Magnetic susceptibility

B 0 1 H

0
M H
0
1

Review of class 13b

Paramagnetism of insulators

Paramagnet

Doped with rare-earth ions

Diamagnet

Ferromagnet

Diamagnetism

ZN0 e 2 2

r
6m
Paramagnetism
Non-interacting

N0 eff2 M a H

T
3kT

Incomplete shell of 4f electrons are screened by 5p,d

Rare earth ions behave like bare atoms
Used in fiber optic amplifier (Er)
Crystal field <<
Spin-orbit

Alloyed with transition metals (oxides)

Iron group 3d electrons strongly interact with neighbors

Orbits are quenched (l=0, j=s)
Pure spin-paramagnetism is observed
MnO
from 3d-filling

Hunds rule

Curie law

eff B g ( j ( j 1))1/ 2
j ( j 1) s( s 1) l (l 1)
g 1
2 j ( j 1)

Lande factor

Crystal field >>

Spin-orbit

Magnetic susceptibility

B 0 1 H

0
M H
0
1

Review of class 13b Metal spin paramagnetism

No orbits spin only p2=3

Neff g ( EF ) B B

Paramagnet

p 0 B g ( EF )

Diamagnet

Ferromagnet

Rare earth ferromag: Nd2Fe14B

1.6T, Tc~300C
Alnico~0.2T

Hitachi 600 patents

Non-interacting

N0
3kT

2
eff

M a

H
T

Curie law

eff B g ( j ( j 1))

1/ 2

j ( j 1) s( s 1) l (l 1)
g 1
2 j ( j 1)

Lande factor

3d electrons of Independent of T
transition metals

para 3 dia

Ferromagnetism

Strongly interacting
(exchange interaction)

H total HW H Vexchange JS1S2 H

HW M ~ 104 Magnetic order in domains
Weiss constant

T Tf

Curie-Weiss law
below Tf ferromagnet
above paramagnet

Tf~1000 K

Types of solids
Metal
Insulator
Semiconductor
Superconductor

Superconductivity

Discovered:
1911 by
Heike Kamerlingh
Onnes (Dutch)

Nobel prize 1913

- new state of matter

- reversible

"for his investigations on the

properties of matter at low temperatures
which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"

Types of solids
Metal
Insulator
Semiconductor
Superconductor

Superconductivity

About 56 elements
show superconductivity
33 at ambient pressure

1933
Walter Meissner and
Robert Ochsenfeld

Meissner Effect

Flux is expelled

Critical field

What does this mean

for technology?

104 Gauss = 1T

If I>Ic magnet will quench

100 liter Helium ~ $1000

Thermodynamics of transition

peak

A gap around the Fermi level

Or D(T), gap energy

Two fluid model

n: concentration of normal electrons
ns: concentration of super electrons

1934: Gorter and Casimir

London theory

BCS theory
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity,
usually called the BCS-theory"
Nobel prize 1972, BCS theory from 1957

John Bardeen Leon Neil Cooper John Robert Schrieffer

USA

USA

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956

"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of
the transistor effect"

USA

Superelectrons

Attraction of Cooper pairs

DOS of a superconductor

Superconductor detects single photon ~99% efficiency

April 2010: NIST: Sae Woo Nam

High Tc superconductors
for their important break-through in the discovery of
superconductivity in ceramic materials"

Nobel prize 1987

J. Georg Bednorz
Germany

K. Alexander Mueller
Swiss

Superconduction at 80 K i.e. liquid nitrogen

Current record around 135 K

The new iron age of superconductivity

Meissner Effect with high Tcs

Physical
Properties
Energy, Momentum,
Temperature,
Frequency
Structure,
Geometry,
Weight, Surface

Types of solids
Metal
Insulator
Semiconductor
Superconductor

Electrons:

Photons:

Current
Conductivity
Mobility
Resistivity
Capacitance
Inductance
Effective mass
Ionization energy

Intensity
Color, frequency
Polarization
Momentum
Permittivity (n)
Absorption
Reflectivity
Coherence

Phonons, Defects:
Temperature
Thermal conductivity
Specific heat
Mechanical strength
Stress
Elasticity