5 Chapter 01

1
wdl" , iy uQ,H moaO;s

ia:dhS;dj" b lau iy m%;sm;a;s
1'1 iuia; kslaIK
015 jifr " Y%S ,xldf uQr; o< foaYSh

ksIamd;h" 2014 jifr jdr;d jQ ishhg 4'9 l
jrOkh yd ieif ishhg 4'8 lska jrOkh
h' Y%S ,xldf wmkhk i|yd jk idm%hsl
fj<|fmd< fj;ska we;s b,afuys jrOkh
ukao.du" wmkhk wxYh u; n,mE we;s lrk
,o w;r" tlai;a ckmofhys wdr:lh Yla;su;a u
fya;=fjka flld,Sk m%d.aOk m%jdy msg;g .,d
hEu lk h' cd;Hka;r fj<òfmdf<a NdKav
, .Kka wvq u fya;=fjka fuu m%jK;djkaf.a
n,mEu ;rula rg iukh h' tfia jqjo"
fYaIfhka rdcH wxYfha fiajlhskaf.a wdh by<
hEu fya;=fjka foaYSh mfNdackh h:d ;;a;ajhg
m;a h' 2015 jir ;=< " lDIsldrl yd fiajd
wdY%s; l%shdldrl" ms<sfj<ska" ishhg 5'5 lska
yd ishhg 5'3 lska jrOkh jQ w;r" lrudka;
wdY%s; l%shdldrl ishhg 3'0 lska jrOkh h'
fld<U mdfNda.sl , orYlfhys ^fld'md''o'&
jdrIsl ,laIHuh fjki u.ska .Kkh lrkq
,nk WoaOukh m%Odk jYfhkau cd;Hka;r
fj<òfmdf<a NdKav , .Kka wvq u fya;=
fldgf.k 2015 cQ,s-iema;enr w;r ld,fha
RK w.hla jdr;d lf<ah' fuh 1995 udr;=
udifhka miqj WoaOukh RK w.hla .;a m%:u
wjia:dj h' flfia jqjo" 2014 jir wjidkfha
ishhg 2'1 la jQ u;=msg WoaOukh 2015 jir
wjidkfha ishhg 2'8 la f,i igyka h' f

w;r" fld'md''o' NdKav mefiys n,Yla;s iy
f;dard.;a wdydr whs;uhka bj;a fldg .Kkh
flfrk uQ,sl WoaOukh" fmr jifr wkqrEm
ld,h mfohg idfmalaIj" 2015 fmnrjd
udifha meje;s ishhg 0'8 isg jir wjidkh
jk g ishhg 4'5 la olajd by< .sfhah' f i|yd"
m%Odk jYfhka fya;= jQfha" nexl= iska imhk
,o Kh jrOkh by< hEu iy rdcH wxYfhys iy
wdr:lfhys wfkl=;a wxYj, fiajlhkaf.a jegqma
by< hEuhs' f w;r" wvq bkaOk , .Kka yd
wLKavj jrOkh jk ixpdrl wxYh ;=<ska by<
m%;s,dN ,enqK o" foaY fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.ka
,efnk fm%aIK we;=j Y=oaO foaY uQ,H m%jdy
,e ukao.d u yd m%d.aOk m%jdy wdmiq .,d
hE fya;=fjka f.jq fYaIfha y`s`.hla jdr;d h'
rcfha n iy n fkdjk wdh wvq f
m%jK;dj j<lajd .ekSug ork ,o m%h;akh
;rula rg idr:l jQ kuq;a" rdcH whjefhys ho
Yd, f,i by< hEu" o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla
f,i ishhg 4'4 la jQ b,lal.; whjeh ys`.h"
ishhg 7'4 la olajd by< hEug fya;= h' 2015
jir wjidkfha uOHu rcfha Kh o'foa'ks'fhys
m%;sY;hla f,i ishhg 76'0 olajd by< .sfhah'
2015 jifr ckdm;sjrKfhka miq msysgqjk ,o
taldnoaO rch tu jifr wf.daia;= ui meje;ajQ uy
YS% ,xld uy nexl=j | jdrIsl jdr;dj 2015

1'1 ixLHd
igyk
wdl" , iy uQ,H moaO;s ia:dhS;dj" b lau iy m%;sm;a;s
idj wdl ls%hdld;ajh ^2011-2015&

orYlh
tallh
2011
uQr;
wxYh iy WoaOukh
uQr;
o'foa'ks' jrOkh ^we&
fj<|fmd< , wkqj o'foa'ks' ^we&
tal mqo.
a , o'foa'ks' ^we&
jdrIl
s idudkH WoaOuk wkqmd;slh ^wE&
ishhg
remsh,a ,shk
t'c'fvd,r
ishhg
8.4
9.1
3.4
4.9^wd&
4.8
7,219
3,129
6.7
8,732
3,351
7.6
9,592
3,610
6.9
10,448^wd&
3,853^wd&
3.3
11,183
3,924
0.9
foaYh
S wxYh
fj<| fYaIh ^we&
cx.u .sKf
q fYaIh ^we&
iuia; fYaIh
foaYh
S ks, ix;
o'foa'ks'fha ] jYfhka
t'c'fvd,r ,shk
t'c'fvd,r ,shk
-14.9
-7.1
-13.8
-5.8
-10.2
-3.4
-10.4
-2.5
-10.2
-2.4
rdcH uQ,H wxYh ^we&

jr;k .sKf
q fYaIh
iuia; wh jeh fYaIh
uOHu rcfha Kh
uqo,a wxYh ^b&

mq,a uqo,a jrOkh (M2b)
fm!oa.,sl wxYhg ,ndka Kh jrOkh (M2b ys)
2012
2013
2014^w&
2015^wd&
-1,059
151
985
1,369
-1,489
6,749
7,106
7,495
8,208
7,304
-0.8
-0.9
-0.7
-1.2
-2.2
-6.2
-5.6
-5.4
-5.7
-7.4
71.1
68.7
70.8
70.7
76.0
ishhg
19.1
17.6
16.7
13.4
17.8
ishhg
34.5
17.6
7.5
8.8
25.1
^w& ixfYda;
^wd& ;djld,sl
^we& ckf,aLk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomdr;fka;=j iska 2010 mok jrIh hgf;a ksl=;a
lrk ,o o'foa'ks' weia;fka;= u; mok f'
^wE& fld'md'' orYlh ^2006$07}100& u; mok f'
^b& jir wjidkfha ,CIHuh jrOkh
ue;sjrKhg fmr ld,fha k ishfha jevms<sfj<

l%shd;aul lsu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lf<ah'
2015 wf.daia;= udifha meje;s uy ue;sjrKfhka
miq fjkia jk f.da,Sh wdr:l ;;a;aj yuqf
m%;sm;a;suh m%;spdr lau i|yd ie,lsh hq;=
ld,hla .; h' by< hka meje;s b,a mSvk
;=<ska , ugu iy uQ,H ia:dhS;dj flfrys
we;s jk wys;lr n,mE je<elaug fukau"
f.jq ;=,kh u; we;s jk mSvkh iukh lsu
i|yd" Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j iska ksisl,g ksjer
lsf l%shdudr. wkq.ukh lrk ,' ksuh
wkqmd;sl l<ukdlrKh lsf jvd;a kuHYS,S
ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh lsu" b,au l<ukdlrK
WmlrKhla f,i idrj plaIKYS,S l%shdudr.hla
jk jkdl u; Wmu Kh wkqmd;h meku
iy jHjia:dms; ix; wjYH;dj by< kexu
fukau" miqld,Skj uy nexl=fjys m%;sm;a;s fmd,S
wkqmd;sl by< kexu ;=<ska uqo,a m%;sm;a;shla
wkq.ukh lsu hkdh fufia .kakd ,o
l%shdudr. h' wmkhk uQ,sl lr.;a wdr:l
jrOkh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsu iy by<
hk rcfha Kh md,kh lsug yels jk m rdcH
wdhu by< kxjd .ekSu" rcfha ueld,Sk wdr:l
l%fudamdfha m%Odk wruqKq jk w;r" f i|yd rch
uQ,hka( ckf,aLk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomdr;fka;=j

uqo,a wud;HxYh

Y%s ,xld uy nexl=j
iska fhdackd lr we;s jHqyd;aul m%;sixialrK

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, iska o wkqu; lrkq
we;ehs wfmalaIs;h'
fhda.H wdr:l m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsu;a
iu`. Y%S ,xld wdr:lh ue ld,fha kej;;a
by< jrOk udj;lg m%fY jkq we;ehs wfmalaId
flfr' ue ld,Skj ;sridr wdr:l jrOkhla <`.d
lr .ekSu i|yd m%Odk jYfhkau wjYH jk rdcH
wdhu o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i my< ugul
meje;Su yd wl rdcH hou" wmkhk o'foa'ks'fhys
m%;sY;hla f,i wvq u iy foaY iDcq wdfhdack
.,d tau m%udKj;a fkdu hkdh we;=j kgu;a
ykd f.k we;s wdr:lh uqyqKfokq ,nk .eg
iu i|yd l%shdudr. .; hq;=j we;' g wu;rj"
rcfha wjOdkh fhduq h hq;= wfkl=;a jHqyd;aul
iy mekkef.ka mj;sk .eg .Kkdjla we;'
ta w;r" by< .=Kd;aul nka hq;= udkj m%d.aOkh
i|yd jrOkh jk b,aug i,k m wjYH
lrkq ,nk ksmqK;d ixjrOkh lsu i|yd jvd;a
ldrhlaIu l%ufohla ia:dms; lsu r:jdyk
;onoh fya;=fjka we;sjk wdr:lhg isjk
ydksh wju lsu i|yd fmd m%jdyk fiajd
jehqKq lsu mqkrckkSh n,Yla;s ixjrOkh
i|yd jk cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh Yla;su;a lsu iy

1'1 rEm
igyk
ld;=uh moku u; uQ; o'foa'ks' fhys jdIsl ,laIHuh jOkh

16.1
16
14
2002 mok jrIh
n,Yla;s iqrlaIs;;dj ;yjqre lsu" n,Yla;sh yd

uyck Wmfhda.S;d fiajd i|yd fj<|fmd< mdol
lr.;a l%uj;a , iQ;% ykajd u wvq M,hS;dj"
Odx.SlrKh wvq u" wdydr wkdrlaIs;;dj iy
wldrhlaIu c, l<ukdlrKh wd lDIsldrl
lafIa;%fhys .eg i|yd ms<sh ,nd u rdcH
im;aj, mj;sk iS; nj ie,ls,a,g .kska
iudc h;, myiql iemhSu yd wdlrIh
jfkdamdh udr. ie,iSu iuia; Y%u n,ldh
wdjrKh jk m fj<|fmd< uQ,sl lr.;a
Y%du jegqma l%u yd Y%du mdf;daIsl l%uhla
ykajd foka rdcH wxYfha Y%du jegqfmys
;sridr nj iy;sl lsu uQ,H w;ruelrKfhys
ldrhlaIu;dj by< kexu" Odldr uQ,H
WmlrK yd fiajd ykajd u" u;a uQ,H lghq;=
i|yd jk m%fYhka jrOkh lsu fukau ue
yd .=ld,Skj Yla;su;a wdr:l jrOk udj;la
mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd foaYSh yd foaYSh wxY
i|yd wdrlaIK m%;sm;a;s f.dvke.Su ;=<ska uQ,H
wxYfha lghq;= mq,au i|yd bv i,id u
hkdh m%uqL f'
1'2 2015 jif idj wdl jOkhka"
ia:dhS;dj iy m%;sm;a;suh m%;spdr
uQ; wxYfha jOkhka iy WoaOukh
ckf,aLk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomdr;fka;=j

iska ksl=;a lrk ,o ;djld,sl weia;fka;=j,g
wkqj 2015 jifr Y%S ,xld wdr:lh" 2014 jifr
jdr;d l< ishhg 4'9 g idfmalaIj ishhg 4'8 lska
2.5
2015 - ldr;= 4
2015 - ldr;= 3
2015 - ldr;= 2
2015 - ldr;= 1
2014 - ldr;= 4
2014 - ldr;= 3
2014 - ldr;= 2
1.3
2014 - ldr;= 1
2013 - ldr;= 3
2013 - ldr;= 2
2013 - ldr;= 1
2012 - ldr;= 4
2012 - ldr;= 3
2012 - ldr;= 2
2012 - ldr;= 1
2011 - ldr;= 4
2011 - ldr;= 3
2011 - ldr;= 2
2011 - ldr;= 1
2013 - ldr;= 4
0.5
4.5
6.0
5.6
5.8
4.4
6.4
7.0
10.3
5.0
6.4
7.7
7.8
7.6
8.2
2.2
7.9
4.0
6.8
5.9
6.1
3.6
4.8
5.2
6.3
6.8
9.7
6.4
8.0
8.3
7.6
8.5
9.2
8.1
7.2
9.8
10
8.0
ishhg
12
2010 mok jrIh
uQr; jYfhka jrOkh h1' uQ,H fiajdjka îshhg

15'8&" ksYap, foam< lghq;= îshhg 9'6&" m%jdyk
lghq;= îshhg 5'5& yd f;d. yd is,a,r fj<u
îshhg 4'7& hkd wxYhkaf.a jrOkh;a iu`.
o'foa'ks'fhka ishhg 56'6 lg muK hl jk
fiajd wxYh ishhg 5'3 lska jrOkh h' bls
lghq;= îshhg -0'9& yd m;,a iy le lghq;=j,
îshhg -0'9& iq`M miqnEu uOHfha m%Odk jYfhkau
ksIamdok lghq;=j, îshhg 4'7& jrOkh fya;=fjka
o'foa'ks'fhka ishhg 26'2 lg muK hl jk
ldrl lghq;=" ishhg 3'0 lska jrOkh h' jr
lrudka;h îshhg -2'7&" rnr j.dj îshhg -10'1&
iy f;a j.dj îshhg -2'6& hk wxYhkays
my< hEu uOHfha jqjo îshhg 23'3& yd
t<j`M îshhg 24'9& j.djkays ie,lsh hq;= jrOkh
fya;=fjka" o'foa'ks'fhka ishhg 7'9 lg hl jk
lDIsldrl lghq;= ishhg 5'5 lska m%idrKh h'
ho m%fYh hgf;a" 2015 jifr uQr;
o'foa'ks'fhys jrOkh je jYfhka u mdfNdack
b,au by< hEu fya;=fjka is jQ w;r wdfhdack
lghq;= o'foa'ks'hg iq`M hl;ajhla lah' 2015
jifr rdcH wxYfha fiajlhkaf.a jegqma yd
f;kj, by< hEu ms<sUq lrka rdcH wxYfha
mdfNdack ho by< f.hlska jrOkh h'
18
1 2015 cQ,s udifha " ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomdr;fka;=f cd;sl .sKq

ixLHdf,aLkj, mdol jrIh 2002 isg 2010 olajd fjkia lrk ,o w;r
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a cd;sl .sKq moaO;sh-2008 m%;sh ms<s.kakd ,' fuu
jehqKq jQ imdok l%uh miq.sh oYlfha Y%S ,xld wdr:lh ;=< is jQ
jHqyuh fjkia .%yKh lrk w;r cd;sl .sKq moaO;shg kj wdr:l
lghq;= o ykajd fohs' mok jrIh fjkia lrk ,o o'foa'ks' weia;fka;=
idrj wdr:l orYlhkag Odldrfhka n,mdk ,' fuu jdr;df" 2015
jifr Y%S ,xld wdr:lh ms<sn| Yaf,aIKhka w;a o'foa'ks' weia;fka;= u;
mok jk w;r tajd ;djld,sl weia;fka;= f'
2015 jifr lDIslruh wdY%s; l%shdldrlj,

jrOk m%jK;dj f.j;a jQ w;r" o'foa'ks'g jk
hl;ajh ishhg 7'9 olajd iq`M jYfhka by< .sfhah'
1'2 rEm
igyk
b;sls yd wdfhdack
ô'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i&
45
40
35
39.1
33.4
33.2
30
ishhg
m%Odk jYfhkau fmd,S wkqmd;sl wvq ugul

meje;Su iy uQr; jegqma by< hEu fya;=fjka
fm!oa.,sl mdfNdack hou jir ;=< jrOkh
h' flfia jqjo" o< m%d.aOk imdokh u.ska ukskq
,nk wdfhdack lghq;= 2015 jir ;=< ukao.d
h' f w;r" m%Odk jYfhkau mdfNda.sl
NdKav wdkhk b,au by< hEu;a" Y%S ,xldf
m%Odk wmkhk .ukdka;j, rj, b,au;aa hk
foflys taldnoaO m%;sM,hla f,i jir ;=< Y=oaO
foaYSh b,au uQr; jYfhka wvq h'
2015 jifr foaYSh b;=re o'foa'ks'fha
m%;sY;hla f,i 2014 jifr jdr;d jQ ishhg 24'0
isg ishhg 22'6 la olajd my< .sfhah' fm!oa.,sl
b;=re fndfydafihska fkdfjkiaj meje;s neka
wfmalaIs; m%udKhg jvd rcfha wdh wvqu;a
iu`.u mqkrdjr;k hou wfmalaIs; ugug jvd
je u fya;=fjka rdcH ksr-b;=re by< hEu"
jir ;=< foaYSh b;=re msySug fya;= h' f
iu`.u" fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a fm%aIKj, remsh,a
jkdlu" iq`M jYfhka by< .sh o" foaYSh Y=oaO
idOl wdh msySu;a iu`. wdfhdack bmehS
my< hEu yd foaY ksuh .,d hE by< hEu
2015 jir ;=< cd;sl b;=rej,g wys;lr f,i
n,mEfh' f wkqj" cd;sl b;=re o'foa'ks'fhys
m%;sY;hla f,i miq.sh jifr jQ ishhg 29'5 isg
2015 jifr ishhg 27'8 olajd my< .sfhah' f
w;r" o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i wdfhdackj,
my< hEu cd;sl b;=rej, my< hEug jvd je
u fya;=fjka b;=re wdfhdack mr;rh 2015
jifr mgq h'
27.2
25
20
32.0
24.6
30.1
24.0
20.2
22.6
15
10
5
0
2011
2012
o< wdfhdack
2013
2014
o< foaYSh b;sls
2015
lDIs" jk j.d iy jr lrudka; lghq;=j, tl;=

l< w.h fmr jifr jdr;d l< ishhg 4'9 l
jrOkhg idfmalaIj 2015 jifr ishhg 5'5 lska
jrOkh h' j.d wxYfha we;s jQ ishhg 23'3 l
by< jrOkh f i|yd m%Odk jYfhka fya;= h'
2014 jir ;=< wys;lr ld,.=l ;;a;ajh
fya;=fjka f,i n,mEug ,la jQ ksIamdokh"
ys;lr ld,.=l ;;a;ajhka yd .ekq , by<
hEu fya;=fjka 2014$15 uy lkakfha yd 2015 h,
lkakfha ie,lsh hq;= f,i jrOkh h' fmr
jir yd ieif hym;a ld,.=l ;;a;ajhka
fya;=fjka 2015 jifr fmd,a îshhg 5'1&"
m,;=re îshhg 16'5& yd t<j`M îshhg 24'9& hk
Wm wxYhka we;=<;aj wfkl=;a m%Odk Wm wxY
lsysmhl tl;= l< w.h jrOkh h' flfia jqjo"
iemhq wxYfha idOlj, n,mEu fukau m%Odk
wmkhk .ukdka;j,ska jQ b,au wvq u we;=`Mj
b,a ;;a;ajhka flfrys m%;spdr olajka f;a
Wm wxYh wLKavj fojk jirg;a ishhg 2'6 lska
my< .sfhah' f,dal fj<|fmd< rnr , .Kka
wvqug m%;spdr olajka l=vd j;= yshkaf.a
rnr ls lemSf lghq;= ukao.dj is jQ w;r ta
fya;=fjka rnr j.d wxYh o ishhg 10'1 lska my<
.sfhah' Bg fjkiaj hka ls i|yd i;=gqhl
ksIamdok , .Kka meje;Su yd lrudka;Yd,dj,
ksIamdok Od;dj by< kexu fya;=fjka" ls
ksIamdokh by< hEu;a iu`. 2015 jifr i;a;aj
ksIamdok l%shdldrl o jrOkh h' flfia jqjo"
h yd uqyq u;aiH wxYhkaf.a ksIamdokh wvq
u fya;=fjka jr wxYfha w.h tl;= lsu
my< hk ,'
2015 jifr rch iska ykajd fok ,o
l%shdudr. lDIsldrl wxYfha ksIamdokh by<
kexug hl h' iy ls i|yd jQ .ekq ,
by< kexu tu wxYj, ksIamdokh by< kexug
Wmld h' f;a" rnr yd fmd,a wxYj, M,odhS;dj
by< kexf wruqka kej; j.dj yd kj j.dj
.ekau i|yd iykdOdr jevigyka l%shd;aul
lrk ,' Y%S ,xld f;a uKav,h iska fyd|u
idudkH f;a o`M m%;sh by< kexu i|yd B
Leaf 60 jevigyk wLKavj l%shd;aul l<
w;r .=Kd;aul nka hq;= f;a o`M imhk l=vd
f;a j;= yshka fjkqfjka 2015 udr;= ui isg
iykdOdr fhdackd l%uhla ykajd fok ,' ;jo"
f;a lrudka;Yd,d yshka uqyqK fok uQ,Huh
wmyiq;d u.yrjd .ekSf wruqka rch iska
flld,Sk ldrl m%d.aOk Kh fhdackd l%uhla

