INTRODUCTION TO DSP

DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

CHAPTER 1

Chapter Outline
1.1

What is DSP?

1.2

The real world applications of DSP

1.3

DSP and its benefits

1.4

DSP at a Glance

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTORS

1.1 What is DSP?

Digital signal processing is concerned with the
representation of signals by sequences of numbers
or symbols and the processing of the these
sequences.
---- Alan Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer,
1975.
Mathematical and algorithmic manipulation of
discretized and quantized or naturally digital
signals in order to extract the most relevant and
pertinent information that is carried by the signal.
Digital representation of signals and the use of
digital processors to analyze, modify, or extract
information from signals.
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DSP
DSP Digital Signal Processing
Refers to processing of signal
using digital technology.
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WHY PROCESS SIGNAL?

Signals are corrupted by interference
due to noise.
Signals are distorted due to the
transmission medium.
Recover information present in the
signal.
Perform algorithm such as compression.
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What is a signal?
What is a system?
What is processing?

SIGNAL PROCESSING
Signal Processing

Analog
V1(t)V (t)
1

Digital

VV
2(t)
2 (t)

i(t)
i(t)

SIGNAL PROCESSING

Continuoustime Signal

Continuoustime Signal

A/D

Discrete-time
signal

DSP

D/A

Discrete-time
signal
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PROCESSING METHODOLOGY
HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

FPGA
ASIC

PC
DSP PROCESSOR
MICROPROCESSOR
MICROCONTROLLER

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 What kind of processing do we do?

Communication
Signal security

Modulation and demodulation

Encryption and decryption

Data compression

reduce space/computation required to store/

process data
Signal denoising

Filtering for noise reduction

Audio processing

Signal enhancement, equalization

Image processing

Image denoising, enhancement, watermarking,

reconstruction
Data analysis and feature extraction
Frequency/Spectral analysis

Recognize structure on data

Alternate approach to time domain

analysis
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Filtering
By far the most commonly used DSP operation
Filtering refers to deliberately changing the
frequency content of the signal, typically, by
removing certain frequencies from the signals
For denoising applications, the (frequency)
filter removes those frequencies in the signal
that correspond to noise
In communications applications, filtering is
used to focus to that part of the spectrum that
is of interest, that is, the part that carries the
information
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A Practical Example Low Pass Filtering

(LPF)
- Sound:
Clean:
Noisy:
- Time Domain:
Clean:
Noisy:
- Frequency Domain:
Clean:
Noisy:
Frequency Domain separates signal and
noise

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Components of a DSP System

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16

APPLICATION OF DSP
MULTIMEDIA
COMMUNICATION

SPEECH

POWER

BIOMEDICAL

OCEONOGRAPHIC

SEISMIC APPLICATION

DSP

SONAR

IMAGE/VIDEO
AEROSPACE

RADAR
INDUSTRIAL

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1.2 The real world applications of DSP

Image processing

Pattern recognition
Robotic vision
Image enhancement
Facsimile
etc

Biomedical

Telecommunications

Patient monitoring
Scanners
ECG analysis
EEG brain mappers
etc

Echo cancellation
Adaptive equalization
Video conferencing
Data communication
etc

Consumer
Digital, cellular mobile phones
appliances

*ECG = electrocardiogram
*EEG = electroencephalogram (brain signals)

Digital TV
Digital cameras
CD/VCD/DVD players/writers
PlayStation
etc

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1.3 Advantages & Disadvantages of

DSP

Advantages

Guaranteed accuracy: Determined by the no. of bits used.

Perfect reproducibility: Digital recoding can be copied
repeatedly without degrading the signal quality.
No drift in performance with temperature or age.
Greater reliability, smaller size, and lower power
consumption due to advances in semiconductor technology.
Greater flexibility: DSP systems can be programmed and
reprogrammed without modifying the hardware.
Superior performance: DSP can perform functions not
possible with analog methods, e.g., adaptive filtering,
channel equalization, encryption, channel coding/decoding,
etc.
In some cases (e.g. digital computer) information is already
in digital form and DSP is the only option.
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Disadvantages
Speed and cost:

DSP designs and ADCs/DACs can be expensive for

broadband signals. Most DSP are still not fast enough for wideband
applications. Bandwidths in the 100 MHz range are still processed by analog
means.

Design time: Due to the shortage of knowledgeable DSP engineers and

the necessary resources (software packages), DSP designs can be time
consuming.

Finite wordlength problems:

DSP algorithms are

implemented using only a limited number of bits, this may result in
performance degradation.

The significance of these disadvantages is being

continually diminished by new technology!
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1.4 DSP at a Glance

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