Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
06- Chlorophyta
Dioli Ann Payo
DNSM- UPVTC
Boergesenia forbesii
Jha et al. 2009
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Division Chlorophyta
Cytology
Life Histories
Taxonomy
Division Chlorophyta
Green algae
Dominated by unicellular freshwater species
16 800 species; 10% occur in marine and are
macroalgae
Seaweeds
Direct food (seavegetables}
Division Chlorophyta
Cytology
Chl a & b typical green plant coloration
carotene
xanthophylls
Lutein
Zeaxanthin
Others contain
Violaxanthin
Neoxanthin
Siphonein
Siphonoxanthin (plays a role in the acclimation of deep
water species)
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Division Chlorophyta
Cytology
Eukaryotic
Uninucleated (most)
Multinucleated (Siphonocladales,
Cladophorales)
Coenocytic species
Multinucleated & single cell organisms;
there are no cell walls or cell membranes
separating nuclei of the entire plant (E.g.
Caulerpales)
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Division Chlorophyta
Cytology
Chloroplast thykaloid
Grouped into bands of 3-5.
Can vary from being
cup-shaped
discoid
Reticulate
Laminate
Division Chlorophyta
Cytology
Green algal cell walls
1. cellulose microfibrils
Typical of higher plants & Ulvales
2. crystalline cellulose
Siphonocladales
Cladophorales
Division Chlorophyta
Cytology
Green algal cell walls
4. Mixtures of cellulose, xylan & mannan polymers
Derbesiales
Division Chlorophyta
Cytology
Cell division
1. cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm or cell
2. karyokinesis
Division of chromosomes & nucleus
2 types:
1. closed (intranuclear)
Nuclear envelope does not break down
2. open
Nuclear envelope disappears
Characteristic of flowering plants
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Division Chlorophyta
Cytology
Cell division
Two ways of cell wall formation
1. development from a cell plate
Result of the deposition of wall material from Golgi
vesicles along the phycoplast or within phragomoplast
Multicellular algae
2. formation of cleavage furrow
Forms by the ingrowth of the cell membrane pinching
the cell in half
Unicellular species
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Division Chlorophyta
Cytology
Motile asexual spores
Zoospores or gametes
Typical motile cells:
Pair of apically inserted flagella
Equal length (isokontan)
Lack hairs
Flagella
Typical eukaryotic construction
Stigma or eyespot associated with flagellar root
system
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Division Chlorophyta
Cytology
Construction flagellar root system
Type of cell division
Identify
classes of
green algae
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Division Chlorophyta
Algal life histories
Alternation of these phases:
haploid (gametophytic)
Diploid phases (sporophytic)
3 basic patterns
All observed in the Chlorophyta
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Division Chlorophyta
1. Haplontic life history
The dominant plant is haploid (1N) with the zygote
being the only diploid (2N)
Zygotic meiosis
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Division Chlorophyta
2. Diplontic life history
The diploid phase is dominant (2N), with gametes
being the only haploid phase (1N)
Gametic meiosis
Dasycladales, Caulerpales, Siphonocladales,
Ulvales
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Division Chlorophyta
3. Haplodiplontic life history
Includes free-living haploid and diploid plants
Exhibit sporic meiosis
Plants maybe
Isomorphic (look alike)
Heteromorphic (be different)
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Division Chlorophyta
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Division Chlorophyta
Why have a haplo-diplontic life history?