1'2 ixLHd
igyk
iuia; b,au iy b;sls - wdfhdack mr;rh ^mj;akd fj<|fmd< , wkqj& ^w&^wd&
YSrIh
remsh,a ,shk
2015
2014
2015
8.3
9.9
6.5
8.9
108.0
76.0
107.4
77.4
9.1
16.6
8.4
13.4
67.7
8.3
68.6
8.8
4.8
0.6
32.0
30.1
-1.2
0.7
-8.0
-7.4
12.1
5.1
20.9
20.5
3,125.9
8.9
3.5
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833.5
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11,285.0
7,943.8
12,013.7
8,652.2
7,074.7
869.1
7,666.4
985.8
3,341.2
3,361.5
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2,295.4
3,021.5
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641,493
676,899
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7.9
4.9
5.5
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559,445
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6.5
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6.7
9.0
9.8
120,658
117,453
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1.4
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2,194,167
2,259,223
26.7
26.2
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19.6
16.5
202,905
201,036
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2.3
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1,292,994
1,354,083
15.7
15.7
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7.6
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108,157
119,105
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1.4
4.7
10.1
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590,111
584,999
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6.8
6.6
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4,634,805
4,881,273
56.3
56.6
5.2
5.3
59.9
62.6
1,914,236
2,002,655
23.3
23.2
4.0
4.6
19.3
22.5
44,102
49,613
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0.6
11.6
12.5
1.2
1.4
945,090
1,061,757
11.5
12.3
8.1
12.3
18.6
29.6
1,007,434
1,020,397
12.2
11.8
4.3
1.3
11.0
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746,852
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7,470,465
7,817,394
90.8
90.7
4.7
4.6
87.3
88.1
758,521
805,431
9.2
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6.9
6.2
12.7
11.9
fj<òfmd< , wkqj o< foaYh

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fj<òfmd< , hgf;a o< cd;sl wdodhu
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m%jK;dj i|yd hka;% iQ;% yd WmlrK" f,day yd
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10
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12
13.1
14
14.7
16
15.9
18
2
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
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msySu;a iu`. rfgys o< ks, ix; m%udKh 2014
jifr wjidkfha meje;s t'c'fvd,r ,shk 8'2 ys
isg 2015 jir wjidkh jkg t'c'fvd,r ,shk
7'3 la olajd wvq h' f w;r" jifr m<uq udi wg
;=< fndfyda fihska ia:dhSj meje;s remshf,ys
w.h" ksuh wkqmd;h ksrKh lsf fj<òfmd<
n,f. wkqj by< kuHYS,S;djhla we;s lsug
uy nexl=j .;a ;SrKh;a iu`. iema;enr ui
uq, isg YS>%fhka wjm%udKh h' f wkqj" 2015
jir wjidkh jk g" t'c'fvd,rhg idfmalaIj
remsh, ishhg 9'03 l wjm%udKhla jdr;d lf<ah'
2015 jifr fj<| .sKqfuys ys`.h kdl
jYfhka ishhg 1'7 lska mq`M,a jqjo o'foa'ksfha
m%;sY;hla f,i th iq jYfhka wvqh' wdkhk
hou ukao.d jqjo wmkhk wdhu Yd, f,i
wvq u 2015 jifr fj<| ys`.h mq`M,a ug fya;=
h' f wkqj" fj<| ys`.h 2014 jifr meje;s
t'c'fvd,r ,shk 8"287 ys isg 2015 jifr
t'c'fvd,r ,shk 8"430 olajd jrOkh h'
2014 jifr hym;a jrOkhla jdr;d l<

wmkhk wdhu" 2015 jifr m%Odk wmkhk
ldKav ish,a,lu wvq ms<sUq lrka ishhg
5'6 lska wvq h' cd;Hka;r fj<|fmdf<ys NdKav
, .Kka wvq u" hqKq wdr:lhkaf.a wdr:l
jrOk f.hka wvq u" Y%S ,xldf m%Odk
wmkhk .ukdka; fndfyduhl N+-foaYmd,ksl
wia:djrNdjh iy hqfrdamd ix.uh iska Y%S
,xldfjka u;aiH wdkhkh iSud lsu" wmkhk
wdhf ie,lsh hq;= wvq u i|yd fya;= h'
l=`Mnvq îshhg 42'7& iy m%jdyk WmlrK îshhg
60'5& wmkhk wdh ie,lsh hq;= jrOkhka
jdr;d l< o" f;a îshhg -17'7&" rnr ksIamd;
îshhg -14'5&" frms<s yd we`. îshhg -2'2& iy
uqyq wdydr îshhg -35'5& wmkhk wdhu wvq u"
wmkhk wdhf iuia; wvq u i|yd hl h'
f.da,Sh jYfhka is jQ jrOkhka ms<sUq lrka"
hqfrdamd ix.uh iy ueofmr. fj; is l<
wmkhk ms<sfj<ska ishhg 13'4 lska iy ishhg
11'8 lska wvq jQ w;r" wefuld tlai;a ckmoh fj;
is l< wmkhk fmr jirg idfmalaIj ishhg
2'9 lska jrOkh h' flfia jqjo" 2015 jifr
wmkhk mudj idudkH jYfhka ishhg 4'6 lska
jrOkh jQ w;r" tlai;a ckmo fvd,r w.h wkqj
wmkhk f,ys ishhg 9'8 l wvq ula jdr;d h'
2015 jir ;=< bkaOk fkdjk wdkhk
hou ishhg 9'6 lska ie,lsh hq;= f,i jrOkh
jqj o iuia; wdkhk hou ishhg 2'5 lska wvq
h' fuu jir ;=< " bkaOk wdkhk hou
t'c'fvd,r ,shk 2'7 olajd t'c'fvd,r ,shk
1'9 lska wvq jQ w;r f i|yd cd;Hka;r bkaOk
, ie,lsh hq;= f,i wvq u iy bkaOk fhd
.kska is lrk ;dm n,Yla;sh flfrys jQ wvq r
meje;au fya;=fjka wdkhkh l< bkaOk mudj
wvq u fya;= h' flfia jqjo" fm!oa.,sl r:jdyk
iy wdydruh fkdjk wfkl=;a mdfNda.sl
NdKav wdkhkh i|yd jQ hou by< w.hla
.ekSu" bkaOk fkdjk wdkhk hou jrOkh u
i|yd Yd, f,i hl h' rdcH fiajlhka i|yd
iykhS jdyk n,m;% iemhSu" is,skavr Od;dj
>k fikagr 1"000 g wvq r:jdyk i|yd jQ wdkhk
n wvq lsu" cmdk fhka w.h wjm%udKh u" wvq

fmd,S wkqmd; hgf;a wdkhk Kh myiql ,nd
.ekSf yelshdj meje;Su iy rdcH fiajlhkaf.a
jegqma jrOkh u r:jdyk wdkhkh Yd, f,i
by< hEu i|yd n,mdk ,o fya;= f,i ykajd h
yel' flfia jqjo" jifr wjidk Nd.fha Y%S ,xld
uy nexl=j iy rch u.ska .kakd ,o m%;sm;a;s
l%shdudr. fYaIfhkau r:jdyk we;=`M mdfNda.sl
NdKav wdkhk hou wvq u i|yd fya;= h'
idudkH jYfhka" 2015 jifr wdkhk mudj
ishhg 10'6 lska jrOkh jQ w;r tlai;a ckmo
fvd,r w.h wkqj wdkhk , ishhg 11'8 lska
wvq h'
fj<| iy m%d:l wdodh .sKqj, ys`.h
mq`M,a u yuqf jqjo" fiajd yd oa;Shsl wdh
.sKqys w;sla; fya;=fjka 2015 jifr foaYSh
cx.u .sKqf ys`.h 2014 jifr jdr;d jQ
w.hg fndfyda rg iudk h' ixpdrl fiajd
Wm wxYfhys by< l%shdld;ajh iy m%jdyk"
ikaksfok" m.Kl yd f;dr;=re fiajd Wm
wxYfhys i;=gqhl l%shdld;ajh jir ;=<
foaYSh fiajd .sKqfuys jrOkh flfrys hl h'
ixpdrl mej, iy ixpdrlfhl= furg
.; lrk idudkH ld,h yd lrkq ,nk hou
by< hEu fya;=fjka jir ;=< ixpdrl bmehS
ishhg 22'6 lska jrOkh h' jHdmdr l%shdj,s
ndysr uQ,dY% fj; meju iy kqu mok lr.;a
jHdmdr l%shdj,s ndysr uQ,dY% fj; meju (KPO)
hk lrudka;hkays wLKav jrOkh" ,s ixfoaY"
m.Kl iy f;dr;=re fiajd Wm wxYfhys
jrOkhg hl h' f w;r" ix; j;al
wdfhdack lsu ;=<ska jk bmehS my< hEu" fmd,S
f. by< hEu iy ,dNdxY yd m%;swdfhdackh
l< bmehS f,i jQ f. fya;=fjka 2015 jifr
m%d:l wdh .sKqf ys`.h ;jrg;a mq`M,a h'
foaYSh fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a fm%aIK iy rcfha
ixl%du ukao.d u fya;=fjka oa;Shsl wdh
.sKqfuys w;sla;fhys h wvqula is h' foaY
ksuh bmehSf idm%hsl uQ,dY%hla jk foaY
fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a fm%aIK 2014 jifr
jdr;d l< ishhg 9'5 l jrOkh yd ieif
2015 jifr ishhg 0'5 lska wvq h' foaY
fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a fm%aIKj, jQ fuu wvq u
flfrys f,dal fj<|fmdf<a f;,a , .Kka my<
tfia jqjo" o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i fj<|

ys`.h 2014 jifr meje;s ishhg 10'4 ys isg 2015
jifr ishhg 10'2 la olajd iq`M jYfhka wvq h'
2015 jifr f.jq ;=,kfhys uQ,H .sKqfuys

Y=oaO foaY j.lS fjkia iy Y=oaO uQ,H j;al
w;alr .ekS fmr jirg idfmalaIj wvq h'
cd;Hka;r iaffj;aj nelr ksl=;= fol ;=<ska
,o t'c'fvd,r ,shk 2"150 iy bkahdkq ix;
nexl=j iu`. we;slr .;a foaY ksuh yqjudre
.siqu ;=<ska ,o t'c'fvd,r ,shk 1"500" 2015
jifr f.jq ;=,kfha uQ,H .sKqfuys m%Odk;u
,e h' jir ;=< foaYSh Rcq wdfhdack" O
wdfhdack iy rch" nexl= yd fm!oa.,sl wxYhg jQ
foaYSh Kh ,e u.ska uQ,H .sKqu fj; jQ
hl;ajh iq`M h' uQ,H .sKqu fj; jQ ,e
wvq ugul meje;Sug" 2015 jifr wi;=gqhl
f.da,Sh wdr:l ;;a;ajh h ;rulg fya;= jQ
w;r" foaYSh jYfhka n,k l, cd;sl ue;sjrK
folla meje;au fya;=fjka wdfhdacl Yajdih
wvq u o g hl h' f w;r" tlai;a ckmofha
fvr,a ix; nexl=j iska fmd,S wkqmd;h by<
oukq we;ehs jQ wfmalaIdj iy miqj fmd,S wkqmd;
by< u fya;=fjka foaYSh wdfhdaclhska iska
ke.S tk wdr:lhkaf.ka ish wdfhdack bj;a lr
.ekq' f wkqj" jir ;=< " rdcH iq/l=m;a
fj<|fmdf<ka t'c'fvd,r ,shk 1"093 l Y=oaO
f.ula jdr;d h' g wu;rj" ksh; Kh
fiajdlrK f. iy l,amsreKq cd;Hka;r
iaffj;aj nelrfhys msh" uQ,H .sKqu
flfrys wys;lr n,mEula we;s lf<ah'
2014 jifr iuia; w;sla;hla jdr;d l<
f.jq ;=,kh m%Odk jYfhka uQ,H .sKqu fj; jQ
,e wfmalaIs; ugug jvd wvq u fya;=fjka
2015 jifr ys`.hla jdr;d lf<ah' f.jq
;=,kh" 2014 jifr meje;s t'c'fvd,r ,shk
1"369 l w;sla;hg idfmalaIj 2015 jifr
10
1'5 rEm
igyk
f.jq ;=,kh
4
2
t'c'fvd' ,shk
ugul mej;Su fya;=fjka ueo fmr. f;,a

wmkhkh lrk rgj, wdhu my< jeu iy
.Dy fialdjka we;=`M wrO mqyqKq yd kqmqyqKq
ldKavh hgf;a Y%u ixl%uK wvq u hl h'
fj<ò" fiajd" m%d:l yd oa;Shsl wdh .sKqys
fuu m%jK;djhka iu`. fmr jifr jdr;d jQ
t'c'fvd,r ,shk 1"988 l ys`.hg idfmalaIj 2015
jifr cx.u .sKqu t'c'fvd,r ,shk 2"009 l
ys`.hla jdr;d lf<ah' flfia fj;;a" o'foa'ks'fha
m%;sY;hla f,i cx.u .sKqf ys`.h miq.sh jifr
jdr;d jQ ishhg 2'5 isg 2015 jifr ishhg 2'4
olajd iq`M jYfhka wvq h'
1.4
1.0
0.2
-1.1
-2
-2.0
-2.5
-4
-2.0
-1.5
-4.0
-4.6
-6
-8
-10
-7.6
-9.7
-8.3
-8.4
-9.4
2011
fj<| fYaIh
2012
2013
2014
cx.u .sKqf fYaIh
2015
iuia; fYaIh
t'c'fvd,r ,shk 1"489 l ys`.hla jdr;d lf<ah'

ta wkqj" Y%S ,xldf o< ks, ix; 2014 jir
wjidkfha jdr;d l< t'c'fvd,r ,shk 8'2 l
isg 2015 jir wjidkfha t'c'fvd,r ,shk
7'3 olajd my; jegq' ksh; foaY Kh fiajdlrK
f." l,amsreKq cd;Hka;r iaffj;aj nelrh
mshu" imia: Kh myiqlu hgf;a cd;Hka;r
uQ,H wruqo, ^cd'uQ'wruqo,& fj; is l< f.
iy foaYSh foaY ksuh fj<|fmd< fj;
jYS,;dj iemhSu" o< ks, ix; wvq u i|yd
m%Odk jYfhka fya;= h' 2015 jir wjidkfha
meje;s o< ks, ix; ugu udi 4'6 l NdKav
wdkhkh i|yd iy udi 3'8 l NdKav yd fiajd
wdkhkj,g iudk h' f w;r" uq`M foaY
j;al 2014 jifr jdr;d jQ t'c'fvd,r ,shk
9'9 isg 2015 jir wjidkfha t'c'fvd,r ,shk
9'3 lg wvq jQ w;r" uq`M foaY j;al m%udKh
NdKav wdkhksl udi 5'9 lg iy NdKav yd
fiajd wdkhksl udi 4'9 lg iudk h' 2015 jir
wjidkh jk g o< ks, ix; j;al ;;a;ajh
rfgys flld,Sk Kh yd j.lSj,ska ishhg 60 la
wdjrKh lf<ah'
2015 jifr rcfha iy fm!oa.,sl
wxYj, foaYSh Khj,ska iuka; rfgys uq`M
foaYSh Kh by< .sfhah' rfgys uq`M foaYSh
Kh m%udKfhys kdl w.h by< hdu foaYSh
Kh jYfhka ,enqKq ,e ukao.d fuys
iy Kh fiajdlrK hgf;a ie,lsh hq;= f.
m%udKhla jdr;d fuys m%;sM,hls' rfgys uqM
foaYSh Kh m%udKh 2014 jir wjidkh jk
g meje;s t'c'fvd,r ,shk 42'9 g idfmalaIj
2015 jifr iema;enr ui wdrNfha

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j ksuh wkqmd;slh jvd
kuHYS,Sj ;SrKh ug bv yeug ;SrKh lf<ah'
cx.u iy uQ,H .sKq fj; jQ wfmalaIs; ugug
jvd wvq foaY ksuh ,e" wdkhk iy Kh
fiajdlrK f. i|yd foaY ksuh fhou
iy rcfha Kh iq/l=m;a fj<|fmd< fj;ska ,o
foaYSh wdfhdack bj;a lr .ekSu" foaYSh foaY
ksuh fj<|fmd< u; ie,lsh hq;= ugul
mSvkhla we;s lf<ah' fuu jd;djrKh hgf;a"
ksuh wkqmd;slfhys wl p,khka wju lsu
i|yd jifr m<uq udi wg ;=< Y%S ,xld uy
nexl=j foaYSh foaY ksuh fj<|fmd< fj; Y=oaO
moku hgf;a t'c'fvd,r ,shk 1'9 la iemhSh'
tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" ksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh
lsf jvd kuHYS,SNdjhla ie,iSu i|yd
Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j iska m%;sm;a;suh ;SrKh .;a
2015 jifr iema;enr ui 03 jk k olajd ld,h
;=< Y%S ,xld remsh, iq`M jYfhka ishhg 2'57 lska
wjm%udKh h' fuu ;SrKhg miq jir wjidkh
olajd ld,h ;=< " t'c'fvd,rhg tfrysj Y%S
,xld remsh, ishhg 6'64 lska wjm%udKh ula
jdr;d l< w;r" jir ;=< iuia; f,i remsh,
t'c'fvd,rhg tfrysj ishhg 9'03 lska wjm%udKh
h' t'c' fvd,rhg tfrysj remsh, kdl jYfhka
wjm%udKh u iy fndfyda fj<| yjq,aldr rgj,a
yd ieif foaYSh WoaOukh idfmalaI jYfhka
my< ugul meje;Su fya;=fjka 2015 jir ;=<
uqo,a jr. 5 lska iy uqo,a jr. 24 lska ie,;a
uQr; iM, ksuh wkqmd;sl orYl ms<sfj<ska
ishhg 3'07 lska iy 2'26 lska wjm%udKh h'
rdcH uQ,H wxYfha jOkhka

2015 jir i|yd jk w;=re whjeh u.ska jir
;=< whjeh ys`.fhys YS>% wvqula wfmalaId l< o"
rdcH uQ,H l<ukdlrKhg wNsfhda.d;aulj is jQ
jrOkhka .Kkdjla ksid ie,iq l< rdcH uQ,H
tald.%;dj <`.d lr .ekSug ndOd we;s h' ckjd
udifha meje;s ckdm;sjrKfhka miqj bm;a l<
w;=re whjeh u.ska rdcH uQ,H tald.%;d l%shdj,sfhys
wfmalaIs; m%;sM, bgq lr .ekSf wruqka rdcH
uQ,H m%;sixialrK .Kkdjla ykajd fok ,'
2015 jifr rdcH uQ,H l<ukdlrK jdr;dfjys
i|yka ueld,Sk idrj rdcH uQ,H rduqfjys
^2014-2017& b,lalhkag wkql+,j rcfha whjeh
ys`.h o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i 2014 jifr
jdr;d jQ ishhg 5'7 isg 2015 jifr ishhg 4'4 olajd
wvq lsug wfmalaId l< w;r" 2015 jir ;=< uOHu
rcfha Kh o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i ishhg
72'0 l ugul mj;ajd .ekSug o wfmalaId lrk ,'
tfia jqjo" jir ;=< 2015 jir i|yd w;=re
whjefhys i|yka whjeh b,lalhkaf.ka ie,lsh
hq;= f,i fjkia fjka 2015 jifr rdcH uQ,H
wxYfha ldrhidOkh msySug ,la h' rcfha
wdhu wfmalaIs; m%udKhg jvd wvq u fYaIfhka
jegqma iy f;k i|yd jQ by< mqkrdjr;k ho"
iqNidOk ho iy fmd,S f. weia;fka;=.;
w.hg jvd by< hEu hkdh 2015 iuia; whjeh
ys`.h u; ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula we;s lf<ah' ta
wkqj" o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i whjeh ys`.h"
uq,a whjefhys b,lalh jQ ishhg 4'4 ie,lsh hq;=
f,i wnjd hka 2014 jifr meje;s ishhg 5'7
isg 2015 jifr ishhg 7'4 olajd by< .sfhah'
rcfha ksr-b;=re ms<sUq lrk jr;k .sKqf
ys`.h o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i miq.sh
jifr meje;s ishhg 1'2 isg 2015 jifr ishhg
2'2 olajd by< .sh w;r" iuia; whjeh ys`.fhka
fmd,S f.f ho bj;alr ilik m%d:l
.sKqf ys`.h o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i
2014 jifr meje;s ishhg 1'5 isg ishhg
2'9 olajd je h' jir ;=< ,o foaYSh uQ,Hkh
idfmalaIj wvq u;a iu`. whjeh ys`.h uQ,Hkh
lsu m%Odk jYfhkau foaYSh uQ,dY%j,ska is h'
uOHu rcfha Kh o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i
2014 jir wjidkfha meje;s ishhg 70'7 isg 2015
jir wjidkfha ishhg 76'0 olajd by< .sh w;r"
whjeh ys`.h iy Kh tla/iau wvq lsu i|yd
Yla;su;a rdcH uQ,H m%;sixialrKj, wjYH;dj
tu.ska wjOdrKh flfrhs'
2015 jir wjidkh jk g t'c'fvd,r ,shk

