Department of

Electronics and Communication

Engineering
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (A60421)

III B Tech II Semester [Branch: ECE]

Mrs. M.Premalatha
Assistant Professor

Guru Nanak Institute of Technology

Ibrahimpatnam, R R District 501 506 (T. S.)

81

4. SYLLABUS
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU THECHOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HDERABAD
II Year B.Tech. ECE-I SEM
L
T/P/D
C
4
-/-/4
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (R-13 REGULATION)
Unit-I:
INTRODUCTION: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing: Discrete time signals &
sequences, linear shift invariant systems, stability, and causality. Linear constant coefficient
difference equations. Frequency domain representation of discrete time signals and systems.
REALIZATION OF DIGITAL FILTERS: Applications of Z transforms, solution of
difference equations of digital filters, System Function, Stability Criterion, Frequency Response
of Stable systems, Realization of Digital Filters- Direct, Canonic, Cascade and Parallel forms.
Unit-II:
DISCRETE FOURIER SERIES: DFS representation of periodic sequences, Properties of
discrete Fourier series, Discrete Fourier transforms: Properties of DFT, linear convolution of
sequences using DFT, Computation of DFT: Over-lap Add Method, Over-lap Save Method, and
Relation between DTFT, DFS, DFT, and Z-transform.
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS: Fast Fourier transforms (FFT) - Radix-2 decimation-intime and decimation-in-frequency FFT Algorithms, Inverse FFT, and FFT with general radix-N.
Unit-III:
IIR DIGITAL FILTERS: Analog filter approximations Butterworth and Chebyshev, Design
of IIR Digital filters from analog filters, Step and Impulse Invariant Techniques, Bilinear
Transformation method, Special Transformations.
Unit-IV:
FIR DIGITAL FILTERS: Characteristics of FIR Digital Filters, frequency response. Design of
FIR Filters: Fourier method, Digital Filters using Window Techniques, Frequency Sampling
technique, Comparison of IIR & FIR filters.
Unit-V:
MULTIRATE DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING: Introduction, down sampling, decimation,
up sampling, interpolation, sampling rate conversion.
FINITE WORDLENGTH EFFECTS: Limit cycles, overflow oscillations, round off noise in
IIR digital filters, computational output round of noise, methods prevent overflow, trade of
between round of and overflow noise, dead band effects.

82

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs) :

PEO1: Graduates shall have the ability to apply knowledge across the disciplines and in
emerging areas of Electronics and Communications Engineering for higher studies,
research, employability and handle the realistic problems.
PEO2: Graduates shall have good communication skills, possess ethical conduct, sense
of responsibility to serve for the sustainable development of the society, and protect the
environment.
PEO3: Graduates shall have strong foundation in academic excellence, managerial skills,
leadership qualities and understand the need for lifelong learning for a successful
professional career.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs):

A. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering
B. An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data
C. An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within
realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health
and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability
D. An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
E. An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
F. An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility
G. An ability to communicate effectively
H. The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a
global, economic, environmental, and societal context
I. An recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning
J. A knowledge of contemporary issues
K. An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering Practice
PEO
s
/POs
PEO-1

PO
A

PO
B

PO PO
C
D

PEO-2
PEO-3

PO
F

PO
G

PO
H

PO
E

PO
I

PO
J

PO
K

83

CO PO MAPPING:
SNO

DESCRIPTION
At the end of the course:

PO
MAPPING

DSP.CO1

Students will able to implement discrete Fourier Transforms (DFT)

and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to analyze the input signal and
design a processing system to give the desired output in the design
of a DSP system
Students will able to use FFT algorithms in rapid frequency-domain
analysis and processing of digital signals and investigation of digital
systems.
Students will able to design IIR filters to meet specific magnitude
and phase requirements
Students will able to design FIR filters to meet specific magnitude
and phase requirements
Students will able to realize IIR and FIR filters using direct forms,
cascade and parallel forms

A,B,C

DSP.CO2
DSP.CO3
DSP.CO4
DSP.CO5

B,E,K
A,B,C,E,K
A,B,C,K
B,C,K

84

LESSON PLAN:
Subjec
t
Faculty

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING ( A60421)

Mrs. M.Premalatha

Text Books (to be acquired by the Students)

Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and Applications: John G. Proakis,
T1
Dimitris G. Manolakis, Pearson Education/PHI, 2007.
T 2 Discrete Time Signal Processing A.V.Oppenheim and R.W. Schaffer, PHI, 2009.
Fundamentals of Digital signal processing-Loney Ludeman, John wiley, 2009.