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Division Chlorophyta
Advantages to having 2 free living phases:
1. Resistance to grazing
E.g. diploid crustose phase of brown alga Scitosiphon
lomentaria VS erect, tubular gametophyte
Mastocarpus papillatus
Diploid phase avoid grazing because it is a perennial crust
Haploid phase occurs when grazers are uncommon
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Division Chlorophyta
Taxonomy
3 classes of green algae
1. Prasinophyceae
2. Charophyceae
3. Chlorophyceae (containing majority of species)
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Pyraminomanas
Division Chlorophyta
1. Prasinophyceae
Unicellular, motile green algae
5 features:
1. cell walls covered by fibrillar scales consisting of
organic compounds
2. flagella attached in a depression
Covered with scalres & hairs
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Division Chlorophyta
2. Charophyceae
Stoneworts
Single order with 5 genera
Complex morphology
Well developed apical meristem
Distinctive leaf and stem cells
Division Chlorophyta
3. Chlorophyceae
6 of 15 orders have marine species
Orders are separated by
Chloroplast
Cell arrangement
morphology
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Division Chlorophyta
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Chlorophyceae
1. Ulvales
5 families
Biseriate to polyseriate filaments
Monostromatic (composed of single layer of
cells) or distromatic blades (2 cell layers)
All families have laminate, parietal
chloroplasts with pyrenoids and uninucleate
cells
All families (but Schizomeraceae) have marine
species
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Ulvales
Life histories in Ulvales:
Haplontic
Diplontic
Haplo-diplontic
Found in cold temperate to tropical waters, including estuarine and oceanic waters
Chlorophyceae
2. Cladophorales
2 families
Cladophoraceae (filamentous species)
Anadyomenaceae (filaments fused together to
form delicate blades
All species
Multicellular
Each cell have many nuclei
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2. Cladophorales
Cladophoraceae (3 genera in marine habitats)
Rhizoclonium
Cladophora vagabunda
Chaetomorpha antennina
Coarse, unbranched filaments
Branching filaments
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2. Cladophorales
Anadyomenaceae
Delicate, brilliant green blades consisting of
anastomosed filaments
Anadyomene stellata
Life-history of Cladophorales
Isomorphic haplodiplontic
1. Gametophytic phase produces biflagellated isogametes
2. Sporophytic phase produces quadriflagellated zoospores37
Chlorophyceae
3. Acrosiphoniales
Heteromorphic-haplodiplontic life history
Haploid gametophyte alternates with a unicellular
sporophyte
Spongomorpha
Branched, uninucleate filaments
Acrosiphonia
Branched, multinuclate filaments
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3. Acrosiphoniales
Spongomorpha
Urospora
Acrosiphonia
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Chlorophyceae
4. Siphonocladales
Contains 3 families:
1. Siphonocladaceae
Filamentous construction
2. Boodleaceae
Net-like or bladelike construction of anastomosing
filaments
3. Valoniaceae
Aggregation of vesicles
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Chlorophyceae
4. Siphonocladales
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4. Siphonocladales
Multinucleated tropical
green alga; consists of darkgreen cells, largest of which
reaches 2.0 cm in diameter
Valonia macrophysa
Valonia ventricosa
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Chlorophyceae
5. Caulerpales
Siphonous or coenocytic construction
4 of 6 families contain marine genera
Can form psammophytic communities (growing on
unconsolidated sediment) in tropical & subtropical
waters
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5. Caulerpales
Bryopsidaceae
Bryopsis pennata
Derbesia vaucheriiformis
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Chlorophyceae
5. Caulerpales
Caulerpaceae
Monotypic family with 73 tropical species of Caulerpa
All species possess a rhizome that produces erect blades
and rhizoids that penetrates soft sediments
Caulerpa
Distinguished
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Chlorophyceae
5. Caulerpales
Caulerpaceae
Caulerpa
Characterized by internal trabeculae, which are
ingrowths of a cell wall
Have both chloroplasts and starch bearing leucoplasts
Lack any cross walls, thus, plant exhibits coenocytic
construction
Would healing
Critical
Via production of carbohydrate wound plug
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Caulerpa microphysa
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Chlorophyceae
5. Caulerpales
Codiaceae
With colorless interior coenocytic filaments, called
siphons,
interwoven to form multiaxially constructed thallus
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Codium arabicum
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Chlorophyceae
5. Caulerpales
Udoteaceae
Contains 100 species of tropical and subtropical
siphonous algae, many of which calcified
All species produce rhizoids
Calcified genera include
Halimeda
Udotea
Penicillus
Non-calcified
Chlorodesmis
Avrainvillea
Cladocephalus
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Udoteaceae
Calcified genera
Halimeda discoidea
Penicillus nodulosus
Udotea orientalis
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Udoteaceae
Non-calcified genera
Chlorodesmis caespitosa
Cladocephalus luteofuscus
Avrainvillea erecta
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Chlorophyceae
6. Dasycladales
2 families, 8 genera
Dascycladaceae & Acetabulariaceae
Characterized by whorled branching &
superficial calcification
Life history: diplontic
Isogametes produced in cysts and released
from the branches
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6. Dasycladales
Acetabularia remains
uninucleate until fertile
Acetabularia acetabulum
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6. Dasycladales
Cymopolia vegetatively
multinucleate
Cymopolia vanvosseae
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end
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