44'8 la h' ;jo" uq`M foaYSh Kh m%udKh
o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i 2014 jir wjidkfha
meje;s ishhg 53'6 isg 2015 jir wjidkfha
ishhg 54'4 olajd by< .sfhah' f w;r" Kh
jdl iy fmd,S hk fojr.fhysu f. by<
hEu fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldf foaYSh Kh j.lS yd
inkaO Kh fiajdlrK f. 2014 jir ;=<
jdr;d jQ t'c'fvd,r ,shk 3"479 isg 2015 jifr
t'c'fvd,r ,shk 4"683 olajd ie,lsh hq;= f,i
by< .sfhah' Kh fiajdlrK f.ys by< hEu
iy NdKav wmkhkj, my< hEu fya;=fjka
NdKav yd fiajd wmkhkj, m%;sY;hla f,i Kh
fiajdlrK f. 2014 jifr meje;s ishhg 20'8
isg 2015 jifr ishhg 27'7 la olajd ie,lsh hq;=
f,i by< .sfhah'
11
12
rcfha uq`M wdhu kdl jYfhka .;a

l," 2014 jifr meje;s remsh,a ,shk 1"195'2
isg 2015 jifr remsh,a ,shk 1"454'9 olajd
ishhg 21'7 lska by< .sh w;r" ksIamdok n"
wdh n iy wdkhk ;Sre nj,ska ,o wdhu
by< hEu fuu jeug m%Odk jYfhka fya;=
h' ksIamdok n wdhu 2015 jifr uq`M n
wdhug ;ks noaola f,i by<u hl;ajh iemhQ
w;r" fudagr jdyk" uOHidr iy is.r u; by<
w.hlska hq;a ixhqla; ksIamdok noaola mekf
m%;sM, tu.ska ms<sUq h' ta wkqj" ksIamdok n
wdhu jir ;=< uq`M n wdhfuka ishhg
36'7 lg iy uq`M wdhfuka ishhg 34'2 lg hl
h' f w;r" iqms jdis noao jeks jir ;=< ykajd
ka tlajrla muKla f.h hq;= nj,ska remsh,a
,shk 50'0 l wdhula ,eu o n wdhfuys

by< hEug ie,lsh hq;= hl;ajhla lah'
jir ;=< .dia;= iy whlsj,ska ,o wdhu
by< .sh o" n fkdjk wdhu ishhg 31'6 lska
ie,lsh hq;= f,i remsh,a ,shk 99'1 olajd wvq jQ
w;r" rch i;= jdc jHjidhhkaf.a ,dN iy
,dNdxY mejre wvq u iy fmd,S wdhu iy l=,S
wdhu my< hEu thg m%Odk jYfhka fya;= h'
uq`M hou iy Y=oaO Kh o'foa'ks'fhys
m%;sY;hla f,i 2014 jifr meje;s ishhg 17'2
isg 2015 jifr ishhg 20'5 olajd by< .sh w;r"
mqkrdjr;k hofuys iy rdcH wdfhdackj,
ie,lsh hq;= by< hEu tu.ska ms<sUq h'
jir ;=< mqkrdjr;k hou o'foa'ks'fhys
m%;sY;hla f,i 2014 jifr meje;s ishhg
12'7 isg ishhg 15'2 olajd by< .sh w;r" jegqma
iy f;k" fmd,S f." jr;k mejre iy
iykdOdr u; hou by< hEu thg fya;= h'
mqkrdjr;k hou kdl jYfhka" 2014 jifr
meje;s remsh,a ,shk 1"322'9 isg 2015 jifr
remsh,a ,shk 1"701'7 olajd ishhg 28'6 lska by<
.sh w;r th whjeh b,lalh jQ remsh,a ,shk
1"552'0 o blauh' flfia fj;;a" uOHu rcfha
fiajlhkaf.a jegqma iy f;k kdl jYfhka
remsh,a ,shk 561'7 olajd ishhg 27'4 lska by<
.sh w;r tu.ska rdcH hou by< hEu flfrys
ie,lsh hq;= mSvkhla we;s lrk ,' fmd,S f.f
hou o 2015 jifr kdl jYfhka remsh,a
,shk 509'7 la olajd ishhg 16'8 lska by< .sh
w;r" Kh .ekS by< hEu iy wfkla foaYSh
uqo,aj,g idfmalaIj remshf,a w.h wjm%udKh u
ta i|yd fya;= h' ta w;ru" m%d.aOk ho iy
Y=oaO Kh o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i 2014
rdcH wdodhu" hou iy iuia;
whjeh ysh
1'6 rEm
igyk
25
15
20.5
19.9
20
ishhg
2015 jifr o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i

rcfha wdhfuys jrOkhla fmkakq l< w;r"
tla jrla muKla f.h hq;= n lsysmhlska ,o
wdodhu iy by< .sh fudagr jdyk wdkhk
u; jQ ksIamdok n wdhu ie,lsh hq;= f,i by<
hEu ta i|yd m%Odk jYfhka fya;= h' rcfha uq`M
wdhu o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i 2014 jifr
meje;s ishhg 11'4 isg 2015 jifr ishhg 13'0
olajd by< .sh o" th 2015 jir i|yd jQ w;=re
whjefhys i|yka b,lalh jQ ishhg 13'3 g jvd
wvq h' n fkdjk wdhu o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla
f,i 2014 jifr meje;s ishhg 1'4 isg 2015 jifr
ishhg 0'9 la olajd wvq jQ w;r" n wdhu
o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i 2014 jifr meje;s
ishhg 10'1 isg 2015 jifr ishhg 12'1 olajd
by< .sfhah' ksIamdok n wdhu" ixia:dms; iy
ixia:dms; fkdjk wdh n" wdkhk ;Sre n"
fiia n" fYaI fj<| NdKav noao iy ,s ixfoaY
noao hk nj,ska ,o wdhu by< .sh o foaYSh
l%shdldrl u; iy wdkhk u; jk tl;= l<
w.h u; n" jrdh iy .=jka f;dgqm< ixjrOk
noao iy r|jd .ekSf noao u.ska ,o wdh jir
;=< wvq h' n wdhfuys fuu by< hEug
n l%uh l%uj;a lsu iy n moku mq`M,a lsu
i|yd jir ;=< ykajd fokq ,enQ m%;sm;a;suh
l%fudamdhhka o fya;= h' jir ;=< ykajd ka
m%Odk l%fudamdhhka w;rg ish fiajl wxY i|yd
wvq n wkqmd;slhla w< lrka mqoa., wdh
n tald.% lsu" tla jrla muKla f.h hq;=
n o we;=`Mj kj n lsysmhla ykajd u iy
n wkql+,;dj jrOkh lrk w;ru wdh tl;=
lrk wdh;kj, n mmd,kh Yla;su;a lsu
we;=<;a f'
17.8
13.6
12.2
17.4
12.0
17.2
13.1
11.5
10
5
0
-5
-5.6
-6.2
-10
2011
-5.4
-5.7
-7.4
2012
wdhu yd m%odk
2013
hou
2014
2015
iuia; ys`.h
rcfha uq`M Kh o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i

2014 jifr meje;s ishhg 70'7 isg 2015 jir
wjidkh jk g ishhg 76'0 olajd by< .sh w;r"
rdcH uQ,H wxYfha meje;s rj, ldrhidOkh
iy jir ;=< wdr:l jrOkh kdl jYfhka
idfmalaIj wvqu tu.ska ms<sUq h' fkdmshjQ
uOHu rcfha Kh
60
50
40
38.8
32.3
37.0
31.7
30
44.3
40.9
40.0
30.9
29.8
31.7
20
10
0
2011
2012
foaYSh
2013
2014
2015
foaYSh
rcfha iuia; Kh m%udKh kdl jYfhka" 2014

jir wjidkfha meje;s remsh,a ,shk 7"390'9
isg 2015 jir wjidkfha remsh,a ,shk 8"503'2
olajd by< .sfhah' wdh tla/ials wvq f
m%;sM,hla f,i je jYfhka Kh .ekSug is u
iy m%Odk foaYSh uqo,aj,g idfmalaIj remsh,
wjm%udKh u" rcfha Kh ie,lsh hq;= f,i by<
hEug hl h'
rdcH uQ,H wxYfha uE;ld,Sk ldrhidOkh
u.ska rcfha whjehlrKfhys mj;akd jHqyd;aul
rj,;djka ms<sUq lrhs' ixlSrK n l%uh"
idfmalaIj wvq wdh moku" rj, n wkql+,;dj
fukau n mmd,kh hqKq lsf wjYH;dj
hkdh wdh /ialsu flfrys wys;lr f,i
n,mEfh' rcfha whjehlrKh ;=< wdh
.sKqfuys ^jr;k .sKqu& ys`.h ie,lsh hq;= f,i
by< hEu u.ska ms<sUq lrkqfha" rcfha kv;a;=
ho mshug mjd rf wdhu m%udKj;a
fkdjk njhs' f ksid" rcfha tfk fufyhq
lghq;= is lsu i|yd o wLKavj Kh .ekSug
rchg is we;' whjehlrKfhys we;s fuu
jHqyd;aul rj,;dj ixjrOk wjYH;djhka fj;
m%udKj;a ;r ho is lsug we;s yelshdj
ie,lsh hq;= f,i wvq lrkq ,nhs' im;a i|yd
jk m%n, wjYH;dj" Kh .ekS yryd ho
jelr .ekSug keUqre ug fya;= jk w;r"
rdcH uQ,H b,lal wfmalaIs; ugj,ska fndfyda
fihska fjkiaug fya;= jkq we;' fuu ;;a;ajh
wdh wvq u" ho by< hEu" by< whjeh
ys`.h" rcfha Kh iy Kh fiajdlrK f. by<
hEug;a" tys m%;sM,hla f,i rdcH wdfhdack iy
wfkl=;a w;HjYH ho je lsf yelshdj wvq
u hkd Iu pl%hla we;s u i|yd fya;= f'
2015 jifr o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i

ishhg 7'4 la jQ whjeh ys`.h uQ,Hkh lsu i|yd
rch m%Odk jYfhka foaYSh uQ,dY% u; /Kq w;r"
nexl= fkdjk wxYh ta w;ka fYaIs; f' Y=oaO
foaYSh uQ,Hkh 2014 jifr meje;s remsh,a ,shk
378'7 isg 2015 jifr remsh,a ,shk 592'7 olajd
je jQ w;r th jdrIsl weia;fka;=j jQ remsh,a
,shk 208'0 g idfmalaIj ie,lsh hq;= by<
w.hla h' uq`M Y=oaO foaYSh uQ,Hkfhka ishhg
50'8 la tk remsh,a ,shk 300'9 la nexl= fkdjk
wxYfhka uQ,Hkh lrk ,' ta w;r" nexl= wxYfhka
rch ,nd .;a Kh o 2014 jifr meje;s remsh,a
,shk 126'9 isg jir ;=< remsh,a ,shk 291'8
olajd by< .sh w;r" th o 2015 jir i|yd jk
whjefhys i|yka jdrIsl weia;fka;=j jQ remsh,a
,shk 70'0 g jvd ie,lsh hq;= f,i by< w.hls'
NdKavd.dr nelr yryd jdc nexl=j,ska ,nd
.;a Kh jir ;=< Y=oaO wdmiq f.ula jdr;d l< o
NdKavd.dr ,am;a iy Y%S ,xld ixjrOk nelr
yryd ,nd .;a Kh jir ;=< by< .sfhah' m%Odk
jYfhka NdKavd.dr ,am;a yryd uy nexl=fjka
,nd .;a Y=oaO Kh by< hk ,' remsh,aj,ska
kdukh lrk ,o foaYslhka i;= NKavd.dr
,am;a iy nelrj, is l< wdfhdackj,ska
ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla rka msg;g .,d hEula is
jqjo" cd;Hka;r iaffj;aj nelr folla ksl=;a
lsu;a iu`. foaYSh uQ,dY% yryd is lrk ,o
Y=oaO uQ,Hkh o 2014 jifr meje;s remsh,a ,shk
212'5 isg 2015 jifr remsh,a ,shk 236'8 olajd
by< .sfhah'
1'7 rEm
igyk
ishhg
jifr meje;s ishhg 4'5 isg 2015 jifr ishhg

5'3 olajd by< .sfhah' ta wkqj kdl jYfhka th
miq.sh jifr jdr;d jQ remsh,a ,shk 473'0 yd
ieif jir ;=< remsh,a ,shk 588'7 la
olajd ishhg 24'5 lska by< .sfhah' tu m%jK;dju
ksrEmKh lrka" rdcH wdfhdack o o'foa'ks'fhys
m%;sY;hla f,i 2014 jifr meje;s ishhg 4'7
isg 2015 jifr ishhg 5'4 olajd by< .sh w;r"
rdcH wdfhdack kdl jYfhka 2014 jifr meje;s
remsh,a ,shk 486'6 yd ieif 2015 jifr
remsh,a ,shk 602'8 olajd ishhg 23'9 lska by<
.sfhah'
13

fYaI
igyk 1
ia:dhS;dj iy Yla;su;aNdjh i|yd jQ rdcH uQ,H wjldYh
idrj wdr:l ia:dhS;dj i|yd iy lmkhkag uqyqK

ug wdr:lh i;= yelshdj jrOkh lsug iyfhda.h
lau wruqKq lr.kska rdcH uQ,H wjldY ksrudKh
lsu ms<sn|j fYaIfhkau" uQ,H wrnqofhka miqj
f.da,Sh rdcH uQ,H n,Odkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq
we;' wksYa; f.da,Sh m%jK;d" by< hk Kh
fiajdlrK j.lS iy m%cd oHd;aul ixl%dka;sh
;=<ska we;s jk mSvkhka" rdcH uQ,H fufyhq
lghq;=j, ;sridrNdjh flfrys wLKavj wNsfhda.
we;s lrk w;r" hqKq iy ke.Stk fj<|fmd<
wdr:lj, mj;sk ixfrda; rdcH uQ,H jd;djrKh
yuqf rdcH whjeh ;=< rdcH uQ,H wjldYhla i|yd
we;s wjYH;dj jehqKq lrhs' rcfha wkd.; rdcH
uQ,H ;;a;ajh u; wksis mSvkhla we;s fkdfldg" YS>%
ixjrOkhla ,nd .ekSf wjYH;dj" Y%S ,xldj jeks
ke.Stk ue wdh,dNS rgj, whjeh l%shdj,sh
i|yd n,mE we;s lr ;sf' fuh Y%S ,xldj ;=<
m%udKj;a rdcH uQ,H wjldYhla mj;ajd .ekSf
wjYH;dj biau;= lrhs'
fy,r ^2005& iska rdcH uQ,H wjldYh hkq
rdcH uQ,H ;;a;ajfha ;sridrNdjhg fyda wdr:l
ia:dhS;djg ydkshla fkdjk m" rchg ;u im;a
wfmalaIs; wjYH;d i|yd ,ndug whjeh ;=,
mj;sk bvlv jYfhka wr: olajd we;1' tk
rfgys idrj wdr:l ia:dhS;djg ydks fkdjk
m ho" wdh fyda Kh ,nd.ekSf l,am
ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSf rchg kuHYS,S f,i ;u
wu;r im;a Wmfhdackh i|yd mj;sk wjia:dj
rdcH uQ,H wjldYh f' rdcH ho ixhq;sh iy
m%jK;dj" n kehdj" Kh ,nd.ekSf kehdj
fukau wdr:l jrOkh rdcH uQ,H wjldYfha m%Odk
ksrKdhlj,g we;=<;a f' tuksid wdhu by<
kexu" ho iSud lsu fyda foaYSh fyda foaYSh
m%Njhkaf.ka Kh ,nd.ekSu wju lsu iy
wdr:l jrOkh f.j;a lsu u.ska rdcH uQ,H
wjldYh ksrudKh l< yels f' rdcH uQ,H wjldYh
ksrudKh lsf" rdcH uQ,H jd;djrKfha
;sridrNdjh lsisfia;a leml< hq;= fkdf' tys
ho jevigyka i|yd iy Kh fiajdlrKh i|yd
wjYH flld,Sk iy .=ld,Sk uQ,H YlH;dj
mj;sk njg rch iy;sl l< hq;=h'
Y%S ,xld rdcH whjefhys jHqyh
iS; im;a iys; mirhla ;=< ho ;r.ldj

jrOkh u uE; w;S;fha Y%S ,xldf whjeh
l%shdj,sfhys olakg ,efnk fYaI ,laIKhla
1 Heller, P. (2005) 'Understanding Fiscal Space', Policy Discussion Paper
PDP/05/4, Washington, DC : Fiscal Affairs Department, IMF
14
h' wdh ,e wvqu iy rdcH uQ,H ;;a;ajh

yuqf by< ho wjYH;dj, m%;sM,hla f,i
iEu rchlau ksrka;rfhka idfmalaI jYfhka
by< whjeh yshla jdr;d lrk ,' 2010 2015 ld,mfoh i|yd Y%S ,xldfjys whjeh
ysfhys idudkHh o'foa'ks'fhka ishhg 6 la muK
h' rcfhys wdh yd ho jHqyh urYkh
lsf " rdcH uQ,H wldka uqyqK fok wNsfhda.
ykd.; yel' 2010 - 2015 ld,mfoh ;=<
rdcH hoys idudkHh o'foa'ksfhka ishhg 18'8 l
ugf mj;ajd .ekq' fuu ld,iSudj ;=< rcfha
jr;k hou o'foa'ks'fhka ishhg 13'7 l iSudfjys
mej;=K o jr;k ho ;=< whjefhys fkdje<elah
yels ho ixrplhla jk fmd,S f. iy jegqma yd
ukd i|yd jQ ho" mqkrdjr;k hofuka ;=fkka
follg jvd hl;ajhla imhka fkdfjkiaj
mej;=' 2010 - 2015 ld,iSudj ;=< jegqma yd
f;k iy fmd,S f.j, idudkHh" o'foa'ks'fhys
m%;sY;hla f,i" ms<sfj<ska" ishhg 4'4 la iy ishhg
4'7 la h' ;jo" fuu ld,iSudj ;=< whjefhys
we;=<;a <slu wju lsfuys m%Odk ixrplhla jk
l=gqn i|yd ,ndfok ixl%du o wh;ajk" iqnidOk
ho iy ixl%du f.ys idudkHh o o'foa'ks'fhka
ishhg 3'0 la h'
fuu miqu ;=<" wfkl=;a w;HjYH uQ,H wjYH;d
i|yd myiql iemhSug" mj;akd whjeh ;=< we;s
bvlv iSud iys; f' rch iska m%uqL wxY jk
wOHdmk iy fi!LH jeks wxY i|yd wjYH ho
f rdcH uQ,H n,Odka fuu .egjg uqyqKmdk
whqre meye,sj kslaIKh l< yelsh' ldrhhka
u; mokj ho wOHhkh lsf fi!LH iy
wOHdmk jeks wxY i|yd whjefhka fjkalrk ,o
wruqo,aj, idudkHh" iuia; whjefhys hoka
ishhg 16 la muK jk w;r" 2015 jifr jrOkhla
fmkakq l< o 2010 - 2015 ld,mfoh ;=<
o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i wOHdmk iy fi!LH
i|yd fjka l< uqo,a m%udKh" ms<sfj<ska" ishhg 1'7 la
iy ishhg 1'3 la h' fi!LH iy wOHdmk jeks wxY
i|yd lrkq ,nk ho by< u u.ska .= ld,Skj
udkj m%d.aOkh i|yd by< m%;s,dN w;alr fok njg
;rlhla f.dvke.sh yelsh' flfia fj;;a" whjefhys
ho h wkaoulg rchg wjYH m fjkia lsug
wju yelshdjla we;s j;auka ho jHqyh ie,lSf
fuu wruqKq i|yd jk wruqo,a by< kexu iòyd
rch iska rdcH uQ,H wjldYhla ksrudKh lsu
wjYHj ;sf'
rEm igyk
'i' 1'1
wdodh iy hoj, l%shdld;ajh
20'0
15'0
10'0
n wdh
mqkrdjr;k ho
2015
2013
2014
2011
2012
2010
2008
2009
2007
2005
2006
2003
2004
0'0
2002
5'0
2000
2001
o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i
25'0
jegqma iy fmd,S ho
by< ho ugu iu my< ugul mj;sk

wdh ckkh u;a tA fya;=fjka kg we;s by<
whjeh ys`.fhys m%;sM,hla f,i by< rdcH Kh
ugula ksrudKh ;sf' 2015 jifr o'foa'ks'fhys
m%;sY;hla f,i rcfha Kh ishhg 76 olajd by<
f.dia we;' f ;=<ska" Kh fiajdlrK f. by<
kxjk w;r" rdcH uQ,H fufyhq lghq;= i|yd
mSvkhla we;s lr ;sf' jr;udkfha " n iy
n fkdjk m%Nj yryd Wmhkq ,enQ wdhfuka
ishhg 90 la muK Kh fiajdlrK f. i|yd
fhdojkq ,ef' f w;r" WoaOukd;aul fkdjk
foaYSh uQ,dY% Tiafia Kh ,nd.ekSug we;s bvm%ia:d
iSud we;s w;r foaY uQ,Y% u.ska ,nd.kakd
Kh ugu by< .shfyd;a rg ndysr lmkhkag

Ndckh ug we;s wjku o by< hkq we;' rdcH
uQ,H wjldYhla fkdue;s u ;=<ska wdr:lfha
jrOkh jk im;a wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd
Kh .ekSu by< ug rchg fkdyels we;s
nj ms<sUq f'
b lau
rdcH uQ,H fufyhq i|yd wjldYh wju u

fya;=fjka iudcfha O wxY fj;ska im;a
iòyd we;sjk kj b,a ;;a;aj rcfha whjeh
;=<ska imqrd,Su b;d wmyiq ldrhhla f'
rchg wu;r Kh ,nd.ekSug we;s yelshdj wju u
fya;=fjka" n iy ho jHqyh m%;sixialrKh lsu
;=<ska rdcH uQ,H wjldYh ksrudKh lsu l< hq;= f'
rdcH uQ,H wjldYh ksrudKh lsu i|yd mj;sk
whjeh jHqyh Yd, f,i m%;sixialrKh lsu
wjYH f' wju jYfhka Y%S ,xldf l,dmSh rgj,a
yd iu.dj wdh ckkh lsu jrOkh lsu yryd
o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i n wdhu by< kexu
i|yd rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;s b,lal.; l< hq;= f' n
moku m%idrKh lsu iy n wkql+,;dj by< kexu
wruqKq lrf.k n m%;sxialrK l%shd;aul l< hq;= f'
ho mdrYajh ie,lSf " rcfha ho m%uqL;d
ms<sn| mq,a orYkhla iys; ue ld,Sk ho rduqjlg
wkqrEmj" rdcH uQ,H wjldYh ksrudKh l< hq;= f'
tfiau" rfgys ho i|yd uQ,Huh jkdlula
,ndug yels jk m ho l<ukdlrKfha
ldrhlaIu;djh jrOkh lsu l< hq;=h' fuu
;;a;ajh ;=< tla tla ho whs;u" wdr:l"
foaYmd,ksl" iudh iy rcfha fjk;a ie,lsh hq;=
lreKqj,g wkqrEmj l%udkql+,j urYkh l< hq;=h'
;jo" u;aj ilik ,o whjehg wu;rj miqj .kq
,nk ho ms<sn| ;SrK yryd rdcH uQ,H wjldYh
wju jk fyhska tjeks ;SrK .ekSu iSud l< hq;=h'
rch i;= jHjidhkaj, uQ,H Yla;sh jrOkh lsfuka
iy tu wdh;k whjeh u; r meje;au wju lsu
yryd rdcH jHjidhj, ldrhidOkh jehqKq lsug
rch iska lghq;= l< hq;=h' M,hs;dj jehqKq
lsu iy wdr:l jrOkh by< kexu i|yd Y%u
fj<|fmd< m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul l< hq;= f' rch
iska llre ixOdk yd fmd ck;dj we;= ish
mdrYaj iu l%uj;a inkalrKhla mj;ajd .ekSu
yd kqj;a lsf jevigyka l%shd;aul lsu yryd
w;HjYH m%;sixialrK i|yd we;s h yels frdaO;d
wju lr .ekSug lghq;= lsu wjYH f'
wdh mdrYajh ie,lSf rcfha uq wdh