T3
T4

Digital signal Processing by P.Ramesh Babu, Fourth Edition, SciTech Publications.

Reference Books
R1 Digital Signal Processing Fundamentals and applications-LiTan, Elsevier, 2008.
Fundamentals of d Digital Signal Processing: MH Hayes, Schaums Outlines, TATA
R2
Mc-Graw Hill, 2007.
R3 DSP Primer - C. Britton Rorabaugh, Tata McGraw Hill, 2005.
Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing using Matlab Robert J. Schilling,
R4
Sandra L. Harris, Thomson, 2007.
Digital signal processinga practical approach, Emmanuel C. ifeachor and barrie
R5
w.jervis,2nd edition, pearson education,2009
nd
R6 Digital signal Processing by computational approach-S.K.Mitra, 2 edition, TMH.
Uni
t
I
II
III
IV
V

Topic
Introduction to DSP
Realization Of Digital
Filters
Discrete Fourier Series
And Transform
Fast Fourier Transforms
IIR DIGITAL FILTERS
FIR DIGITAL FILTERS
Multirate Digital Signal
Processing
Finite Word Length
Effects

T1

T2

1,2,
5

1,2

4,7

Chapters in Book
T3 T4 R R R3
1
2
1
1
1
1 1,5
6

R4
1,2

R
5
1,
2

No of
Classe
s
17

3
16

8
3,9
10

9
3,5,
6
7

6
2

3
4

3
4

3
4

6
4,9

3
2,5

3
4

3,4,
5

6,
8

Contact classes for syllabus coverage

Tutorial Classes
Lectures Beyond Syllabus
Gaps in the syllabus
85

07
09
15
64
10
01
01

Special Descriptive Tests

Remedial
Contact classes for syllabus coverage

H. Text Books
T1: Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and
Applications: John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis,Pearson
Education/PHI, 2007.
T2: Discrete Time Signal Processing A.V.Oppenheim and R.W.
Schaffer, PHI,2009.
T3: Fundamentals of Digital signal processing-Loney Ludeman,
John wiley,2009.
T4: Digital signal Processing by P.Ramesh Babu, Fourth Edition,
SciTech Publications.

Suggested / Reference Books

R1: Digital Signal Processing Fundamentals and applicationsLiTan,Elsevier,2008
R2: Fundamentals of d Digital Signal Processing: MH Hayes, Schaums
Outlines, TATA Mc-Graw Hill, 2007.
R3: DSP Primer - C. Britton Rorabaugh, Tata McGraw Hill, 2005.
R4: Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing using Matlab Robert J.
Schilling, Sandra L. Harris, Thomson, 2007.
R5: Digital signal processinga practical approach, Emmanuel C.
ifeachor and barrie w.jervis,2nd edition, pearson education,2009
R6: Digital signal Processing by computational approach-S.K.Mitra, 2 nd
edition, TMH.

86

02
05
83

WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:

S.
Name of Website
No.
W1

http://www.dspguide.com/

W2

http://www.dspguru.com/

W3
W4

http://www.dsprelated.com/
http://www.analog.com/en/processorsdsp/content/beginners_guide_to_dsp/fca.html

W5
http://complextoreal.com/tutorials

Comments
Free online DSP book, very clearly
written
Tutorials
Blogs, code, forums, etc.
DSP based books from Analog
Devices
Well-written and intuitive
Tutorials on Digital
Communications Engineering
(also covers some DSP basics)

W6
http://www.bores.com/courses/intro/index.htm
W7
dspdimension.com/admin/dft-a-pied/
W8
wescottdesign.com/articles/Sampling/sampling.html

Introduction to DSP
Mastering The Fourier Transform
in One Day
Very good article on Nyquist
sampling

87

MICROLESSON PLAN:
Year-III B.Tech II semester ECE
Sl. No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18

19
20
21
22

Name of the Topic

Subject- DSP(M.Premalatha)
No. of Cumulative Teaching Aid
Classes number of
required
periods

