENTS AND UNCERTAINTY
o QUALITATIVE PROPERTY-based on qualities. (Example: long, short, white, heavy)
o QUANTITATIVE PROPERTY-based on quantity. (Example: 1 meter, 256 kg, 20 mins)
o The accuracy of a data set is dependent on the closeness of a true value.
o The precision of the data set is dependent on the closeness of the measured values to each
other.
o
o
o
SYSTEMATIC ERROR-It is one that is present in every measurement and oftentimes has the
same degree of error
RANDOM ERROR-It is an error that is not constant and usually varies from one measurement
to another.
Density Measurement
CONVERSION FACTORS
POSITIVE IONS- THE ITCHY FEELING BEFORE A STORM IS CAUSED BY POSITIVE IONS.
NEGATIVE IONS-THEFRESH FEELING AFTR A STORM IS CAUSED BY NEGATIVE IONS.
IMPORTANT REMINDER:
NO BORROWING OF CALCULATORS DURING THE EXAM.
BRING YOUR EXAM PERMIT.
READ AND ANALYZE THE QUESTIONS PROPERLY.
DO NOT CHEAT.
STUDY WELL AND PRAY.
Isipin na maganda si Yow always hehehehhehe