,e" iuia; houg jvd ie,lsh hq;= f,i
my< w.hl mj;sk w;r" th mqkrdjr;k
hou mshjd .ekSug o m%udKj;a fkdf'
2010 - 2015 ld,mfoh ;=< o'foa'ks'fhys
m%;sY;hla f,i wdhfuys idudkHh ishhg 12'4 la
h' m%Odk jYfhkau rfgys mj;sk rj, n
/ia lsf l%shdj,sh" wdhu my< ugul meje;Sug
fya;= ;sf' 2015 jifr tla jrla muKla f.h
hq;= n lsysmhla meku o fya;=fjka n wdhu"
o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i ishhg 12'1 olajd by<
.sh o 2014 jifr th ishhg 10'1 olajd my< .sfhah'
l,dmSh rgj,a yd ieif Y%S ,xldf n tl;=
lsu wLKavj rj, ugul mj;S' O n ksoyia
ls fya;=fjka n moaO;sfha kuH;djh wvq u" n
meyerye iy rj, n mmd,kh hk lreKq
wdh tla/ia lsfuys rj, ldrhidOkhg m%Odk
jYfhka fya;= we;'
15
16
f ksid" rdcH uQ,H tald.%;dj we;s lr .ekSu

wiSre ldrhhla jkq we;' ta wkqj" whjeh lghq;=
ksis f,i is jk m wjYH m%;sixialrK
l%shd;aul lrka fuu Iu pl%fha iEu wxYhlau
i,ld ne,Sf wjYH;djla mj;S'
uqo,a wxYfha jOkhka
wLKavj meje;s wvq WoaOukld mirhla
;=<" uy nexl=j iska jir mqrd uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh
;jrg;a ,sys,aj mj;ajd .kq ,enQ w;r" by<
Kh yd uqo,a m%idrKh fya;=fjka WoaOukh u;
we;sh yels wl b,a mSvk uevmeje;af
wruqka 2015 w. Nd.fha isg uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh
l%ufhka lsu wdrN lrk ,' miq.sh jir
lsysmh uq`M,af,au meje;s wvq fmd,S wkqmd;sl
mirfhys n,mEu fya;=fjka fm!oa.,sl wxYhg
imhk ,o Kh m%udKh fkdlvjd by< hEu
ie,ls,a,g .kska" 2014 iema;enr ui isg
l%shd;aul jQ jg fj<|fmd< lghq;= hgf;a ks;H
;ekam;= myiqlu i|yd m%fY f mkjkq ,enQ
iSud" 2015 udr;= udifha uy nexl=j iska bj;a
lrk ,' fuu l%shdudr.h fya;=fjka flld,Sk
fmd,S wkqmd;slj, we;sh yels by< Wpdjpk
uevmeje;au i|yd" uy nexl=j 2015 wfm%a,a udifha "
ish m%Odk fmd,S wkqmd;sl jk" ks;H ;ekam;=
myiql wkqmd;slh iy ks;H Kh myiql
wkqmd;slh ms<sfj<ska" ishhg 6'00 iy ishhg 7'50
olajd mok wxl 50 lska wvq lrk ,' mqfrdal:k
blaujd hka Kh yd uqo,a iuia; ;jrg;a m%idrKh
u;a iu`." 2015 jir wjidkfha isg uy nexl=j
l%ufhka ish uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh lsug lghq;=
lf<ah' ta wkqj" tf;la l%shd;aul jQ ,sys,a uqo,a
m%;sm;a;s ia:djrfhys wjidkh iksgqyka lrka"
2016 ckjd ui 16 jeks k wdrN jk ix;
ld,mfofha isg l%shd;aul jk m" n,m;%,dNS
jdc nexl=j, ish remsh,a ;ekam;= j.lS i|yd
w< jk jHjia:dms; ix; wkqmd;h ishhg
7'50 olajd m%;sY;dxl 1'50 lska by< kxjk ,'
uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh lsu werug;a fmr" wdr:lfha
we;e f;dard.;a wxY fj; wl f,i Kh
iemhSu md,kh lsu i|yd 2015 wjidk ldr;=j
;=< m%;sm;a;s l%shdudr. /ila ykajd fok ,'
ta wkqj" r:jdyk , .ekSu iy Nd;d lsug
,nd fok Kh iy w;a;sldrj,g w<j" r:jdyk
wdkhkh i|yd jdc nexl= iu`. Khjr ,sms
jD; lsf n,mj;ajk ,o wju wdka;sl
uqo,a ;ekam;= wjYH;dj miqj idrj plaIK
l%shdudr.hla jYfhka Kh iy w;a;sldrj,g
w<j jkdlu u; Wmu Kh wkqmd;slhla

u.ska m%;sia:dmkh lrk ,' fuu l%shdudr. ;=<ska
ksuh wkqmd;sl ;SrKh lsf jvd;a kuHYS,S
m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsu iy rch iska n
jHqyfhys is l< fjkial hkd l%shdudr. iu`.
idrj wdr:l iy uQ,H moaO;s ia:dhS;dj Yla;su;a
lrk w;ru" fm!oa.,sl Kh yd w;a;sldrj,
by< jrOkh md,kh flfrkq we;ehs wfmalaId
fl' tfia jqj;a" wLKavj meje;s wl uqo,a
m%idrKh fya;=fjka" b,afuka weKq WoaOuk
mSvkhka ;j;a by< hEf yelshdj i,ld n,ka"
mQrj l%shdudr.hla f,i" 2016 fmnrjd 19 jk
kh wjidkfha isg l%shd;aul jk m" Y%S ,xld
uy nexl=f ks;H ;ekam;= myiql wkqmd;slh
iy ks;H Kh myiql wkqmd;slh" mok wxl
50 ne.ska" ms<sfj<ska" ishhg 6'50 iy ishhg 8'00
olajd by< kxjk ,'
foaYSh uqo,a fj<|fmd< ;=< meje;s remsh,a
jYS,;dj 2014 jifr olakg ,enqKq ugug
jvd wvq jqjo" 2015 jir mqrd th w;sla;j
mej;=' uy nexl=j iska NdKavd.dr ,am;a ,g
.ekSu yd rchg ;djld,sl w;a;sldr ,nd u
hk lreKq fya;=fjka jir uq, by< w;sla;
jYS,;djla mej;=' flfia jqj;a" foaYSh foaY
ksuh fj<|fmd<g fkdlvjd foaY ksuh
iemhSu" foaY Kh wdmiq f.u" uy nexl=j i;=
NdKavd.dr ,am;a ksh; ld,hg fmr mshu yd
ks;H moku hgf;a lsu iy fYaIfhkau" uy
ue;sjrK iuh ;=< jHjydr uqo,a ksl=;=j by<
hEu ms<sUq lrka" 2015 wf.daia;= udih muK
jk;=re w;sla; jYS,;dj l%ufhka my< .sfhah'
ta w;r flld,Sk fmd,S wkqmd;sl ia:dhS;dj
mj;ajd .ekSf
wruqka" uy nexl=j iska
tlak" flld,Sk yd .=ld,Sk mok u; foaYSh
uqo,a fj<|fmd< w;sla; jYS,;dj md,kh
lf<ah' flfia jqj;a" Y%S ,xld ixjrOk nelr
ksl=;=fjka ,o ,e Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j iska
,g .ekSu" m%d:l fj<|fmdf<ka Y%S ,xld uy
nexl=j je jYfhka NdKavd.dr ,am;a ,g
.ekSu iy cd;Hka;r iaffj;aj nelrfhka ,o
,ej,ska fldgila uy nexl=j ,g .ekSu fya;=
fldg f.k" 2015 iema;enr ui isg foaYSh uqo,a
fj<|fmdf<ys w;sla; jYS,;dj by< .sfhah'
2015 jir ;=<" tla k w;sla; jYS,;dj remsh,a
,shk 3'3 isg remsh,a ,shk 149'6 olajd mrdihl
yd remsh,a ,shk 76'6 l idudkH w.hl meje;s
w;r" 2015 jir wjidkh jk g iuia; w;sla;
jYS,;dj remsh,a ,shk 105'3 la h'

ks;H fmd,S wkqmd;sl fldfvdaj iy
f;dard.;a fj<|fmd< fmd,S wkqmd;sl
15
14
13
ishhg
12
11
10
9
8
7
5
foie'-10
fmn'-11
wfm%a'-11
cqks-11
wf.da'-11
Tla'-11
foie'-11
fmn'-12
wfm%a'-12
cqks-12
wf.da'-12
Tla'-12
foie'-12
fmn'-13
wfm%a'-13
cqks-13
wf.da'-13
Tla'-13
foie'-13
fmn'-14
wfm%a'-14
cqks-14
wf.da'-14
Tla'-14
foie'-14
fmn'-15
wfm%a'-15
cqks-15
wf.da'-15
Tla'-15
foie'-15
fmn'-16
ks;H fmd,S
wkqmd;sl
fldfvdaj
udisl n;
idudkH m%uqL
Kh wkqmd;slh
n; idudkH
taK uqo,a
wkqmd;slh
ûdih wjidkfha &
NdKavd.dr
,am;a M,
wkqmd;slh
^k 91&
n; idudkH
;ekam;=
wkqmd;slh
uy nexl=j ish uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh" uqo,a

b,lallrKh iy kuHYS,S WoaOuk b,lalrKh
hk oa;ajfhysu ,laIK iys; jehqKq l<
uqo,a m%;sm;a;s rduqjla hgf;a l%shd;aul lf<ah'
fuu jehqKq l< uqo,a m%;sm;a;s rduqj hgf;a"
wdr:lfha jrOkhg Wmld fjka ueld,Skj
WoaOukh ue ;ks w.hl ia:dhSj mj;ajd .ekSug
uy nexl=j W;aidy lrhs' g w< m%;sm;a;s
fufyhq l%shdj,sh ie,l+g" uqo,a m%;sm;a;sfhys
fufyhq b,lalh jk flld,Sk fmd,S
wkqmd;sl" fYaIfhka u n; idudkH talaIK
uqo,a wkqmd;slh" wfmalaIs; Ydjg yeisru i|yd"
uy nexl=j ish m%;sm;a;s WmlrK Nd;d lrhs'
ix; uqo,a ;jrg;a fufyhq b,lalhla f,i
i,lkq fkd,enqj o" uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul
lsf m%Odk w;rue p,Hhla f,i mq`M,a
uqo,a iemhqu (M2b) fhdod .efkk w;r" wfmalaIs;
WoaOuk b,lal iy uQr; o< foaYSh ksIamd;fha
jrOkh ie,ls,a,g .kska ilia lrkq ,nk
jdrIsl uqo,a jevigyfka th m%Odk p,Hhla f'
flfia jqjo" jir ;=< mq`M,a uqo,a iemhqf
jrOkh" tys mqfrdal:kh lrk ,o ugj,g
jvd ie,lsh hq;= f,i by< .sfhah'
rdcH iy fm!oa.,sl wxYhg ,nd ka Kh
m%idrKh fya;=fjka mq`M,a uqo,a iemhqf (M2b)
jrOkh 2015 jir ;=< by< .sfhah' jdrIsl
,laIHuh moku u; mq`M,a uqo,a iemhqf jrOkh
2014 jir wjidkfha meje;s ishhg 13'4 yd ieif

2015 jir wjidkh jk g ishhg 17'8 olajd
by< .sh w;r" jir ;=< mq`M,a uqo,a iemhqf
idudkH jrOkh ishhg 15'2 la h' jir ;=<
nexl= moaO;sh ;=< Y=oaO foaY j;al wvq jQ w;r"
foaYSh Kh m%idrKh fya;=fjka Y=oaO foaYSh j;al
by< hEu" mq`M,a uqo,a m%idrKh i|yd uq`Mukskau
fya;= h' 2015 jifr m<uq udi oyh ;=< nexl=
moaO;sh i;= Y=oaO foaYSh j;al remsh,a ,shk
413'6 lska ie,lsh hq;= f,i wvq jqjo" uy nexl=j
iska cd;Hka;r iaffj;aj nelr ksl=;=fjka
,o foaY ksufhka fldgila , .ekSu;a
iu`. jifr wjidk udi fol ;=< Y=oaO foaYSh
j;alj, h by< hEula fmkakq lf<ah'
ta wkqj" 2015 jir wjidkfha Y=oaO foaYSh
j;alj, my< hEu remsh,a ,shk 313'3 la h'
uy nexl=j iska foaYSh foaY ksuh fj<|fmd<
;=< foaY ksuh iemhSu by< hEu;a iu`." uy
nexl=j i;= Y=oaO foaYSh j;al jir ;=< remsh,a
,shk 111'8 lska wvq h' f w;r" flld,Sk
foaY Kh .ekS by< hEu fukau" wfkajdisl
foaY jHjydr uqo,a .sKq (NRFC) iy fkajdisl
cd;sl foaY jHjydr uqo,a .sKqj, (RNNFC)
fYaI by< hEu;a iu`. jdc nexl= i;= Y=oaO foaY
j;al 2015 jir ;=< remsh,a ,shk 201'5 lska
wvq h' rdcH iy fm!oa.,sl hk wxY fol fj;
,nd ka Kh m%udKh by< hEu fya;=fjka" Y=oaO
foaYSh j;al 2015 jir ;=< ishhg 26'0 lska
tk remsh,a ,shk 1"003'3 lska jrOkh h'
Y=oaO foaYSh j;al ;=<" rchg ,nd ka Y=oaO Kh"
rcfha whjeh u.ska weia;fka;=.; iSudj blaujd
remsh,a ,shk 323'6 lska ie,lsh hq;= f,i by<
.sfhah' rdcH wxYh fj; ,nd ka Y=oaO Kh
ie,lsh hq;= f,i by< hEu i|yd" foaY uQ,H
im;a ,e m%udo u" wdh /ia lsu wLKavj
wvq u iy rdcH ho by< hEu fya;=fjka rch
foaYSh Kh uQ,dY% flfrys je jYfhka fhduq u
fya;= h' NdKavd.dr ,am;a , .ekSu by<
hEu;a iu`." uy nexl=j iska rch fj; ,nd ka
Y=oaO Kh m%udKh 2015 jir ;=< remsh,a ,shk
80'3 lska by< .sh w;r" NdKavd.dr ,am;a iy Y%S
,xld ixjrOk nelrj, jQ wdfhdack by< hEu
fya;=fjka jdc nexl= iska rchg ,nd ka Y=oaO
Kh remsh,a ,shk 243'3 lska by< .sfhah' flfia
jqjo" .= mK; ld, iys; iq/l=m;a i|yd jdc
nexl=j, we;s jrKh wvq u ms<sUq lrka" jir
1'8 rEm
igyk
17
1'9 rEm
igyk
ugul meje;s fj<|fmd< Kh fmd,S wkqmd;sl

iy Kh fok wdh;k iska is lrk ,o ;r.ld
m%pdrKfhys m%;sM,hla f,i fm!oa.,sl wxYh
fj; ,nd ka Kh YS>%fhka jrOkh h' fm!oa.,sl
wxYh fj; ,nd ka Kh m%udKfhys idudkH by<
hEug wu;rj" 2015 Tlaf;danr udifha 'ta'iS'iS'
jrOk nexl=j iy 'ta'iS'iS' mSt,aiS taldnoaO tla
n,m;%,dNS jdc nexl=jla wdrN lsu fya;=fjka"
mq`M,a uqo,a iemhqu ;=< fm!oa.,sl wxYhg nexl=
iska ,nd ka Kh f;d.hg remsh,a ,shk 83 l
wu;r Kh m%udKhla o tl;= we;' f w;r"
iq/l= u; Kh iy w;a;sldr jr.SlrKhg
wkqj" fudagrr: jdyk wdkhk i|yd jQ by<
b,au ms<sUq lrka" l,an iy l=,Smsg .ekq
Kh m%udKh fmr jifr jdr;d jQ remsh,a ,shk
16'4 l by< hEu yd idfmalaIj 2015 jifr
remsh,a ,shk 65'6 lska ie,lsh hq;= f,i by<
.sfhah' 2014 jifr remsh,a ,shk 140'0 lska
ie,lsh hq;= f,i wvq jQ Wlia Kh w;a;sldrj,
wvq u 2015 jifr remsh,a ,shk 38'2 lg iSud
h' ;j o" jdc nexl= iska fm!oa.,sl wxYhg
,nd ka Kh iy w;a;sldr ms<sn| ldr;=uh
ilaIKhg wkqj" jir ;=< wdr:lfha m%Odk
wxY fj; Kh wLKavj .,d hEu ms<sUq lrka"
fiajd iy lrudka; hk wxY i|yd ,nd ka Kh
m%udKh" ms<sfj<ska" ishhg 34'1 lska iy ishhg
25'0 lska ie,lsh hq;= f,i jrOkh h'
fj<|fmd< fmd,S wkqmd;sl jifr wjidk
ld,h ;=< h by< hEula olakg ,enqK o"
2015 jir ;=< idfmalaIj wvq ugul meje;sK'
1'10 rEm
igyk
mq,a uqo,ays ^M2b& iy fm!oa.,sl wxYhg

,ndka Kfhys jdIsl ,laIHuh jOkh
40
35
30
60
140
50
120
100
40
ishhg
25
20
15
80
30
60
20
mq,a uqo,a iemhqf

jrOkh ^M2b&
fm!oa.,sl wxYhg ,nd ka

Kfhys jrOkh
2015
2014
2013
2011
2012
2009
2010
2008
2007
2005
0
2006
0
2004
foie'-15
wfm%a'-15
wf.da'-15
foie'-14
wfm%a'-14
wf.da'-14
foie'-13
wfm%a'-13
wf.da'-13
foie'-12
wf.da'-12
wfm%a'-12
foie'-11
wfm%a'-11
wf.da'-11
foie'-10
-5
20
2003
40
10
2001
2002
10
-10
o'foa'ks' fhys wkqmd;hla f,i iy

b;=rej, wkqmd;hla f,i Kh
o'foa'ks' fhys m%;sY;hla f,i fm!oa.,sl wxYhg ,ndka Kh

^]& - ^j wlaIh&
o'foa'ks' fhys m%;sY;hla f,i foaYSh Kh ^]& - ^j wlaIh&
foaYSh Kh yd b;=re wkqmd;h ^]& - ôl=Kq wlaIh&
18
ishhg
,sys,a uqo,a m%;sm;a;s ia:djrh wLKavj

meje;Sfuys m%;sM,hla f,i nexl= moaO;sh u.ska
fm!oa.,sl wxYhg imhk ,o Kh m%udKh
by< f.hlska jrOkh h' jdrIsl ,laIHuh
moku wkqj" fm!oa.,sl wxYh fj; ,nd ka Kh
m%udKh 2014 jir wjidkfha jdr;d l< ishhg
8'8 l jrOkhg idfmalaIj" 2015 jir wjidkfha
ishhg 25'1 olajd by< .sfhah' ta wkqj" fm!oa.,sl
wxYhg ,nd ka Kh m%udKh 2014 jifr jdr;d jQ
remsh,a ,shk 223'9 yd ieif 2015 jifr
remsh,a ,shk 691'4 lska je h' wLKavj wvq
ishhg
;=< jdc nexl= u.ska NdKavd.dr nelr u;

lrk ,o wdfhdack ^m%;s, .ekS .siq yer&
remsh,a ,shk 52'2 lska wvq h' rdcH nexl= iu`.
mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk rcfha fkdmshjQ whsrd
fYaIh" 2014 jir wjidkfha jdr;d l< remsh,a
,shk 114'6 yd ieif 2015 jir wjidkh
jk g remsh,a ,shk 125'1 olajd remsh,a ,shk
10'5 lska by< .sfhah' rdcH ixia:d iska ,nd .;a
Kh m%idrKh 2014 jifr jdr;d jQ remsh,a ,shk
80'9 l by< hEu yd idfmalaIj 2015 jifr
remsh,a ,shk 76'9 olajd iq`M jYfhka wvq h'
Y%S,xlka .=jka iud.u" ,xld Lkscf;,a kS;s.;
ixia:dj" udr. ixjrOk wldh iy wf,
uKav,h hk wdh;k ,nd.;a Kh m%udKh by<
hEu" jir ;=< rdcH ixia:dj,g ,nd ka Kh
m%idrKh i|yd m%Odk jYfhka fya;= jQ w;r"
,xld ,sn, uKav,h" ,xld fmdfydr iud.u
yd fld<U jdc fmdfydr iud.u ish fkdmshjQ
Khj,ska fldgila nexl= wxYh fj; mshjd we;'
i;sm;d n; idudkH m%uqL Kh wkqmd;slh 2014

jir wjidkfha meje;s ishhg 6'26 isg 2015 jir
wjidkfha ishhg 7'53 la olajd mok wxl 127 lska
by< .sfhah' uy nexl=j iska wkq.ukh lrk
,o uqo,a m%;sm;a;s l%shdudr. fukau uqo,a
fj<|fmd< w;sla; jYS,;dj wvq u iy rcfha
uQ,H wjYH;d by< hEu ms<sUq lrka" 2016 jifr
m<uq ldr;=j ;=< o fmd,S wkqmd;sl by< hEf
m%jK;dj wLKavj mej;='
uQ,H wxYfha jOkhka