UNITI:INTRODUCTION, REALIZATION OF DIGITAL FILTERS

Introduction to Digital Signal
1
1
Processing,
Discrete time signals & sequences
1
2
Linear shift invariant systems,
1
3
Stability, and causality
1
4
Linear constant coefficient difference
2
6
equations
Frequency domain representation of
1
7
discrete time signals and systems.
Problems on signals and
1
8
sequences
Review of Z-transforms
1
9
Applications of Z transforms
1
10
Solution of difference equations of
1
11
digital filters,
Problems on signals and
1
12
sequences using Z transform
Block diagram representation of
linear constant-coefficient difference
1
13
equations
Basic structures of IIR systems
1
14
Transposed forms
1
15

Chalk & Talk

T1,T4,W6

Chalk & Talk

Chalk & Talk
Chalk & Talk
LCD using PPT

T1,T4
T1,T4,W4
T1,T4
W1

Chalk & Talk

T1,T4

Tutorial

T1,T4

Chalk & Talk

Chalk & Talk
Chalk & Talk

T1,T4
T1,T4
T1,T4

Tutorial
Chalk & Talk

Chalk & Talk

LCD using PPT
LCD using
Basic structures of FIR systems
1
16
NPTEL
LCD using
System function
2
18
NPTEL
Definition and description of
By student
1
19
DTFT(Gap in the syllabus)
seminar
UNIT II DISCRETE FOURIER SERIES, FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS
Properties of discrete Fourier series
DFS representation of periodic
sequences,
Discrete Fourier transforms:
Properties of DFT
linear convolution of sequences
using DFT

References

T1
T1,T4
T1,T4
W1,W4
W1,W4
W1,W4
----

21

22

Chalk & Talk

Chalk & Talk

23

Chalk & Talk

T1,W7

25

Chalk & Talk

T1,W7

T4
T1,W7

88

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

27

Chalk & Talk

28

Chalk & Talk

T4
T4

1
1
2

29
30
32

31

Tutorial
Chalk & Talk
Chalk & Talk
LCD using PPT

W2
T4
T4
T1

32

34

Chalk & Talk

Chalk & Talk

1
1

35
36

Tutorial
----

W2
----

Analog filter approximations Butter

worth and Chebyshev
Design of IIR Digital filters from
analog filters,
Problems on Butter worth and
Chebyshev
Step and impulse invariant
techniques

38

Chalk & Talk

T4

39

Chalk & Talk

T4

40

Tutorial

W2

41

---

Bilinear transformation method

Spectral transformations
Problems on impulse bilinear
methods

2
1

43
44

LCD using
NPTEL
Chalk & Talk
Chalk & Talk

45

Tutorial

2
1
1

47
48
49

50

Chalk & Talk

Chalk & Talk
Chalk & Talk
LCD using PPT

T1,T4
T1,T4
T1,T4
W7

1
2
1

51
53
54

Tutorial
Chalk & Talk
Chalk & Talk

W2
T1,T4
T1,T4
W7

Computation of DFT.
Relation between Z-transform and
DFS
Problems on DFS and DFT
Introduction to FFT
Radix-2 decimation in time
Decimation in frequency FFT
Algorithms,
Inverse FFT
FFT with general radix-N
Problems on DIT,DIF
Special Descriptive Test 1

T4,W7
T4

UNIT III IIR DIGITAL FILTERS

33
34
35
36
37
38
39

T4
T4
W2

UNIT IV FIR DIGITAL FILTERS

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

50
51

Characteristics of FIR Digital Filters

Frequency response
Design of FIR Filters: Fourier method
Digital Filters using Window
Techniques
Problems on Fourier
Frequency Sampling technique
Comparison of IIR & FIR filters.

Introduction to DSP Processor (Gap

By student
1
55
seminar
in the syllabus)
Problems on Window Techniques
1
56
Tutorial
Design and architecture of DSP
By providing
Processors.(topic beyond the
1
57
material
syllabus)
UNIT V MULTIRATE DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING, FINITE WORDLENGTH
EFFECTS

W2

Introduction interpolation.

58

Chalk & Talk

T1,T4

Down sampling

59

Chalk & Talk

T1,T4
89

Decimation, up sampling,
Sampling rate conversion
Conversion of band pass signals,
Concept of re sampling, applications
of multi rate signal processing.
Interpolation and decimation
Limit cycles
Overflow oscillations
Round of noise in IIR filters
Computational output round of noise,
Methods prevent overflow
Trade of between round of and
overflow noise,
Measurement of coefficient
quantization effect s through polezero movement
Limit cycles, Overflow
oscillations, Round of noise
Dead band effects.