foaYSh fukau f.da,Sh wksYa;;djhka
ksid mekk`.sk fj<|fmd< Wpdjpkj,g
Tfrd;a;= f yelshdj wLKavj fmkakq lrka
uQ,H wxYh 2015 jifr hym;a ldrhidOkhla
fmkah' uQ,H wdh;k ms<sn|j i,ld ne l,
nexl= wxYh" wvq fmd,S wkqmd;sl jd;djrKh ;=<
Kh b,au by< hEu ksid nexl= lafIa;%fhys
jHdmdl lghq;=j, m%idrKhla fmkakq lrk
,o w;r" by< ,dNhS;ajh yd wNHka;r m%d.aOk
W;amdokh wys;lr lmk ksid we;sh yels
wjk wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSf yelshdj jrOkh
lr .ekSug mdol we;' jir ;=< nexl= wxYfha
j;alj, .=Kd;aulNdjh jrOkh h' uQ,H
yd l,an iud. wxYh o by< ldrhidOkhla
jdr;d lrk ,o w;r foaYSh uQ,H moaO;sfha iuia;
j;alj,g ork idfmalaI hl;ajh by< hEfuka
fuu ;;a;ajh ms<sUq h' jYS,;d .eg iys; uQ,H
wdh;k lsysmhl ;ekam;alrejka yd wdfhdaclhka
/l .ekSu i|yd 2015 jifr o Y%S ,xld uy
nexl=j iska kshduk uey;a is lrk ,' rdcH
iq/l=m;a fj<|fmdf<ys m%d:l fj<kaf.a
jHdmdr YS>%fhka m%idrKh jqjo" fufyhq
lghq;=j, b;d iq`M ldrhidOkhla fmkakq
l< w;r" tla m%d:l .kqfokqlrejl= jYS,;d
.egj,g uqyqKu fya;=fjka wdfhdaclhkaf.a
Yajdih wLKavj mj;ajd .ekSug yd rdcH
iq/l=m;a fj<|fmdf<ys fufyhq lghq;=j, iqug
l%shdld;ajhg myiql ie,iSu i|yd kshduk
uey;aj, wjYH;dj mekke.=' fj<|fmd<
meje;s wvq fmd,S wkqmd;sl yuqf jqjo .siq.;
b;slsf wdh;k miq.sh jifr ,enQ m%;s,dNj,g
wdikak jHdmdr m%;s,dNhla ,nd .ekSug iu;a
h' wfkl=;a nexl= fkdjk uQ,H wdh;k o"
jHdmdr jrOkhka jdr;d l< o tajdfha jHdmdr
wdlD;s fukau meje;s uQ,H fj<|fmd< ;;a;aj
2014 iema;enr udifha isg ks;H ;ekam;=

myiql u; iSud meku fya;=fjka ks;H ;ekam;=
myiql wkqmd;slhg;a jvd my< ugul meje;s
n; idudkH talaIK uqo,a wkqmd;slh ks;H
;ekam;= myiqlu i|yd m%fY u u; mkjd
;snQ iSud bj;a lsf m%;sM,hla f,i" 2015 udr;=
udifha by< .sfhah' 2015 wfm%a,a ui fmd,S
wkqmd;sl my< u;a iu`. n; idudkH
talaIK uqo,a wkqmd;slh wvq 2015 wf.daia;=
udih olajd m%;sm;a;s fmd,S wkqmd;sl fldfvdaf
my< iSudj wdikakfhys mej;=K o" wk;=rej tys
lsish by< hEula fmkakq lf<ah' n; idudkH
talaIK uqo,a wkqmd;slfha fuu fjkia ;=<ska"
foaYSh uqo,a fj<|fmd< ;=< w;sla; jYS,;dj wvq
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wkqmd;slh 2014 jir wjidkfha meje;s ishhg
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n; idudkH ia:djr ;ekam;= wkqmd;slh 2014
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2017
2014
2015
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2.9
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1.9
2.4
1.6
2.2
0.5
3.2
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21
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l<ukdlrK ^j.lS& mkf;ys ixfYdaOkhka iy
2015 fkdjenr udifha rch iska m%ldYhg
m;al< m" jir 2020 jk g whjeh ysh
o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i ishhg 3'5 olajd wvq
lsug wfmalaIs; w;r" rdcH Kh iy o'foa'ks'
w;r wkqmd;h fuu ld,h ;=< ishhg 60'0 olajd
wvq lsug wfmalaIs;h' wdh wxYh ie,lSf
ir, n l%uhla" mq,a n mokula" by< n

wkql+,;djla iy je hqKq jQ n mmd,khla
u.ska rcfha wdh /ia lsu by< kexug
wfmaalaIs;h' f w;r" wdh n fomdr;fka;=f
wdh mmd,k l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;sh"
Y%S ,xld fr.=fjys ;ks m%fY moaO;sh iy uyd
NdKavd.drfhys taldnoaO NdKavd.dr f;dr;=re
yd l<ukdlrK moaO;sSka u.ska wdh mmd,k
l%shdj,sfhys ie,lsh hq;= jrOkhla is jkq
we;ehs wfmalaIs;h' kg is flfrka mj;sk
rdcH uQ,H tald.%;d l%shdj,shg ;jrg;a iydh
olajka rdcH ho ;drlSlrKh lsu yd rdcH
wdfhdack ;sridr ugul mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd
uqo,a wud;HdxYfha cd;sl whjeh fomdr;fka;=j
;=< whjeh l%shd;aul lsf yd kshdukh
lsf tallh msysgqu jeks l%shdudr. ykajd
fok ,' ho wxYh ie,lSf " rcfha ho
;drlSlrKh i|yd jk rcfha m%h;akh iy M,hS
fkdjk ho lmd yeu u.ska mqkrdjr;k
hou o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i ue ld,Skj
ishhg 15'0 g jvd wvq ugul mj;ajdf.k hdug
wfmalaIs;h' ta wkqj" rcfha b;=re ;;a;ajh ms<sUq
lrk jr;k .sKqf fYaIh ue ld,Skj l%ufhka
jrOkh fjka ;sridr udj;lg fhduq jkq we;ehs
wfmalaIs;h'
ueld,Sk uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh" WoaOukh ue;ks w.hl ugf mj;ajd .ekSu iy wdr:lhg
<dlr .; yels Wmu ksIamdok ugu w;alr
.ekSug myiql iemhSu flfrys fhduq jkq we;'
ta hgf;a" Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j ish uqo,a m%;sm;a;s
fufyhq" , yd wdr:l ia:dhS;dj b,lal
lr.kska kuHYS,S WoaOuk b,lallrK rduqjlg
keUqre jQ jehqKq l< uqo,a m%;sm;a;s rduqjla ;=<
l%shd;aul lrkq we;' fuu uqo,a m%;sm;a;s rduqfjys
fufyhq b,lalh jk n; idudkH talaIK
uqo,a wkqmd;slh wfmalaIs; Ydjg yeisru i|yd
fYaIfhka" fj<|fmd< mok lr.;a m%;sm;a;s
fmd,S wkqmd;sl WmlrK iy jg fj<|fmd<
l%shdldrl flfrys je wjOdkhla fhduq flfr'
mq,a uqo,a iemhqu" uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul
lsf fhd .kakd m%Odk w;rue p,Hhla
f,i wLKavj mj;skq we;' ta wkqj" mq,a uqo,a
iemhqf jrOkh m%Odk p,Hhla f,i i,lkq
,nk jdrIsl uqo,a jevigyk" wfmalaIs; kdl
o< foaYSh ksIamd;hg yd .e<fmk m mj;ajd
.ekSug wfmalaId flfr' f w;r" uE;l .kq
,enQ m%;sm;a;s l%shdudr.j, iydh ,nd.kska 2015
;r.ld;ajh iy f.da,Sh b,au h:d ;;a;ajhg

m;ajkq we;ehs jk wfmalaIdj iu 2015 jifr
miqnEula jdr;d l< wmkhk" ueld,fha
by< hkq we;ehs wfmalaIs;h' f w;r" Y%S ,xldj
f.da,Sh w.h uh ;=< ia:dms; lsug ykajd ka
m%;sm;a;suh l%shdudr.j,ska wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ,eu
u.ska fj<| wxYfha fiajd bmehq l%lj jrOkh
jkq we;ehs wfmalaId flfr' flfia fj;;a" foaYSh
/lshd wjia:d by< hEu" wrO-mqyqKq yd mqqyqKq ldKav
hgf;a ixl%uKh wffOrhu;a lsu iy ueofmr.
yd hqfrdamh jeks idm%hsl .ukdka;j, wdr:l
yd N+-foaYmd,k wksYa;djhkays m%;sM,hla f,i
foaY /lshd i|yd jk ixl%uKhka wvq f
m%;sM,hla f,i foaY fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a
fm%aIKj, miqnEula h yels nj wfmalaId flfr'
uQ,H .sKqf .,dtaj, wfmalaIs; by< hEu iu
f.jq ;=,kfha iuia; ;;a;ajh o ue ld,Skj
by< hkq we;ehs wfmalaId flfr' wdfhdaclhka
i|yd ndOd rys; mirhla ksrudKh lsug
wdfhdack uKav,h u.ska ish ldrhhka tlu
ia:dkhlska bgqlr .ekSf myiql iys; tallhla
(one-stop-shop) msysgqu we;=j rch iska .kakd
,o m%;sm;a;s l%shdudr. u.ska foaY iDcq wdfhdack
ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla wdlrIKh lr .ekSug
wfmalaIs;h' f.jq ;=,kfha wfmalaIs; jrOkh;a
iu rfgys foaY ix; Yla;su;a lrka ndysr
lmkhkag uqyqK f yelshdj jehqKq jkq
we;ehs wfmalaId flfr'
23

1'5 ixLHd
igyk
24
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tallh
uQr;
wxYh
uQr;
o'foa'ks' jrOkh ^wE&
fj<|fmd< , wkqj o'foa'ks' ^wE&
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tal mqo.
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foaYh
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cd;sl b;sls ^wE&
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remsh,a ,shk
ishhg
t'c'fvd,r
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fj<| mr;rh ^wE&
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cx.u .sKf
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foaYh
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t'c'fvd,r ,shk
t'c'fvd,r ,shk
wdkhksl udi jYfhka
rdcH uQ,H wxYh ^b&

iuia; wdh iy m%k
hou yd Y=oO
a Kh
jr;k .sKf
q fYaIh
iuia; whjeh ys`.h
uOHu rcfha Kh
o'foa'ks'fha
o'foa'ks'fha
o'foa'ks'fha
o'foa'ks'fha
o'foa'ks'fha
uQo,a wxYh ^B&

mq,a uqo,a jrOkh (M2b)
fm!oa.,sl wxYhg ,nd ka Kh jrOkh
ishhg
ishhg
]
]
]
]
]
jYfhka
jYfhka
jYfhka
jYfhka
jYfhka
2014 ^wd&
2015 ^we&
2016
2017
2018
2019
4.9^we&
4.8
5.8
6.3
7.0
7.0
10,448^we&
3.3^we&
3,853^we&
32.0^we&
24.0^we&
29.5^we&
11,183
0.9
3,924
30.1
22.6
27.8
12,307
4.0
4,008
30.3
23.8
28.1
13,614
4.0
4,298
30.9
24.6
29.1
15,155
4.0
4,704
31.0
25.3
29.5
16,863
4.0
5,181
32.0
26.7
30.6
-10.4
11,130
19,417
-10.2
10,505
18,935
-9.5
10,853
18,920
-9.7
11,542
20,500
-9.7
12,057
21,940
-9.6
12,589
23,387
-2.5
-2.4
-2.1
-1.8
-1.5
-1.4
5.1
4.6
4.0
4.2
4.5
4.6
11.5
13.1
12.7
13.5
13.9
14.9
17.2
20.5
18.0
18.5
18.4
18.9
-1.2
-2.2
-1.4
-0.7
0.0
0.6
-5.7
-7.4
-5.4
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
70.7
76.0
74.0
70.0
66.0
63.0
13.4
17.8
9.0
10.5
11.5
11.5
8.8
25.1
12.0
11.0
11.5
12.0
^w& 2016 udr;= ueo jkg meje;s f;dr;=re u; mok we;'

^wd& ixfYda;
^we& ;djld,sl
^wE& ckf,aLk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomdr;fka;=j iska 2010 mok jrIh hgf;a ksl=;a lrk ,o o'foa'ks'
weia;fka;= u; mok f'
^b& ue ld,Sk rdcH uQ,H orYl uqo,a wud;HdxYh iska ixfYdaOkh lrk ,o 2016 jir iòyd jQ ixLHd
o;a; u; mok f'
^B& jir wjidkfha ,CIHuh jrOkh
jifr by< w.hlska jrOkh jQ Kh iy uqo,a

iuia;j, jrOkh ueld,Skj ukao.d jkq we;ehs
wfmalaId lrk w;r" tu.ska WoaOukh ue-;ks
w.hl ugf mj;ajd .ekSu iy;sl lrkq we;'
WoaOuk wruqKq <dlr .ekSu flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrk w;ru" wdr:lh by< jrOk udj;lg
wj;SrK u i|yd myiql iemhSug m%udKj;a
m Kh wdr:lh ;=< mj;ajd .ekSu ;yjqre
lsug uy nexl=j l%shdlrkq we;' rdcH uQ,H
tald.%;djh Yla;su;a lsug rch iska .kakd
m%h;akhkag iu.dj nexl= wxYh fj;ska rchg
,ndfok Kh my< hkq we;ehs wfmalaIs; w;r"
tu.ska jvd;a M,hS fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack i|yd
wu;r im;a m%udKhla uqodyeh yels jkq we;'
f.jq fYaIfhys uQ,H .sKqu i|yd jk wfmalaIs;
by< ,e iu nexl= moaO;sh i;= foaYSh j;al
by< hkq we;ehs o wfmalaIs;h'
mqfrdal:k

uqo,a wud;HxYh

Y%s ,xld uy nexl=j
1'5 .eg iy m%;sm;a;s

ie,iq lrk ,o ueld,Sk rdcH uQ,H
tAld.%;djh <`.d lr.ekSu" rdcH Kh wvqlr
.ekSu iy hym;a idrj wdr:l laula iòyd
jk wfmalaIdjka Yla;su;a lsu iòyd w;HjYH
m%;sixialrK ;=<ska rdcH uQ,H ldrhidOkh
jrOkh lr.ekSu m%Odk wjYH;djla f' rcfha
wdhu by< kexu" rcfha ho l<ukdlrKh
jehqKq lsu iy fYaIfhka rch i;=
jHjidhhka m%;sixialrKh lsu we;= wfkla
m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsu fukau rdcH uQ,H
l<ukdlrKh jrOkh lsu fuys jeo.;a f'
rdcH uQ,H tald.%;dj <dlr .ekSu i|yd
miq.sh rchka iska m%h;ak rej o fYaIfhka n
wdhu we;= rcfha wdhu o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla
f,i miq.sh jir lsysmfha wvq h' flfia
kuq;a" tla jrla muKla f.h hq;= n ykajd u
tA iòyd rch M,hS fkdjk ho wvq lsu iy

je jYfhkau wjYH;d mj;sk mqoa.,hka i|yd
wjYH iyfhda.h iemhSug kg l%shd;aul jk
iykdOdr fhdackd l%uhkays ;sridr nj ;lafiare
l< hq;=h' f.fhka by< hk mqkrdjr;k ho
ksid rdcH wdfhdack i|yd fjka l< yels im;a
m%udKh iSud flfrk w;r" tu.ska rf jrOk
wfmalaIdjkag n,mE we;s lrkq ,nhs' by< rdcH
Kh m%udKhla mj;sk jd;djrKhla ;=< uQ,H
im;aj,ska Yd, m%udKhla Kh wdmiq f.
iy fmd,S f. i|yd fjka lsug isjk w;r
tu ksid wdr:l jrOk lghq;= iy w;HjYH iqN
idOk fiajd mj;ajdf.k hEu iòyd rdcH uQ,H
lghq;= islsf yelshdj ie,lsh hq;= f,i wvqf'
ta w;ru" by< whjeh yshla uOHfha rcfha Kh
.ekS by< hEfuka fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdfhdack
wvq h yels w;r" nexl= wxYfhka Kh ,nd.ekSfuka
uqo,a l<ukdlrKh u; fukau ksuh wkqmd;
ia:dhS;dj mj;ajd .ekSu flfrys o wNsfhda. we;s
lrkq we;' tneka rdcH uQ,H tald.%;dj i|yd
jk m%h;akhka Yla;su;a lsug hqyqiqj lghq;=
lsu wjYH f'
ta yd iudk jeo.;a .egjla jk rch i;=
jdc jHjidhhka i|yd jk m%;sixialrK b;d
l,amkdld iy wjOdkfhka hq;=j Wmdhudr.sl
f,i rf iudc" wdr:l iy foaYmd,k miqu
;=< l%shd;aul l< hq;= w;r" ish mdrYajlrejka
iy uyck;djg tu m%;sixialrK we;s lsf
moku iy tjeks m%;sixialrK fkdue;s fuka
ue ld,Skj iy .= ld,Skj we;s h yels
m%;smdl ms<sn| m%udKj;a m kqj;a lsu iy
my u is l< hq;=h' msjeh ms<sUq fkdjk
, m%;sm;a;s" rj, uQ,H l<ukdlrKh" rj,
hy md,kh" fiajlhka wvq M,hSs;djlska hq;=j
Nd;d lsu" rj, wNHka;r md,kh" jHqyd;aul
rj,;d iy foaYmd,k uey;a hkd
fya;= .Kkdjla u; rch i;= fndfyda jdc
jHjidhhka jir .Kkdjla ;siafia wLKavj
mdvq ,nd we;' rch i;= jdc jHjidhhkaf.a
fuu w,dN ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlska tla /iau
rf wdr:l wfmalaId i|yd wLKavj ndOd we;s
lrk nrm;, .egjla we;' fuu .eg
yd w,dN i|yd fya;= ksis f,i ykd .ekSu
iy w< wdh;k kej; k.disgqu i|yd
W; l,am l%u iudf,dapkh lsu" msjeh
iy fudagr jdyk wdkhk u; jQ ksIamdok n

wdhu by< hEu fya;=fjka 2015 jifr wdhu
by< hk ,' n f. meyeryeu iy u.yeu"
wl n iyk yd n ksoyia ls" l,ska l,g .kq
,nk rdcH wdhu wdY%s; m%;sm;a;s l%shdudr. iy
wdh mmd,kfhys mj;sk rj,;d f i|yd
Yd, jYfhka fya;= h' ta wkqj" o'foa'ks'fhys
m%;sY;hla f,i wdhu wvqf m%jK;dj
;sridr mokula hgf;a fjkia lsu i|yd yd n
l%u ;=<ska n /ia lsug we;s yelshdj jrOkh
lr .ekSu i|yd rfgys n jHqyh ;jrg;a
;drlSlrKh lsu wjYH f' fuu wruqKq bgqlr
.ekSu i|yd n jHqyh ir, lsu" n moku mq,a
lsu" n wkql+,;dj by< kexu" n iyk yd
ksoyia ls wju lsu" n moaO;sfhys idOdrK
nj we;s lsu iy n mmd,kh Yla;su;a lsu
i|yd rcfha wjOdkh fhduq u wjYH f'
fYaIfhkau" kg mj;sk iDcq n iy jl% n
w;r wkqmd;h ;=< Rcq n by< kexu flfrys
rcfha m%;sm;a;sh fhduq we;s neka wdh n
wdhu ;jrg;a Yla;su;a lsu wjYH f' Bg
iu.dj" kg is jk n kS;s kej; flgqm;a
lsf ldrhh imQrK lsug ffk;sl rduqj
i|yd wjYH jehqKq ls iòyd n kS;sj,
mj;sk rj,;d fukau ixlSrK;d ykd .ekSug
n kS;s inkaO O wxY wdjrKh jk m mq,a
we.hSula lsu o wjYH f' idfmalaIj wdkhkh
yd inkaO n u; wl f,i r meje;Su ksid
rfgys n moaO;sh foaYSh wxYfha ldrhidOkh
u; wjodkulg ,la h yels w;r" rfgys n
moaO;sh kej; ilia lsf fuu ;;a;ajh
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h' fujeks m%;sjHqy.; lsula
u.ska rfgys foaYSh ;r.ld;ajh iy;sl lsu
i|yd o myiql iemhsh hq;= f' foaYSh wdh
fomdr;fka;=f wdh mmd,k l<ukdlrK
f;dr;=re moaO;sh o we;=j m.Kl.; lrk ,o
n mmd,k moaO;shla ia:dms; lsu i|yd jk
rcfha W;aidyh meiish hq;= w;r" ixia:dms; yd
ixia:dms; fkdjk n wxY i|yd n wkql+,;djh
jrOkh lsug ;jrg;a W;aidy .; hq;=h' n
moaO;sh ir, lsu fukau .eg ksrdlrKh
i|yd jk hdka;%Kh f.j;a lsu" wdh
bmehSu flfrys Okd;aulj n,mEug wu;rj"
Y%S ,xldj ;=< jHdmdr mj;ajd f.k hEf (Doing
Business) fY%aKs.; lsu o by< kxjkq we;'
ho wxYh ie,lSf " ho jevigykaj,
.=Kd;aulNdjh by< kexu wjYH jk w;r"
25
26
ms<sUq jk , l%fudamdhhka" l<ukdlrKh yd

wf,lrK fYaI{ kqu" jvd fyd| md,khka"
m%;sm%d.aOkSlrKh we;= wjYH;d ykd .ekSu
jeks m%dfhda.sl l%fudamdh wkq.ukh lsu" rch i;=
jdc jHjidhhkaf.a uQ,H YlH;dj by<kexu
i|yd jeo.;a f'
ndysr lmkhkag Tfrd;a;= ug yelsjk
m foaYSh wxYh Yla;su;aj mj;ajd .ekSu
i|yd" foaYSh iDcq wdfhdackhka iy wdr:l
jrOkh by< kexug Wmld jk .=ld,Sk uQ,H
.,dta jeks Kh fkdjk foaY wdfhdackhka
rg fj; wdlrIKh lr .ekSf wNsfhda.h
ch .ekSug iduQysl m%h;akhla wjYH jkq we;'
uE; jir lsysmh ;=< jdr;d l< jrOkhka
yereKq g" Y%S ,xldj .ska .gu f.jq ;=,kfha
cx.u .sKqf yshka mj;ajd f.k f.dia we;s
w;r" th" Kh nr we;s lrk uQ,H m%jdyj,ska
fyda tfia ke;fyd;a foaY ix; u.ska tu
ysh uQ,Hkh lsf wjYH;dj we;s lrk ,'
Y%S ,xldf jeys hemq wkqmd;h by< hEu
iu ck ixhq;sfhys fjkia ula is fjka
mj;sk neka ck.ykfhka fuu ldKavh
i|yd jk rdcH ho by< hkq we;ehs wfmalaId
flfrk w;r" tu.ska rdcH wxYfha b;=re
flfrys wys;lr n,mEula we;s jkq we;' g
wu;rj" mj;akd Y%u n,ldfha M,odhS;dj yd
idx.l b;=re by< kexu is fkdl<fyd;a
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha b;=re wvqjkq we;' cx.u
.sKqf ysh yd iudk b;=re-wdfhdack mr;rh
;jrg;a mq,a jkq we;s w;r" tu mr;rh foaY
uQ,dY%j,ska uQ,Hkh lsug isjkq we;' 2015
jifr " f;,a , my< hEu iy ueofmr.
rgj, meje;s fkdikaiqkaNdjh fya;=fjka foaY
fiajd kshqla;slhskaf.a fm%aIKj, lemS fmfkk
wvq ula is jQ m" f,dj mqrd isjk wdr:l yd
N+-foaYmd,k fjkia u.ska fmkakq lr we;af;a
wod< rgj, wdr:l yd foaYmd,k p,;djkag
myiqfjka k;= jk neka cx.u .sKqf ysh
mshjd .ekSu i|yd foaY fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a
fm%aIK iy foaYSh Kh .ekS u; imQrKfhka
r isu Ialr jk njhs' Y%S ,xldj iykdohS
fldkafoais u; nyqmdrYah wdh;kj,ska Kh
,nd.ekSf idr:l ;snQ kuq;a" my< uOHu
wdh ,nk rgla njg mjr;kh f
m%;sM,hla f,i ;jrg;a tfia Kh ,nd.ekSug
fkdyels jkq we;' ;jo" hqKq wdr:lhka ;=< is
fjka mj;sk uqo,a m%;sm;a;s idudkHlrKh u.ska