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65

Comparison of DSP processors and

micro processors.(topic beyond the
syllabus)

66

Special Descriptive Test 2

67
68
69
70
71
72

Remedial On UNIT I
Remedial On UNIT II
Remedial On UNIT III
Remedial On UNIT IV
Remedial On UNIT V

2
1
1

61
62
63

64

1
1
1
1
1
1

65
66
67
68
69
70

71

72

Chalk & Talk

LCD using PPT
Chalk & Talk
Chalk & Talk

T1,T4
W7
T1,T4
T1,T4

Tutorial
Chalk & Talk
LCD using PPT
Chalk & Talk
Chalk & Talk
LCD using PPT
Chalk & Talk

W2
T1,T4

Chalk & Talk

T1,T4

73

Tutorial

W2

74

W7

75

LCD using PPT

By student
seminar

1
1
1
1
1
1

76
77
78
79
80
81

-----

----

Chalk
Chalk
Chalk
Chalk
Chalk

&
&
&
&
&

T1,T4
T1,T4
W7
T1,T4

Talk
Talk
Talk
Talk
Talk

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS:
Unit-I
1
2

1. A digital system is characterized by the following difference equation: Y(n)

=x(n)+ay(n-1) Assuming that the system is relaxed initially, determine its i.
impulse response and ii. Step response.
Prove that the system defined by the following difference equation is an LTI
system y(n) = x(n+1)-3x(n)+x(n-1) ; n0.
a) Show that the complex exponential sequence x(n)=exp(jw on) is periodic only if
wo/2 is a rational number and also obtain the condition for discrete time
sinusoidal signal to be periodic.
b)Verify whether the following sequence is periodic or not, if periodic find the
Fundamental period.
i. x(n) = exp.(j3/5(n+1/2))
ii. x(n) = cos(n2/3)
Determine whether the following system is linear , stable, causal and time
invariant using appropriate tests.

90

Y(n)= nx(n)+x(n+2)+y(n-2)

a) Define an LTI System and show that the output of an LTI system is given by the
convolution of Input sequence and impulse response.
b) Find the convolution of signals by using graphical method and verify the same
with tabular method
x(n)= 2 for n=-2,0,1
= 3 for n=-1
= 0 elsewhere
h(n)= (n)-2 (n-1)+3 (n-2)- (n-3)
Unit-II

Define DFT & IDFT. Give any four properties of DFT.

Derive the relationship of the DFT to other transforms like Fourier transform and
Z-transform

a)Find the 4- point DFT of x(n)= [ 1,-2, 3,2]. B)Find the IDFT of X(k)= [1,0,1,0].

4.

Suggest the way to improve the frequency resolution of the spectrum when
calculating DFT.

5.

6.

a) Compare circular convolution and linear convolution.

b) Find the circular convolution of the following sequences.
X(n)= {1,1,2,1} and h(n)= { 1,2,3,4}. Using a) concentric circle method b)
Matrix method c) DFT and IDFT method.
a) Briefly explain the methods of convolution of long sequences(sectioned
convolution)
b)Perform Linear convolution of two sequences using overlap ADD method and
Overlap Save method.
X(n)={ 1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4} and h(n)= {1,-1} .
Unit-III
a) Compare Impulse Invariant and Bilinear transformation techniques.
b) Compute the poles of an Analog Chebyshev filter TF that satisfies the
Constraints 0.707 | H(j)| 1 ; 0 2
| H(j)| 0.1 ; 4 and determine Ha(s) and hence obtain H(z) using Bilinear
transformation.
What are the different design techniques available for IIR filters?

Design a Butterworth digital IIR lowpass filter using bilinear transformation by

taking T=0.1 second, to satisfy the following specifications.
0.6 | H(j)| 1 ; 0 0.35
| H(j)| 0.1 ; 0.7

4.

Design a digital chebyshev filter to meet the following specifications.

0.8 | H(j)| 1 ; 0 0.2
| H(j)| 0.2 ; 0.6

5.

Using (a) Bilinear transformation method.

(b) Impulse invariant method.
Draw and explain the frequency response of type-I Chebyshev filter.

91

Unit-IV
1
2
3

Name the different types of window functions. How they are defined? What are
the effects of windowing?
a) What is an FIR Filter ? Compare an FIR filter with an IIR FIlter.
b) Design an FIR Digital High pass filter using Hamming window whose cut off
freq is 1.2 rad/s and length of window N=9.
Discuss frequency sampling method for an FIR filter design .