Kh .ekSf msjeh by< kxjkq we;' jHdmdr
werf myiql ldrhlaIu lsu" kjH;d we;s
m%Odk foaY fj<|fmd<j, wdfhdack m%jrOk
lghq;= l%shd;aul lsu iy wfhdack wjia:d ms<sn|
f;dr;=re ,ndu jeks l%shdudr. ;=<ska foaYSh iDcq
wdfhdack iy fm!oaa.,sl wxYfha wfkl=;a m%jdy
b jir lsysmh ;=< lkka ,nd.ekSu i|yd
jk m%;sm;a;s hqyqiqj l%shd;aul lsug m%uqL;dj
,ndh hq;=h' ksuh md,k fr.=,dis ,sys,a lsu"
idrj wdr:l mirh Yla;su;a lsu fukau rg
;=< by< foaYmd,k ia:djrNdjhla meje;Su u.ska
wdfhdack .kajkq we;s w;r" foaY wdfhdack
u;a lsu i|yd ;jrg;a l%shdudr. .; hq;=h'
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,nd.; yels Wmu jrOk ;;a;ajhg m;alr
.ekSug jHdmdr mj;ajd f.k hEf fY%a.;
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yd ia:dhS WoaOukh jeks ys;lr wdr:l orYlj,g
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whs;sh iy;sl lsu o foaYSh wdr:lh flfrys
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whs;sh yd inkaO kS;s wksYa;;dj" tlsfklg
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;r`.ld;aj ;=<ska m%;s,dN ,nk NdKav yd fiajd
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.sh o" o'foa'ks'fhys m%;sY;hla f,i wmkhk 2000
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idfmalaIj Y%S ,xldf wmkhkj, ;r.ld;ajh
wvq u fmkakq lrka f.da,Sh wmkhk i|yd
Y%S ,xldf wmkhk olajk hl;ajh o g
iudk wdldrhlska wvq h' tu ksid" foaY
fj<| .sKqu jehqKq lsu i|yd Y%S ,xldf
ndysr ;r.ld;ajh jehqKq lsu w;HjYH f'

Y%S ,xldf o;djh" wdodh Iu;dj iy <ud fmdaIK W!k;d
inkaOfhka jk iudc-wdl wNsfhda.
ksoyi ,enQ k isg f olajd ld,h ;=< Y%S ,xldj

l%ufhka lDIslrudka;h uQ,sl lr.;a wvq wdh
wdr:lhl isg jvd Odx.SlrKh jQ fiajd uQ,sl
lr.;a my< ue wdh ,nk wdr:lhla njg m;a
we;' fYaIfhkau wOHdmkh iy fi!LHh jeks iudc
ixjrOk wxY ;=< we;s jQ lemS fmfkk ixjrOkh
fuu wdr:l mjr;khg jvd;a Wmld h' Y%S ,xldj
ixjrOk m%;sm;a;s pl%h ;=< ch.%yKhla w;alrf.k
;snqK o fYaIfhkau o;djh" wdh Iu;dj
iy <ud fmdaIK W!k;d jeks wxYj, mj;sk .eg
fya;=fjka tu jrOkh mj;ajdf.k hEf iudc
wdr:l mjr;kh flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlsug
isj we;' wdr:lfha iEu wxYhlu O wNsfhda.
mj;sk w;r" o;djh" wdh Iu;dj iy <ud
fmdaIK W!k;d jeks .eg u.ska wdr:l jrOkh
f,i rj, lsug iy iudc fkdikaiqka;dj
we;s lsug yels nj wOHhk u.ska fmkajd fohs'
tu ksid" ck;djf.a jk ;;a;ajh Wiia lsug
iy ;sridr wdr:l jrOkh yd ixjrOkh <`.dlr
.ekSug fuu fYaIs; wxY ;=fkys wNsfhda. i,ld
ne,Su w;HjYH f'
ugka <snj wvlska wvq lsf iyY% ixjrOk

wNsu;drhkays (Millennium Development Goals) jk
b,lal imqrd .ekSug yelshdj ,e we;' o
frLdjg2 my<ska j;a jk mqoa.,hska uq`M ck.ykfha
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o;djh uekSu i|yd nyq,ju Nd;d lrk u
jk w;r" ta wkqj Y%S ,xldf o;djh 1995$96 jifr
meje;s ishhg 28'8 isg 2009$10 jir jk g ishhg 8'9
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we;' 2009$10 jifr o;d orYlh wkqj ,shk
1'8 la jQ o;djfhka fmf,k mqoa.,hska ixLHdjg
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lsu i|yd Nd;d lrkq ,nk oe o;d frLdj
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,xldf o;djh wka;rcd;sl iu;hg jvd wvq
w.hl mj;S'3 fuu ksrjpkhg wkqj" 2002 jifr
ishhg 13 la j meje;s Y%S ,xldf o;d ugu
2012$2013 jifr ishhg 3 lg jvd wvq w.hlg
my; jegq'
o;djh
o;djfha fuu ie,lsh hq;= my< hEu" fYaIfhkau

o;d frLdfjka my< ugf j;a jk mqoa.,hska
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by< kexu i|yd meje;s rchka iska l%shd;aul
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b,lal lr .;a iykdOdr jevigyka" wdydr iykdOdr
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idudkH fmd iqnidOkh i|yd jQ rdcH hoka is
l< jevigyka hkdh f i|yd we;=<;a h'
o;djh hkq l=ula o lshd uf.ka fkduikak'

ula ksid o h;a" uf.a ksjiska msg; Tng th yuq
we;' ksji foi n,d tys we;s isre ixLHdj .Kka
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n,kak' ish fohla foiu n,d Tn olsk foa ,shkak'
tA Tn olsk foh o;djhhs'
- <s mqoa.,fhla" flkahdj 19971
o;djh f,i idudkHfhka ksrjpkh lrkq

,nkafka l=gqNhkag yd mqoa.,hskag Tjqkaf.a
wjYH;djhka imqrd .ekSu i|yd wjYH m%udKhg
im;a fyda yelshdjka mj;S o hkakhs' o;djh
yd ine jQ Ialr;djhka ke;s lsu i|yd nyqO
l%shdudr. f.k ;snqK o ;jrg;a mj;sk o;djfha
ixfla; fya;=fjka" f.da,Sh ixjrOk kHdh m;%fha
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,e we;'
Y%S ,xldj o;djh wvq lsu inkaOfhka ie,lsh
hq;= m%.;shla w;alrf.k we;s w;r ta wkqj ksh;
ld,h jQ 2015 g jir 7 lg fmrd;=j cd;sl
1 "Can Anyone Hear Us? Voices From 47 Countries". Deepa Narayan
with Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher and Sarah Koch-Schulte,
Poverty Group, PREM" World Bank" December 1999, P.26.
jir .Kkdjla ;=< o;dj l%ufhka wvq lr .kska

iy 2000-2015 w;r ld,h ;=< o;djh y wvlska
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mfNdack hou remsh,a 3"624 g wvq .Dy ldKavhkays fjfik mqoa.,hska
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we;' ckf,aLk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomdr;fka;=j iska jir ;=klg
jrla mj;ajkq ,nk .Dy tall wdh yd ho ilaIKfha (HIES)
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fhd f.k ks, o;d frLdj ksrKh lr we;' kj;u .Dy tall
wdh yd ho ilaIKh 2012$13 jrI i|yd h'
3 Oxfam Issue Briefing, Wealth: Having it All and Wanting More, January
2015
wdl"
wdl",
,iy
iy uQ,H moaO;s ia:dhS;dj" b lau iy m%;sm;a;s
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27
iEu ;eklu ishu wdldrj,ska mj;sk o;dj

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we;' Y%S ,xldj inkaOfhka .;a l, fYaIfhkau
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mphka ms<sn| lKavdhu ilia l< o;d is;shu
u.ska m%dfoaYSh f,al fldGdY ugf o;d
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ia;%slalfha m%dfoaYSh f,al fldGdYj, ck.yk
o;d orYlh ishhg 5'3 isg ishhg 45'1 olajd
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ishu m%dfoaYSh f,al fldGdYj, ie,lsh hq;=
ugf W.% o;djhla mej;s' iuyr ia;%slalj,
o;dj wvq ugul meje;s w;r iuia;hla f,i
.;a l, uykqjr ia;%slalfha wl=rK iy ;%sl=Kdu,
ia;%slalfha lskakshd jeks iuyr m%dfoaYSh f,al
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mj;S' ck.yk o;d orYlh ishhg 0'6 la jdr;d
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mj;sk o;djfha N+-f.da,Sh Iu;d kslaIKh l<
yel' ck.yk o;d orYlh by< ugul mej;Su
u.ska" ck.ykfhka by< m%;sY;hla <sNdjfhka
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ukakdru ia;%slalj, ck.yk o;d orYl w.hka
ms<sfj<ska ishhg 28'8 la iy ishhg 20'1 la jqj o
fuu ia;%slalj, isk ck.ykh rfgys uq <s
ck.ykfha m%;sY;hla f,i ishhg 3'4 la muKla
u iy ck.yk o;d orYl w.h ishhg 6'5 la jk
l=reKE., ia;%slalfha <s ck.yk m%;sY;h ishhg
7'6 la u u.ska fuh ms<sUq f'
fuu l,dmSh Iu;d" iuia; o;djh wvq lr
.ekSfuka f olajd rg <`.d lr .;a ch.%yK i|yd
mSvdjka t,a, lr we;s neka mj;akd wiu;a wxYhka
4 The Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Sri Lanka, ckf,aLk yd
ixLHdf,aLk fomdr;fka;=j - Sri Lanka and Poverty Global Practice,
f,dal nexl= iuQyh - 2015 wf.daia;=
28
ixLHd igyk
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.SNdjfhka fmf<kakkaf.a wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd
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M,odhS;dj jrOkh lsug wjYH b,lal iy;sl lsu
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iq`M;rh iska cd;sl wdhfuys je jk fldgia
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by< .sh o" ie,lsh hq;= wdh Iu;djka
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udisl .Dy tall wdh ms<sfj<ska remsh,a 45"878 la yd
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g" fld<U ia;%slalh by<u udisl uOHkH .Dy
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5 Oxfam Issue Briefing, Wealth: Having It All and Wanting More,
2015 ckjd
ixLHd igyk
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oYul ldKavh
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29
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nj" wdydr nyq, f,dalhl mj;sk l=i.skak yd
fmdaIK W!k;djh u.ska w`.jkq ,nhs' flia fj;;a"
fmdaIK W!k;d fYaIfhkau CIq fmdaIK W!k;d"
o;djfhka ug mqoa.,hkag we;s yelshdjg n,mE
lrk fyhska o;djhg m%Odk jYfhka fya;+ f'
Ydl yd udkisl ixjrOkhg <uqkaf.a we;s
yelshdj wvq u" mdi,a meu yd ldrhidOkh
k;r ug m%n,j n,mdk w;r" tu ksid wOHdmkh
6 .sks orYlh wdr:lhl mqoa.,hka yd mjq,a tall w;r wdhu fn hEu
fyda iuyr wjia:dj, mfNdack hou mQrK iudkqmd;sl fnhEulska
wm.ukh jk m%udKh u.ska ukskq ,ef' f,darkaia pl%h" jvd;au
<s;u mqoa.,hkaf.ka fyda mjq,a tallfhka mgkaf.k iuq; uq`M
wdhf m%;sY;h iuq; ,nkakkaf.a uq`M .Kkg iudkqmd;j ,l=Kq
lr fmkajhs' .sks orYlh" mQrK iudkd;aulj fmkajk ukl,ams;
frLdjla yd f,darkaia pl%h w;r m%foaYh" frLdfjka my< Wmu m%foaYfha
m%;sY;hla f,i ukskq ,nhs' tneka" 0 lg iudk .sks orYlh mQrK
iudk;dj ksfhdackh lrk w;r" 1 mQrK wiudk;dj fmkajhs' ^f,dal
nexl=j" http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/Si.Pov.GINI&
7 Y%S ,xldf <ud fmdaIK W!k;dj ms<snò wNsfhda. ^m%ldYhg m;a fkdjQ&"
fmdaIK fYaI{ ffjoH - frKqld ch;siai" fi!LH wud;HdxYh" fld<U"
Y%S ,xldj" u; mok we;'
8 Preventable Hunger in Our Land of Plenty <ud wdrlaIK wruqo,"
we't'c'
i|yd jQ wdfhdackhkaf.a M,hS;dj ySk u iy bka

wk;=rej Tjqka Y%u n,ldhg we;=<;a f ksIamdok
Od;djg wys;lrj n,mdkq ,nhs' tjeks mqoa.,hka
miqj l=i.skak" wvq M,hS;dj iy o;d W.=,g
yiq f'
2012 jifr wjqre 5 g wvq ish <uqkaf.ka ishhg
13 la jrOkh k;r jQjka f,i iy ishhg 24 la
wvq n/;s <uqka f,i jdr;d fjka Y%S ,xldj
nrla jQ <ud fmdaIK W!k;djhlg uqyqKfokq ,nhs'
kSrla;sh" wvq nr Wm;a" jrOkh k;r u" wvqnr
yd Wig i,k nr fkdue;s u hkd O orYl
ie,l+ l," Y%S ,xldf ldrhidOkh" by< fi!LH
ch.%yKhka ,nd .;a rgj,g jvd b;d my< ugf
fi!LH ;;a;ajhka we;s rgj,aj,g jvd im ugul
mj;S'
wdr:lh by< jrOk m%jK;djl mej;Su iy jk
;;a;ajh by<hEu uOHfha jqjo fuu wxYh ;=<
miq.sh oYlh ;=< is jQ jehqKq b;d iq`M yd
ukao.d h'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a <ud wruqo, u.ska o Y%S ,xldj ;=<
<ud fmdaIKh inkaOfhka my; lafjk jeo.;a
kslaIK is lr we;9'
fmdaIK W!k;djh Y%S ,xldf m%Odk .egjla j
mj;S'
Y%S ,xldf <uhskaf.a jeu j<lajk wkqmd;h
^wjqre 5 g wvq ish <uqkaf.ka ishhg 13&
wea.ksia:dkh yd mlsia:dkh jeks l,dmfha
wfkla rgj,g jvd wvq w;r" kh" ;dhs,ka;h
yd uef,aishdj jeks fjk;a ue wdh ,nk
wdishdkq rgj,g jvd by< ugul mj;S'
2009 isg wvq nr yd Wig i,k nrla
fkdue;s u by< .sh w;r ia;%slal 25 ka
24 lu Wig i,k nrla fkdue;s u" ^wjqre 5 g
wvq ish <uqkaf.ka ishhg 15 g jvd& nrm;<
lreKla f,i fmkS f.dia ;sf'
jeu k;r jQ <uqkaf.ka wvla muK iy Wig
i,k nrla fkdue;s <uqkaf.ka ishhg 27 la"
jhi wjqre folg wvq wh fj;s'
Y%S ,xldf wjqre 5 g wvq <uqkaf.ka ishhg 2'3 la
muK ^40"000& oreKq ukaofmdaIKfhka (SAM)
fmf<k w;r ,shk y;rlg jvd" fYaIfhkau
ldka;dfjda yd <uhs ksrla;sfhka fmf<;s'
m%dfoaYShj iy wdh ugu jeks lreKq u;
fuys jHdma;sfhys ie,lsh hq;= Iu;djhka mj;S'
9 Nutrition, UNICEF, http(//www.unicef.org/srilanka/Nutrition(1).pdf
Y%S ,xldj fmdaIK orYlhkaf.ka wvq m%.;shla

fmkaug m%Odk;u fya;+ka jkqfha o;dj" wdydr
wkdrlaIs;;dj iy tys m%;sM,hla f,i ujrekaf.a
rj, fi!LH ;;a;ajh f' f w;ka Y%S ,xldj ;=<
f i|yd fya;= jk m%Odk;u idOlh jkafka" wvq nr
Wm;a" <ud jeu k;r u yd wvq nr i|yd ;=fkka
follg jvd hl jk" o;djfha m%;sM, jk wdydr
wkdrlaIs;;dj yd o;djhhs' wdydr wkdrlaIs;;dj"
wdydr mfNdackfha uolu muKla fkdj fi!LH
imkak iunr wdydr f,la ,nd .ekSug we;s
fkdyelshdj o ms<sUq lrhs'
o;d ugj,g iu.dj by< hk wvq nr Wm;a
yd jeu k;r u iu`. Y%S ,xldj ;=< wvq nr Wm;a
yd jeu k;r u i|yd hl jk m%Odku idOlh
l=gqN wdhu f,i" 1993 iy 2012 w;r wkql%lj
is l< cd;sl ilaIK Yaf,aIK u.ska fidhd f.k
we;' o;djfhka fmf<k mjq,a fndfyduhlg wdydr
imhd .ekSf yelshdj" mjqf,a ish idudlhkag
ms<s.;a wju Yla;s wka;r.;h ,nd .ekSu ;yjqre
lsug flfiaj;a m%udKj;a fkdf' ta wkqj" Yla;s
W!k;djh wdhu iu`. im inkaO;djla
mj;S' ffoksl l=gqN le, W!k;dj 2"000-3"500
w;r fjka" Yla;s W!k;djhkag uqyqKfok b;d
o;djfhka hq;= l=gqNhkaf.a Yla;s mfNdackh"
Okj;a l=gqNhkaf.a Yla;s mfNdackfhka ;=fkka
follg iudk f' o;dfjka hq;= l=gqNhka
Tjqkaf.a uq`M wdhu u wdydr i|yd jeh lrk nj
ie,l+ g o" Tjqkag ;ksju fuu mr;rh wju lsug
yelshdjla ke;' fyd|u ffjoH ;;a;aj hgf;a jqjo"
o;djfhka hq;a mjq,aj, <uqka idudkH jrOk
m%udKhkag <`.d u fyda le, W!k;dfjka hq;a
ujrekag idudkH nfrka hq;a orejka m%iQ; lsu
ffcj oHd;aul jqjo wfmalaId l< fkdyels f'
1990 oYlfha isg Y%S ,xldj w;alr.;a tal mqoa.,
wdhug idfmalaIj ishhg 5-6 w;r jQ jdrIsl
jrOkh idfmalaIj fmdaIK W!k;d orYlhkaf.a iq
jrOkhla olakg ,enq' wdr:l jrOkfha wiudk
fnu f iòyd wdxYsl jYfhka hl f' fuu by<
jrOkfhka ,o m%;s,dNhka fndfyduhla <s` fkdjk
hq;= jQjkag ,nd foka o;djfhka hq;= jQjkag iq`M

m%;s,dN m%udKhla f.k ' fuh o;djhkaf.ka
fmf<k whf.a jk ;;a;ajfha mj;sk wvqmdvqj,
m%;sM,hla f' Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.ka ishhg 40 la jQ
o;djfhka hq;= jQjkag ,efnk wdh fldgi
1990 ishhg 21 isg 2012$13 jifr ishhg 13'7
olajd my< hEug jrOk Iu;d fya;= h' f iu."
rcfha iykdOdr b,lal lsu rj, ugul mej;Su
Y%S ,xldf mam;a u ck.ykfha wdydr iqrlaIs;dj
flfrys RKd;aul n,mEula we;s lrk ,'
rg ;=< fmdaIK W!k;djh yd mdol m%Yakj,
iudc-wdr:l jeo.;alu fya;=fjka rch u.ska
kg is lrf.k hkq ,nk m%h;akhkag wu;rj"
o;djfhka hq;= jQjka w;r fmdaIK ;;a;ajhka
jehqKq lsug nyqO m%fYfhka hq;= l%shdudr.
.ekSu wjYH f' M,hS cd;sl Wmdhudr.hla u.ska
wjkug ,la jQ mjq,aj,g M,hS yd m%udKj;a
wdydr iemhqu yd foaYSh ksIamdokhka by< ug
yd Odx.SlrKhg wjYH lDIsldrl Wmdhhka" iy
tjeks uQ,sl uey;a i|yd iydh u" kq u iy
iemhqu jeks laIq uey;a wka;r.; h hq;=h'
fuu .egj ksrdlrKh lsug fmdaIK lafIa;%fha
fi!LH fiajlhkaf.a YlH;dj f.dvkexu i|yd
m%udKj;a uQ,Hhkhka ie,iSu jeks fi!LH fkdjk
uey;a o w;HjYH f' Bg wu;rj" fmdaIK
ugj, Iu;d mq`M,a u ms<sUq lrkq ,nk" <uqka
w;r wfmdaIKh by< hEf lreKq i,ld n,d"
wkd.; mrmqr w;r hjehdj yd yDo frda. jeks
;;a;ajhkaf.a jrOkh je<elaug lk wjOdkh
fhduq l< hq;= f'
b lau
Y%S ,xldj
ueld,Skj by< wdr:l jrOkhla
ia:djrj mj;ajdf.k hdug wfmalaId lrk w;r th
ck;djf.a jk ;;a;ajh k.disgqug wjia:djka
,nd fokq we;' flfia fj;;a" wdr:lfha jHqyd;aul
fjkial fya;=fjka mSvdjg m;ah yels ck.ykh
o;djfhka k.disgqu i|yd" wdr:l jrOkfha
m%;s,dNhka my<g ldka u (trickling down)
u; m%;sm;a;s imdolhkag imQrKfhka Yajdih
;eug fkdyels we;' tneka" irj iyNd.s;aj
jrOkh ;=<ska fi!Nd.H fn .ekSu i|yd"
rch iska iuia; uyck;dju jrOk l%shdu
i|yd hl u muKla fkdj" tys m%;s,dN N=la;s
ug yels jk jrOk l%shduhla ksrudKh
lr th Yla;su;aj yd wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hEu
w;HjYHfhkau is l< hq;=h'
Y%S ,xldf <ud fmdaIK W!k;d .egj" h<s l,dmSh

m%foaYj, fYaIfhkau W;=re ueo m<d;" ls,sfkdh
yd fudKrd., iy uOHu llrfha yd j;= wdY%s;
mam;a mjq,a tallhka ;=< talrdYS we;' Okj;a
mjq,aj,g jvd mam;a mjq,a ;=< iy rf wfkla
m%foaYhkag jvd j;= wdY%s;j wvq nr Wm;a iy <ud
fmdaIK W!k;dj me;su ;=ka .=Khlska by< f'
31
32
iS; im;a m%udKhla" l=vd foaYSh fj<|fmd<la

yd wdfhdack Od;djhla iys; rgla f,i Y%S
,xldj wmkhk uQ,sl lr.;a l%fudamdhhka
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= w;r wdkhk
wdfoaYk fhda.H m ffOrhu;a l< hq;=h'
cd;Hka;r fj<|fmd< ;=< Y%S ,dxlSh ksIamdokj,
;r.ld;ajh wvq u flfrys n,md we;s fmd
.eg jkafka mrfhaIK yd ixjrOk lghq;= i|yd
jk wdfhdack m%udKj;a fkdu" fYaIfhkau
wmkhk i|yd uQ,H myiql fkdmej;Su" fj<|
m%jrOkh m%udKj;a fkdu" fj<| m%orYk yd
fj<| m%jrOk jevigyka i|yd iyNd.sug
l=vd yd uOHu mudKfha jHdmdrj,g ,efnk
iydh wvq u" mqyqKq Y%lhkaf.a ys`.lu ksid
M,hS;dj wvq u iy by< n,Yla;s msjehhs' g
wu;rj" wmkhk ksIamd; iy fj<| .ukdka;
Odx.SlrKh fkd mej;Su" wmkhk wdhfuys
wia:djrNdjhla we;s lsug fya;= h yels neka
ta ms<sn|j o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h' ;r.ld
ksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;ajd .ekSu yereKq fldg"
wmkhk lrudka; w.h ufha by<g f.k hEu
i|yd rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxY taldnoaO jQ nyqO
m%fYhla w;HjYH f' f inkaOfhka" f.da,Sh
w.h u ;=< ixikaokd;aul m%;s,dN N=la;sh
yels by< wmkhk yelshdjla we;s lrudka;
taldnoaO lsf yelshdj fidhd ne,Su yd tA iòyd
ffOrhu;a lsu l< hq;= w;r" fuu wxYj, isk
wfkl=;a wdfhdaclhska iy foaYSh iDcq wdfhdack
m%jrOkh lsu o l< hq;=h' tuksid" Y%S ,xldj
;r.ld lrudka; m%jrOkh l< hq;= w;r
m%d.aOkhg wu;rj kk ;dlaIKh" l<ukdlrK
l=i,;d" ;dlaIl fYaI{ kqu iy iqrlaIs;
fj<|fmd< iys;j mefKk wdfhdaclhka
wdlrIKh lr .; hq;=h'
fj<|fmd< m%fYh jehqKq lsu iy
wmkhk ksIamd; Odx.SlrKh lsu i|yd
wmkhklrejka iska kg mj;sk fj<| .siq
iy fj<|dug myiql iemhSu iòyd we;s l%shdudr.
Wmufhka Nd;d l< hq;=h' iuia; wmkhkfhka
;=fkka foll muK .ekqlrejka jk hqfrdamd
iy wefuld tlai;a ckmo fj<|fmd< u; Y%S
,xldf wmkhk fndfydarg r mej;Su iy
idm%odhslj mj;sk wmkhk fj<|fmd< u;
wLKavj / isu fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldj ndysr
lmkj, wjkug ,la we;' cd;Hka;r
fj<u Yla;su;a yd jehqKq lsu i|yd uE;
jirj, l,dmSh fj<| .siq uQ,sl;ajh f.k

;sfnk w;r" ta yryd m%Odk jYfhka wfkHdakH
jYfhka jk fj<| ndOl wvq lr f.k we;'
Y%S ,xldj o fndfyda rg l,dmSh rgj,a b,lal
lr.kska oamdrYal yd nyqmdrYal fj<|
.siq i|yd w;aika ;nd we;' flfia jqjo" jrh
fj<| .siq y;rla muKla iys;j Y%S ,xldj f
inkaOfhka u|la miqmiska is' YlH;d iys;
wmkhk fjf<òfmd< f,i Yd, wdr:lhkaf.ka
m%fhdack .ekSu i|yd kh iu ksoyia fj<|
.siqula we;slr .ekSug we;s yelshdj i,ld
n,ka isk w;r" th kh fj; islrk wmkhk
M,hS f,i jrOkh kg mj;sk fj<| mr;rh
wvqjk wdldrhg ie,ls,su;aj flgqm;a l< hq;=h'
wOHkhkaf.ka fy<sor we;s wdldrhg ;Sren
iyk wvq ugul meje;Su" ksfYaOkd;aul
,ehsia;=" ;Sre n fkdjk ndOl" l%lj wvq
lsf m%fYh (Phase-down approach)" ksIamdok
jHqyfha yd mdfNdack rgdf we;s iudkl iy
kS;s frda fj<u hkdh u; ol=Kq wdishdkq
l,dmSh fj<| .siqj, idr:l;ajh iS;
we;' jrdhj, mj;sk wjysr;dj,g wu;rj
fj<ò fkdjk ndOl" ksIamd; rg ;yjqre lr
.ekSf mj;sk kS;suh .eg" wdkhk i,dl
iSud" wdkhk n,m;% wjYH;djka" f,an,alrKh
ms<sn|j mj;sk kshuhka iy ;dlaIK wkque;Ska
,nd.ekSf we;sjk msjeh yd mudj hkd
fj<| fkdjk ndOl fya;=fjka bka-Y%S ,xld
ksoyia fj<| .siqfuka ,nd we;s m%;s,dN
w;alr.ekSu i|yd wjysr;djka ksrudKh we;'
fujeks .eg fya;=fjka mj;sk ksoyia fj<|
.siq ms<sn|j wmkhklrejkaf.a Yajdih
m we;' flfia jqjo" bkahdkq fj<|fmdf<ys
Yd,;ajh iy jrOkh ie,l+ g Y%S ,dxlSh
wmkhklrejka i|yd Yd," m%fhdackhg fkd.;a
yd hqKq l< yels fj<|fmd<la ksrudKh we;s
neka n fkdjk ndOl ms<sn| .eg ksrdlrKh
lr .ekSu i|yd iqiq l%shdudr. .; hq;=j we;' f
hgf;a" bkahdkq f;dgqm<j, uqyqK ug isjk
ndOl wju lr .ekSu i|yd wkql+,;d we.hq
l%shdmmd (Conformity Assessment Procedures)
fjkqfjka wfkHdakH ms<s.ekSu ms<sn| .siqj,g
(Mutual Recognition Agreement) t<eu ms<sn|
i,ld ne,Su M,hS jkq we;s w;r" ta iuu
wju msjehla hgf;a cd;Hka;r fyda wdkhkh
lrk rgj, m%;Skag wkql+, jk m wmkhkh
iudc wdr:l h;, myiql i|yd wLKav

rdcH wdfhdack meje;sh o" Y%S ,xldj ue
wdh wdr:lhla njg m;au ;=<ska mekk.sk
ixjrOk wNsfhda." irj iyNd.s;ajhla iys;
jrOkhla ksrudKh lsu i|ydksis f,i
b,lal.; jQ iy flaka.; jQ m%dfhda.sl m%;sm;a;s

;=<ska ksrdlrKh l< hq;=h' iu ;;a;ajfha mj;sk
l,dmSh rgj,a iy wfkl=;a wvq-ue wdh
wdr:lhka iu ii|k g Y%S ,xldj iyY%
ixjrOk wNsu;dr: u.ska ia:dms; l< b,lal
fndfyduhla bgqlr .ekSf bfhkau we;s w;r"
tajdhska iuyr b,lal 2015 jirg fmru <dlr
f.k we;' tfia kuq;a" rj, wOHdmk ;;a;ajh"
fi!LH yd fmdaIK orYlj, wvq l%shdld;ajh
iy iqrlaIs; mdkSh c,h" ikSmdrlaIdj yd ,sh
jeks uQ,sl h;, myiql fj; jQ m%fYh wju
u fukau uQ,H idlaIr;djfha yd uQ,H myiql
fj; m%fY f wvqmdvq mej;Su wd lreKq
fya;=fjka rfgys we;e m%foaY iy ck fldgia
wjk iy.; ;;a;ajfha mj;sk nj wOHhk
u.ska fmkajd fohs' 2015 jifr f,dal nexl=j
m%ldYhg m;alr we;s jdr;djlska olajk m"
2002 isg 2012$13 w;r ld,h ;=< o;djh
Yd, f,i wvq jqj o" iEu mqoa.,hska y;r
fofkl=f.ka tla wfhl= ks, o;d frLdjg
by< jk ugula we;s kuq;a" ffoksl wdhu
2005 l%h Yla;s iduHhg .,mk ,o t'c' fvd,r
2'50 g wvq w;r o;djg wdikak ugul is'
fuh fYaIfhkau wdr:l lmk iy iajdNdl
m;a mj;sk ld,j, ck.ykfhka ie,lsh
hq;= fldgila w;r by< ugf wkdrlaIs;
njla mj;sk nj oyd olajhs' wNHka;r wrnqoh
ksu fuka miq iufha fN!;sl h;, myiql
ixjrOkh f.j;a ;snqK o" iuyr m<d;a rf
by< jrOkfhys m%;s,dN iòyd odhlug iy tys
m%;s,dN ,nd.ekSug fkdyels jrOk l%shdj,sfha
m%Odk m%jdyfha iSudfjka msg; wLKavj / isu"
m<d;a w;r mj;sk ie,lsh hq;= o;d Iu;d
u.ska biau;= lr olajhs' m<d;aj,ska o'foa'ks'hg
olajk hl;ajfhys mj;sk wiudk;d u.ska
fuh ;jrg;a ikd: flfrk w;r" tu.ska irj
iyNd.s;ajhla iys; wdr:l jrOk l%shdj,shla
ksrudKh lsug m%;sm;a;s kej; fufyhf
wjYH;dj biau;= flfrhs' fun m%;sm;a;s u.ska
wOHdmkh yd fi!LH" h;, myiql yd m%foaY
w;r inkaO;dj" Y%u fj<|fmd<g m%fYh
iy /lshd wjia:d mej;Su wd jq fmd fiajdjka
fnyef m%dfoaYShj mj;sk mr;r fya;=fjka
mekk.sk wNsfhda.hka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;=h' tn uey;aj, iM,;dj" miq.d
m<d;aj, ;ksmqoa., wjYH;d ykd .ekSu iy
l< yels jk f,i wmkhklrejkaf.a yelshd

by< kexu iy;sl lsu i|yd o l%shdudr. .;
hq;=h' ;jo" fYaIfhka n fkdjk ndOl ms<sn|
bkahdj iu oamdrYal l;sldjka ;jrg;a
mj;ajd .; hq;= w;r" Bg inkaO mdrYajlrejka
fj; M,hS f,i f;dr;=re fnyeu is l<
hq;=h' tfiau" nyqmdrYah ksoyia fj<| .siq
yryd f.da,Sh ksIamdok w.h ufha iyNd.S;ajh
by< kxjd .ekSug;a" tu.ska Y%S ,xldjg m%;s,dN
,nd .ekSug;a l%shd l< hq;=h' f inkaOfhka
wdishdkq iemhq ufha m%Odk l%shdldka
jk ol=Kq fldhdj" cmdkh" isx.mamQrej iy
uef,aishdj iu wdr:l iyfhda.S;djka fyda
ksoyia fj<| .siqj,g t<eu M,hS jk w;r"
fj<u jehqKq lr .ekSu i|yd tjeks .siq
wdishdfjka neyer jQ m%Odk wmkhk .ukdka;hka
iu o we;slr .ekSu fhda.H f' tfiau"
Y%S ,dxlSh f;dr;=re ;dlaIK ksIamdok wmkhkh
by< hkq we;ehs wfmalaId flfrk miqul f,dal
fj<| ixOdkh iu f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ms<sn|
.siqug t<efuka we;s h yels n,mEu ms<sn|
we.hSu m%fhdackj;a jkq we;' ;jo" Y%S ,xldf
wmkhk i|yd YlH;djka mj;sk fj<|fmd<
i|yd jrh fj<| .siq fkdue;s u fukau
Y%S ,xldf ;r.lrejka fujeks rgj,a iu
jrh ;Sren l%uhkag m%fY u ;j;a ie,ls,a,g
.; hq;= lreKls' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i cd;Hka;r
fj<|fmdf<ys wiudk ;;a;ajhka hgf;a ;r.
lsug furg wmkhklrejkag is we;s w;r" th
Y%S ,xldjg wjdishl ;;a;ajhla ksrudKh lr
we;' fj<òfmd< fj; m%fYu iòyd ksoyia
fj<ò .siq iy jrh fj<ò .siq wdrN
lsu iy tu .siq ksis f,i Wmfhdackh lsu
Y%S ,xldf ;r`.lrejka w;r ;r`.ld m%;s,dNhla
,nd .ekSug Wmld jkq we;s w;r cd;Hka;r
fj<òfmd< iu. inò;d we;slr .ekSug bv
i,ihs' f w;r" jrh fj<ò .siq ms<snò
fmd l%uh ^GSP+& hgf;a jk iyk ,nd.ekSu
iy hqfrdamd fj<òfmd< fj; u;aiH wmkhkh
iòyd jk ;yku bj;a lsu iòyd m%h;akhka
lk l< hq;=j we;'
33
34
Tjqkaf.a fYaI wNsfhda. imqrd,Sug iu;a nyq wdxYsl

uey;a ixjrOkh lsu u; fndfyda fihska
r mj;skq we;' fuu uey;a ksis f,i b,lal
lsu u.ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%;sM, f.fhka
<dlr .ekSu iy;sl lrkjd muKla fkdj uQ,H
ldrhlaIu;dj o iy;sl lrkq we;'
by< .=K;ajfhka hq;= udkj m%d.aOk wjYH;d
i|yd" je fjka mj;sk b,au imqrd,Su msi
M,odhS l%shdudr. wjYH f' lDIslruh uq,a lr.;a
wdr:lfha isg ldrl iy fiajd wxY uq,a lr.;a
wdr:lhla njg m;afjka rf wdr:lfha w;S;fha
isg is we;s jHqyd;aul mjr;kh;a iu" fuu
wruqKq <dlr .ekSu i|yd ksIamdok iy w.h
tl;= l< fiajd jehqKq lsu jeo.;a f' wdr:l
iy iudh ixjrOkfha by< ugula lrd <d
u i|yd by< l%shdld;ajhla iys; fiajd wxYhg
wu;rj hqKq ldrl wxYhla meje;Su w;HjYH
nj kslaIKh lr we;' lDIsldrl wxYfhka
o< foaYSh ksIamd;hg wvq hl;ajhla ;sh;a"
lDIsldrl wxYh ;jrg;a m%Odku fiajd
fhdaclhd jk w;r" th uq fiajd kshqla;sfhka
ishhg 28'2 la muK f' fuhg wu;rj" rdcH wxYh
fiajd kshqla;sfhka ishhg 15 lg muK hl;ajhla
imhhs' fuh" wfkl=;a wxY i|yd Y%u yshla
ksrudKh lrka idfmalaIj wvq M,hS;d mej;Su
by< hEug fya;= f' lDIsldrl wxYfha fiajd
kshqla;sfha fmkakq lrkq ,nk wvq u ;jrg;a
mj;skq we;ehs wfmalaId lrk kuq;a fuu Y%lhka
ldrl iy fiajd wxYfha /lshd i|yd iDcqj
ksr;ug we;s yelshdj ms<sn| .eg mj;sk w;r"
tu.ska Y%u ixp,kh ms<sn| .eg u;= lrhs' by<
jrOk udj;lg wj;SrK ug wjYH jkakd jQ
wfmalaIs; m%;sfhka hq;= mqyqKq Y%lhkaf.a
yshla olakg we;s w;r" fuh fndfyda ldrl
iy fiajd wxYhka uqyqK fokq ,nk r>ld,Skj
mj;sk .egjls' fujeks miqula ;=<" ldrl
ksIamdok jrOkh lsf iy by< jkdl yd
by< ;dlaIKfhka hq;= ksIamd; yd fiajd ;=<ska
;r.ld;ajh jrOkh lsf wruqK we;sj udkj
im;a ixjrOkh lsu" by< ue wdh ,nk
rgla njg m;aug W;aidy .ekSf w;HjYH f'
fYaIfhkau wmkhk wxYh b,lal lr.kska
wjYH kqu iy je b,aula mj;sk ksmqK;d
ldKav flfrys mqyqKqj ,ndu i|yd" iaf%,shdf
ldrl iy jer wOHdmk wdh;k (Technical and
Further Education Institutions) fyda wefuld tlai;a
ckmofha m%cd oHd, (Community Colleges) WyrK

jYfhka f.k" jD;a;Sh mqyqKq fyda ldrl oHd,
msysgqu inkaOfhka i,ld ne,Su m%fhdackj;a
h yelsh' g wu;rj" foaYSh YajoHd, fj;
we;=ug fkdyels jQjka i|yd mj;sk bvm%ia:d
je lrka" ksmqK;d mr;rh mshu i|yd mj;sk
ldrl oHd, foaY iyNd.S;ajhka u.ska fyda
jr;udk wjYH;djkag wkql+, jk m mq,a lsu
iy ;;a;ajfhka Wiia lsu ms<sn|j kej; i,ld
ne,Su M,hS h yelsh' ;jo" f.da,Sh wdr:lfha
isjk f.j;a ;dlaIl hqKqj u.ska o foaYSh
lrudka; i|yd n,mE we;s lrhs' kuHYS,S
/lshd wjia:d (Flexible work option) ykajdu o
we;=<;aj" mj;sk ;;a;ajhkag wu;rj fujeks
jrOkhka u.ska kj wNsfhda. /ila we;s lrhs'
;r.ld wdishdkq rgj,a lsysmhla iu ieif
by< jegqma iy idfmalaIj by< ksIamdok
msjehla meje;Su fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldf wmkhk
;r.ld;ajh by< kexu i|yd lrudka;j,
iajhxl%ShlrKh lsf wjYH;dj by< hka
mj;S' kgu;a Y%S ,xldf iud. lsysmhla
iajhxl%Sh hka;% Nd;h by< kexug iy
Tjqkaf.a lrudka;Yd,d i|yd frdfnda ;dlaIKh
fhd .ekSu i|yd ;SrKh lr we;' fujeks
;;a;ajhla ;=< ;dlaIKh mdol lr.;a jrOkhka
u.ska b,a lrk by< ugf ksmqK;d
wjYH;djkaf.ka Y%S ,xldf Y%u n,ldh
ikakoaO lsu;a" Wkka lsu;a w;HjYH f'
g wu;rj" kqu fn u yd hym;a wdl,am
b.ekaug;a" foaYSh lrudka;hkays hym;a
jevmphka we;s lsug;a Wmld u i|yd
wOHdmksl" ldrl yd jD;a;Suh iqiql yd
foaYhkaf.ka ,enQ w;alS iys;j kej; Y%S
,xldjg me mqoa.,hka ;jrg;a Wkka lrk
w;r" fYaI{ kqka yd ldrl kfhka hq;a
foaY.; Y%S ,dxlslhka kej; meu Wkka
lsug o mshjr .; hq;=h'
ksoyi ,eug fmr mjd wOHdmk lafIa;%hg
is lr we;s ie,lsh hq;= wdfhdackj, M, fk,d
.ekSug yd tu ch.%yK bhg mj;ajdf.k
hEu i|yd Y%S ,xldf j;auka wOHdmk moaO;sh
b,au mok lr.;a l%uhla njg ldYkh lsu
w;HjYH f' wOHdmkh iòyd ieug m%fY ug
yelshdj ,nd u i|yd" meje;s rchka iska ork
,o lemu furg m%d:l yd oa;Shsl wOHdmkhg
wdikak jYfhka ish fokdg m%fY h yels
wksYa; iNjhla iys; ksoka.; jl=.vq

frda.h miq.sh oYl fol mqrd Y%S ,xldj ;=< nrm;,
fi!LH .egjla njg m;a we;' fuu wksYa;
iNjhla iys; ksoka.; jl=.vq frda.h m%:u jrg