Explain why FIR filter is called as a linear phase filter? What conditions are to be
satisfied by the impulse response of an FIR system in order to have a linear
phase?

Design an FIR digital band pass filter using rectangular window whose upper and
lower cutoff frequencies are 1 & 2 rad/sec and length of window N=9.
Unit-V

1
2
3
4
5

Define Multirate systems and Sampling rate conversion. What are the
applications of multirate digital signal processing?
Discuss the process of Decimation by a factor D and explain how the aliasing
effect can be eliminated.
Discuss the sampling rate conversion by a factor I with the help of a Neat block
Diagram.
Discuss the sampling rate conversion by a factor I/D with the help of a neat block
diagram.
For the sequence x(n) = {5, 6, 8, 4, 2, 1, 3, 12, 10, 7, 11}, find the output
sequence Y(z) which is down sampled version of x(n) by 2.

QUESTIONBANK QUESTIONS:
UNIT 1
1

(a) Implement the decimation in time FFT algorithm for N=16.

(b) In the above Question how many non trivial multiplications are required.

(a)Explain what you understand by `Bit reversal' and In - place computation.

(b) What are the differences and similarities between DIT and DIF algorithm.

What are the advantages of FFT algorithm and compare the number of complex
multiplications for the direct evaluation of DFT versus the FFT algorithm.

4
5

Compute an 8-point DFT of the following sequences using a) DIT algorithm.

b) DIF algorithm.
X(n)={ 1,-1,1,-1,0,0,0,0}
Compute an 8-point IDFT of the following sequences using a) DIT algorithm.
b) DIF algorithm.
X(n)={ 8,1+j2,1-j,0,1,0,1+j,1-j2}
UNIT II
a) Briefly explain the methods of convolution of long sequences(sectioned
convolution)

92

b)Perform Linear convolution of two sequences using overlap ADD method and
Overlap Save method.
X(n)={ 1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4} and h(n)= {1,-1} .
Derive the relationship of the DFT to other transforms like Fourier transform and
Z-transform

a)Find the 4- point DFT of x(n)= [ 1,-2, 3,2]. B)Find the IDFT of X(k)= [1,0,1,0].

4.

Suggest the way to improve the frequency resolution of the spectrum when
calculating DFT.

5.

a) Compare circular convolution and linear convolution.

b) Find the circular convolution of the following sequences.
X(n)= {1,1,2,1} and h(n)= { 1,2,3,4}. Using a) concentric circle method
Matrix method c) DFT and IDFT method.
UNIT-III

b)

a) Compare Impulse Invariant and Bilinear transformation techniques.

b) Compute the poles of an Analog Chebyshev filter TF that satisfies the
Constraints 0.707 | H(j)| 1 ; 0 2
| H(j)| 0.1 ; 4 and determine Ha(s) and hence obtain H(z) using Bilinear
transformation.
What are the different design techniques available for IIR filters?

Design a Butterworth digital IIR lowpass filter using bilinear transformation by

taking T=0.1 second, to satisfy the following specifications.
0.6 | H(j)| 1 ; 0 0.35
| H(j)| 0.1 ; 0.7

4.

Design a digital chebyshev filter to meet the following specifications.

0.8 | H(j)| 1 ; 0 0.2
| H(j)| 0.2 ; 0.6

5.

Using (a) Bilinear transformation method.

(b) Impulse invariant method.
Draw and explain the frequency response of type-I Chebyshev filter.
UNIT-IV

1
2
3

Name the different types of window functions. How they are defined? What are
the effects of windowing?
a) What is an FIR Filter ? Compare an FIR filter with an IIR FIlter.
b) Design an FIR Digital High pass filter using Hamming window whose cut off
freq is 1.2 rad/s and length of window N=9.
Discuss frequency sampling method for an FIR filter design .

Explain why FIR filter is called as a linear phase filter? What conditions are to be
satisfied by the impulse response of an FIR system in order to have a linear
phase?

Design an FIR digital band pass filter using rectangular window whose upper and

93

lower cutoff frequencies are 1 & 2 rad/sec and length of window N=9.

UNIT V
1

Discuss the effects due to finite word length in direct form-I and II structures.

What is overflow error and how it can be avoided?

What are zero input limit cycle oscillations and what is dead band effect.

What is truncation? What is the error that arises due to truncation in floating
point numbers?
What is meant by rounding? Discuss its effects on all types of number
representations?

94