1990 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha W;=re ueo m<df;ka
wkdjrKh jQ w;r" jr;udkfha wfkl=;a hdno
m<d;a yd ia;%slal 10 la mqrd YS>%fhka me;sr hEu
Yd, wNsfhda.hla we;' Y%S ,xldjg wu;rj fuu
jl=.vq frda.h bkahdj" t,aie,ajfarh yd
kslr.=jdj hk rgj, o olakg ,ef' flfia fj;;a"
by< lDIs ridhk Nd;h" le,aish iy
af,darhs by< ugula we;s lsjq,a c,h"
m%udKj;a f,i mdkSh c,h Nd;d fkdlsu
iy WKqiq u fya;=fjka we;sjk c,kh iy
wdiksla yd leh by< ugul mj;sk iy
fi,ksh wvq ugul mj;sk we;e ridhksl
ixfhda.hka fuu frda.h yg.ekSu i|yd frda.
ldrl idOl lssysmhla f,i fmkajd h yelsh'
fuu jl=.vq frda.fha n,mEug ,lajk ldka;djka
yd <uqka ixLHdj jrOkh fjka mj;sk kuq;a
n,mEug m;ajQjkaf.ka nyq;rhla mjq,a kv;a;=j
i|yd uqo,a Wmhk f.dka iy lDIsldrl
llrejkaf.ka iuka; ms mqoa.,hka f' fuu
frda.h ksid wdhu wys hEu fya;=fjka uq`M
mjqf,au iudc wdr:l ;;a;ajhg wys;lr f,i
n,mE we;s f' Y%S ,xldj ;=< mq`M,a u;a iudc
i;aldrl moaO;shla fkdue;s u" jl=.vq frda.h
we;s jQ mgka M,hS;dj wys u iy ffjoH
Wmfoia" T!IO" rer ldkalrKh iy noaOls
i|yd ug isjk ho fya;=fjka m%cdjka iy
mjq,a wdr:l jYfhka wia:djr ;;a;ajhkag m;a f'
fuu frda.h je<f by< wjkula iys;
m%foaYj, ck.ykh jl=.vq frda.Skaoehs fmr ykd
.; yels mlaIK 2008 jifr fi!LH wud;HdxYh
iska wdrN lrk ,oS' fi!LH i|yd jk rcfha
hou by< kexug hl jk ksoka.; frda.S
;;a;ajhka jk w rer mSvkh yd hjehdj jeks
frda. md,kh lsu ;=<ska frda. l,ska ykd .ekSu
frda.Skaf.a wdhq ld,h by< kexug fya;= f' f
w;r" wksYa; iNjhla iys; jl=.vq frda.hg
fya;=j lDIs ridhk nj we;e mrfhaIlhka
iska fy<s lsfuka miqj fuu frda.h
je<elaf mshjrla f,i 2014 wfm%a,a udifha
isg m,sfndaOkdYl ;=kla tk laf,dsfda,a"
fm%dmks,a iy jndr,s wdkhkh rch iska ;yk
lrk ,' fmdfydr wl f,i Nd;h ;yk
lsug iy ldnksl fmdfydr ffOrhu;a lsu
iòyd rch iska kg mj;sk fmdfydr iykdOdr
jevigykg m%;sixialrK y`kajd fok ,'
;;a;ajhla we;s lsu i|yd Wmld h' Y%S ,xldf

ck.ykh by< idlaIr;djhlska hq;= jqj o" by<
wdh ,nk wdr:lhkag idfmalaIj NdId yd
ixLHd;aul l=i,;d inkaOfhka miq.d njla
fmkakq lrhs' Ih wka;r.;h mok lr.;a yd
Nd. b,lal lr.;a Ihud,d f,i wkq.ukh
lrkq fjkqjg moaO;sh ;=<ska ,nd fok wOHdmkh
;=<ska isiqkag jk l=i,;d w;alr .ekSug Wmld
fjka Tjqkaf.a ksmqK;d Tma kexh hq;= w;r"
ksoyia ka;kh o ffOrhu;a l< hq;=h' NdId
m%K;dj" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh
ms<sn| kqu iy ikaksfokh" kdhl;ajh"
ksrudKYS,s;ajh yd .eg ksrdlrKh jeks uD
l=i,;d jeks fj<|fmd< b,lal lr.;a l=i,;d
ixjrOkh lsug myiql ie,iSug fuu.ska
yelshdj we;' ;D;Shsl ugf " ;sridr wdr:l
jrOkhlg Wmld ug wjYH by< ugul
mrfhaIK yd ixjrOk (R&D) ksuejq ys mj;sk
ys`.h wNsfhda.hlaj mj;S' f.da,Sh fj<u yd
fiajd ;r.ld njg m;a lsu msKsi Y%S ,xldf
Wiia wOHdmkfha wfmalaIs; jdish ,nd u i|yd
wjYH wfmalaIs; ugug <`.dug YajoHd,
yd Wiia wOHdmk wdh;kj, mrfhaIK lsf
lghq;= wiu;a we;' lrudka; lafIa;%h yd
oaj;=ka w;r Yla;su;a kj ksmehq b,lal
lr.;a wdh;ksl inkaO;d f.dvke.Su f
i|yd wjYH jkq we;s w;r" th YajoHd, jHqyh"
iajhx-mj;ajd .ekSf wdlD;shla njg mjr;kh
lsug Wmld ug o yelsjkq we;' ;jo" Wiia
wOHdmkh i|yd isiqka n|jd .ekSu inkaOfhka
ie,lSf Y%S ,xldj" fjk;a ue wdh ,nk
rgj,g idfmalaIj miqmiska is' rdcH wOHdmk
moaO;sfha mj;sk iS; Od;dj f i|yd Yd,
jYfhka fya;= h yels w;r" fm!oa.,sl wOHdmkh
,nd .; yels nj yd h yels nj jeks .eg
fya;=fjka tu lafIa;%fha mj;sk wjia:d iSud f'
rdcH uQ,H wxYfha mj;sk iSud ie,ls,a,g .kska
wOHdmk moaO;sfha ksuejqj, M,hS;dj yd
.=Kd;aulNdjh jehqKq lsug wjYH wdfhdack
iemhSug fm!oa.,sl wxYfha by< hl;ajh
Wmld jkq we;s w;r" tu.ska mdi,a yerhkakkaf.a
yd WmdOdkaf.a l=i,;d jehqKq lr .ekSug
iydh ,efnkq we;'
35
36
g wu;rj" wksYa; iNjhla iys; ksoka.;

jl=.vq frda.Ska i|yd rer ldkalrKh" jl=.vq
noaO lsf jevigyka yd T!IO we;=`M m%;sldr
i|yd rch wLKavj iydh fokq ,nhs' ;jo
iudc fiajd fomdr;fka;=j iska wdr:l
jrm%ido wys y`kd.;a wksYa; iNjhla
iys; ksoka.; jl=.vq frda.Ska iòyd remsh,a
3"000 l udisl ukdjla ,nd ug mshjr f.k
we;' k, c,h imhd fkdue;s m%foaYj,g msis
mdkSh c,h ,nd f ;djld,sl mshjrla f,i
cd;sl c,imdok yd c,dmjyk uKav,h iska
m%;s-wdY%e;s ;dlaIK hka;%d.dr yryd c,h imhkq
,nk w;r" wksYa; iNjhla iys; ksoka.;
jl=.vq frda.h i|yd tfrys mshjrla f,i muKla
fkdj" rf iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu msis mdkSh c,h
i|yd m%fYhla we;s nj ;yjqre lsug ish
jeishka fYaIfhkau" wksYa; iNjhla iys;
ksoka.; jl=.vq frda.h ms<sn| wjkug ,la
we;s m%foaYj, jeishka i|yd msis mdkSh c,h
,nd ug c,imdok jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsf
wjYH;djla mj;S' ;jo" fuu jix.;h md,kh
lsf wruqka n,mEug m;a m%foaYj, c,fha
;;a;ajh mlaId lsu yd ridhkd.dr myiql
jehqKq lsu" mdi,a iy frday,a i|yd msrsis
mdkSh c,h iemhSu" w;a fmdm m%;sixialrKh
lsu yd mj;sk .%dh c, imdok fhdackd l%u
jehqKq lsu b;d jeo.;a jkq we;'
udr.j, mj;sk ;onoh iska we;s lrkq
,nk wdr:l mdvq mshjd .ekSu i|yd fmd
m%jdyk fiajd lkka je hqKq lsug
wjYH f' wdr:l jrOkhg" k.rj, jejk
ck.ykhg iy kd.l" wrO kd.l yd
.%dh wxY w;r by< hk .ukd.ukh iòyd
iydh laug rf m%jdyk cd,hg yels h hq;=h'
fmd m%jdyk moaO;sfha mj;sk wldrhlaIu;djfha
m%;sM,hla f,i tl jdykhl wvq u.Ska ixLHdjla
m%jdykh lrka udr.j, Odjkh jk fm!oa.,sl
jdyk ixLHdj by< hEu u.ska r:jdyk
;onohlg u. mdok w;r" tu.ska .Dy tallj,g
iy wdr:lhg ug isjk bkaOk msjeh by<
hEu iy M,hS Y%u meh ie,lsh hq;= f,i wvq
u ;=<ska rfgys jrOk Nj;dj ie,lsh hq;=
f,i wvqug fya;= jkq we;' wdh ugu
by< hEu fya;=fjka jdyk yslfuys wfmalaIs;
jrOkh iu jdyk ;onoh ksid we;s jk wdr:l
mdvq ;jrg;a by< hkq we;ehs wfmalaIs;h'
udr. blsu yd niar: tla lsu jeks m%jdyk

h;, myiql ixjrOkh lsug rch Yd,
jYfhka wdfhdack lr we;s kuq fyd| ;;a;ajfha
iy YajikSh fmd m%jdyk l%uhla fkdue;s u
ksid jdyk ;ono .egj wLKavj mj;S' tuksid"
fYaIfhkau kd.l m%foaYj, mj;sk udr. iy
h m%jdyk moaO;sh jehqKq lsug ksis mshjr
.ekSu b;d jeo.;a f' nhsisl,a i|yd wdrlaIdld
iy meye,sj fjkalrk ,o udr. ia:dms; lsu
yd fmd m%jdykh i|yd we, udr. cd,h M,hS
f,i Nd;d l< yels f,i m%jrOkh lsu jeks
l,am m%jdyk udOHhka m%jrOkh lsu ;=<ska
jdyk ;onoh tla;rd m%udKhlg wvqlr .;
yelsh' ue ld,Skj" ldrhlaIu fmd m%jdyk
udOHhka m%jrOkh lsu yd ;ks mqoa.,hl= muKla
.uka lrk fm!oa.,sl jdykj,ska is lrk .uka
uka i|yd b,au wvq lsu fyda mj;sk bvlv
yd ld,h yryd fuu b,au kej; fnyeu
i|yd wjYH jkakd jQ Wmhdudr. yd m%;sm;a;s
fhd .ekSug m%;sm;a;s imdolhska iska m%jdyk
b,a l<ukdlrK l%shdj,shla wkq.ukh lsu o
b;d jeo.;a f'
ld,.=l rgdjka ;=< we;s jk fjkial iy
bkaOk , .Kka iu ne mj;sk p,khka"
mqkrckkSh n,Yla;s jrOkh lsf cd;sl
m%;sm;a;sh Yla;su;a lsf wjYH;dj wjOdrKh
lrk w;r" Y%S ,xldj ;=< wvq hoka n,Yla;s
W;amdokh lsf ;sridrNdjh by< kexu
i|yd we;s ndOl uevmeje;aug uQ,sl l%shdudr.
.; hq;=hs' Y%S ,xldj ishu m%Odk c, im;aj,
n,Yla;s ksIamdok Nj;djh m%fhdackhg f.k
we;;a" n,Yla;s ixhq;shg je hl;ajhla ,nd h
yels" jdudr. moaO;Ska we;=j fuf;la Nd;hg
f.k fkdue;s ;j;a c, im;a lsysmhla we;' rg
;=< fYaIfhkau ukakdru" mq;a;,u iy hdmkh
fukau lrg m%foaYj, o ie,lsh hq;= iq<x n,
Nj;djhla we;s nj o ykd f.k we;' ;jo"
myiqfjka fidhd.; yels ffcj ialkaO im;a"
lDIsldrl wmjH iy kd.l >K wmjH ;=<ska o
ie,lsh hq;= n,Yla;s m%udKhla W;amdokh lsf
w;s Yd, Nj;djhla mj;S' ;j;a myiqfjka
,nd.; yels ,sn, m%Njhla jk iQrh n,Yla;sh
Yd, mudKfhka iy Yd, m%fYfhka
hq;= y; n,Yla;Skag odhl;ajhla meje;sh o
Y%S ,xldj iska th ksis f,i m%fhdackhg .ekSug
wfmdfydi;a we;' tjeks mqkrckkSh n,Yla;s
,xld Lkscf;,a kS;s.; ixia:df jdcuh

YlH;dj iy;sl lsu i|yd fukau f.da,Sh
f;,a f,ys fjkialj, n,mE foaYSh
mdfNda.slhkag ksoNdjhlska ,ndug foaYSh
Lkscf;,a ksIamdok i|yd Yla;su;a , iQ;%hla
mej;Su w;HjYH f' f,dal fndrf;,a ,"
f.da,Sh b,a iy iemhq lmk yd wfmalaId
fya;=fjka ksr;=reju fjkia jk neka" r>
ld,hla i|yd Lksc f;,a ksIamdokj, foaYSh
, .Kka h ugul ia:djrj mj;ajdf.k
hEu ;=<ska foaYSh f;,a iemhqlrejka fyda
mdfNda.slhkayg mSvkhla ksrudKh lrkq
we;' ke .dia;= ho (FOB)" NdKav m%jdyk
yd rlaIK ho" ksuh wkqmd;h" jrdh .dia;="
;Sre n yd wfkl=;a n" foaYShj msmy l< yd
msmy wdkhkj, ixl,kh iy l=Kq yd
mmd,k ho hkdh we;=<;a , iQ;%hla u.ska
tjeks ndysr;dj, n,mEu wju lrkq we;' ,
ixfYdaOkhla is l< yels jdr .Kk" ixfYdaOkh
lrk wjia:dj iy fndfyda g iuia; hof
m%;sY;hla f,i jr;udk is,a,r , fldmuK
m%udKhlska fjkia lrkafka o hk lreKq
;SrKh lsu i|yd fr.=,dishla meku ;=<ska
, iQ;%h Yla;su;a lrkq we;' tneka" foaYSh
Lkscf;,a ksIamdok i|yd , iQ;%h y`kajdug
rch jr;udkfha ork m%h;akh ksjer f,i .;a
mshjrla f,i ffOrhu;a l< hq;=h' f w;r rdcH
jHjidhhkaf.a w,dN wju lsu iòyd wfkl=;a
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lDIslrudka; wxYfha b .uk yuqf

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meje;Su" wdydr wkdrlaIs;Ndjh" wldrhlaIu c,
l<ukdlrKh fukau foaY.=l mrhdi iu`.
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tneka" lDIsldrl mrfhaIK iy c, im;a yd
h;, myiql ixjrOkh i|yd Yd, jYfhka
wdfhdackh lsu yryd lDIsldrl wxYh h<s
k`.d isgqf jeo.;alu ksrka;rfhka wjOdrKh
lrkq ,ef' Odx.SlrKh" M,hS;dj yd
;r.ld;ajh jrOkh lsu u.ska idm%hsl
wvq jkdlka hq;= lDIslrudka;fha isg by<
w.hla iys; lDIsldrl l%shdldrl fj;
fhduq ug myiql ie,iSu is l< hq;= w;r"
lDIsldrl wxYh by< jrOkhlska hq;= udj;lg
wj;SrK lsug yd tu.ska wdydr iqrlaIs;Ndjh
jehqKq lsu i|yd j;auka lDIsldrl m%;sm;a;s
m%;sixialrKh lsug m%h;ak h hq;=h' ;jo"
m%d.aOkh mok lr.;a ixjrOkh yd M,j
by< kexu i|yd oHd;aul mokulska hq;a
f.dm< m%jrOkh lsu" lDIs fhojq mok
lr.;a lrudka; m%jrOkh iy f.d ixOdk yd
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha iyNd.s;ajfhka hq;=j jdc
ugf lDIsldrl lghq;= wdrN lsu
w;HjYH f' tfukau by< w.h lsulska hq;=
Odx.SlrKh lrk ,o lDIs ksIamdok flfrys
fhduq u fYaIfhka jrId fmdaIs; m%foaYj,
lDIsldrl wxYfha jrOkh i|yd jeo.;a
idOlhla jkq we;' ta wkqj .;a l, lDIs
ksIamdok ieliq lrudka; mq`M,a lsu yd
ksIamdolhka" kd.l fj<| uOHia:dk yd
wmkhk fj<|fmd<j,a iu. inkaO lsug
wjYH l%shdudr. .; hq;=j we;' lDIsldrl wxYfha
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m%fY ug iS; wjia:d meje;Su yd h;,
myiql i|yd jQ wvq wdfhdack fya;=fjka miq.sh
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yd jHdma;s fiajdjka Yla;su;a lsu flfrys
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fukau jdudr. ldrhlaIu;djh by< kexf
wjYH;dj wjOdrKh flfr'
m%Njhkays Nj;djh <d lr .ekSug iy tu

m%Njhka Nd;d lsf we;s jk ;dlaIl"
uQ,H iy wdr:l wjysr;d uevmeje;aug wjYH
kj l%fudamdhhka urYkh lsu i|yd fuu
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l=vd mudK jHdmD;s i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha
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im;aj, iykhS fkdjk .=ld,Sk mokulska
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m%h;ak u wjYH f'
37
38
ksIamdok msjeh by< hEu" h,a mek.sh

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.eg u.ska fmkakq lrkq ,nhs' f w;r fj<|
jH , my< hEu;a iu`.u ksIamdok msjeh
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fiajdjla ,ndu i|yd o u.fmkajkq we;'

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;jo" rch fuu l%shdldrl i|yd foaYSh
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ue wdh rgla njg YS>%fhka mjr;kh ug
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u; hemSu;a fya;=fjka fujeks l%u ixjrOkh
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im;a fnhEu je hqKq lsu" Odx.SlrKh
i|yd
myiql
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wju lsug yelshdj we;s fyhska" uQ,H wxYfha
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.; hq;= lreKla we;' wdr:luh jYfhka miq.d
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b;s lrkakkaf.a wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd Y%du
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id.r kdl fiao udr.h uOHfha msys m;la
f,i Y%S ,xldj" tys Wmdhudr.sl msysu" mj;sk
by< YlH;djkaf.ka Wmu m%fhdack Wlyd
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rgg bv i,ik w;r" kef.kysr iy wdishdkq
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we;' Y%S ,xldjg f.da,Sh jkdl ufhys
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lsf wjYH;dj mj;S' fujeks l%u ykajd u

Y%dlhskag iykhla i,ik w;r" uQ,H wxYfha
ixjrOkhg myiql ie,iSug;a r> ld,Sk
jHdmD;Ska i|yd wruqo,a ,ndf m%Njhla f,ig;a
jeo.;a jkq we;' f w;r" rdcH wxYfha Y%du
jegqma l%ufhys ;sridr nj iy;sl lsu iòyd 2016
whjeh u.ska rdcH wxYhg w;ska n|jd .kakd
fiajlhka i|yd hl;aj Y%du jegqma l%uhla
fhdackd lr we;'
39
40
Y%S ,xldj m;a lsug yd fj< iy wdfhdack

i|yd bkahka id.rfha flakaia:dkh f,i ;u
;;a;ajh kej; ,nd.ekSug mq,a m%h;akhka u
w;HjYH f'
ld,hla uq,af,a jrOkh fjka meje;s
wdr:lfha jHqyd;aul .eg 2015 jir ;=< o
meye,sj l .; yels jQ w;r" by< wdr:l
jrOkhla yd wvq WoaOukhla iys; udj;lg .uka
lsu iy;sl lsu i|yd fuu .eg ksjer lr
.ekSug" ia:djr l%shdudr. wjYHj we;' wdr:l
jrOkhg wLKavj iydh u i|yd flld,Sk
rdcH uQ,H iy uqo,a m%;sm;a;s m%udKj;a fkdjk
w;r" im;a ixfrdaOl iy m%;sm;a;s meje;Su
;=<ska" tjeks flld,Sk m%;sm;a;s ;jrg;a

fhd.; fkdyels nj meye,s we;' tuksid"
Kh fkdjk m%d.aOk wruqo,a wdlrIKh lr
.ekSu i|yd wjYH flfrk m%;sm;a;s wLKavj
meje;Su iy;sl lsug fukau jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k
hdf myiqj by< kexu iòyd rdcH wdhu
iy ho fukau rdcH jHjidhkag w< rdcH
uQ,H m%;sixialrK we;=`Mj" iqiq jHqyd;aul
m%;sixialrK iY%Khla ykajd u wjYH f'
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha mq,a iyNd.S;ajh we;sj rfgys
udkj im; we;= Yla;Ska Wlyd .ekSu iy
tla;eka lsu iòyd fuu m%;sixialrKhka b,lal
lr.; hq;=h'

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1

wdl" , iy uQ,H moaO;s

015 jifr " Y%S ,xldf uQr; o< foaYSh

wjidkfha ishhg 2'8 la f,i igyka h' f

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2010 mok jrIh

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YS% ,xld uy nexl=j | jdrIsl jdr;dj 2015

2015 jifr lDIslruh wdY%s; l%shdldrlj,

wdl" , iy uQ,H moaO;s ia:dhS;dj" b lau iy m%;sm;a;s

m%Odk jYfhkau fmd,S wkqmd;sl wvq ugul

o< foaYSh b;sls

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YS% ,xld uy nexl=j | jdrIsl jdr;dj 2015

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8' b;sls wdfhdack mr;rh

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