Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 5, 2011, no.

70, 3465 - 3472

Dierential Transform Method for Solving

Linear and Nonlinear Systems of
Ordinary Dierential Equations
Farshid Mirzaee
Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Science, Malayer University
Malayer, 65719-95863, Iran
f.mirzaee @ malayeru.ac.ir
mirzaee@mail.iust.ac.ir

Abstract

In this study,dierential transform method (DTM) is applied to

linear and nonlinear system of ordinary dierential equations. If the
system considered has a solution in terms of the series expansion of
known functions,this powerful method catches the exact solution.So as
to show this capability and robustness, some systems of ordinary dierential equations are solved as numerical examples.

Keywords: Dierential transform method; System of ordinary dierential

equations; Series solution

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F. Mirzaee

Introductin

The standard form of system of ordinary dierential equations of the n order

with conditions is considered [4] as

(n)
(n)
(n)

1 (x, y1 (x), y1 (x), ..., y1 (x), y2 (x), y2 (x), ..., y2 (x), ..., yN (x), yN
(x), ..., yN (x)) = 0

(x, y (x), y  (x), ..., y (n) (x), y (x), y  (x), ..., y (n) (x), ..., y (x), y  (x), ..., y (n) (x)) = 0
2
1
2
N
1
2
1
2
N
N
, (1)
..

(n)
(n)
(n)

N (x, y1 (x), y1 (x), ..., y1 (x), y2 (x), y2 (x), ..., y2 (x), ..., yN (x), yN
(x), ..., yN (x)) = 0
with initial values given for

(n1)
(n1)
y1 (x0 ) = y10 , y1 (x0 ) = y1 0 , ..., y1
(x0 ) = y10

y2 (x0 ) = y2 , y  (x0 ) = y  , ..., y (n1) (x0 ) = y (n1)

2
20
2
20
0
,
.
..

(n1)
(n1)


yN (x0 ) = yN0 , yN
(x0 ) = yN
, ..., yN (x0 ) = yN0
0

(2)

where i for i = 1(1)N are nonlinear continuous functions of its argument.In

this paper by using (DTM) we nd an approximate solution for y(x) =
(y1 (x), y2 (x), ..., yN (x)).

Dierential transform method (DTM)

The transformation of the kth derivative of a function in on variable is a

follows:
1 dk y
Y (k) = [ k (x)]x=x0 ,
k! dx

(3)

and the inverse transformation is dend by,

y(x) =

Y (k)(x x0 )k ,

(4)

k=0

see [8].
The following theorems that can be deduced from equations (3) and (4) are
given below:
Theorem 1.If y(x) = y1 (x) y2 (x),then Y (k) = Y1 (k) Y2 (k).
Theorem 2.If y(x) = cy1 (x), then Y (k) = cY1 (k) ,where c is a constant.

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Dierential transform method

Theorem 3.If y(x) =

dn y1 (x)
,
dxn

then Y (k) =

(k+n)!
Y1 (k
k!
k


+ n).

Y1 (k1 )Y2 (k k1 ).

Theorem 4.If y(x) = y1 (x)y2 (x), then Y (k) =

k1 =0

Theorem 5.If y(x) = xn , then Y (k) = (kn) where (kn) =

1 k=n
0 k = n

Theorem 6.If y(x) = y1 (x)y2 (x)...yn (x), then

kn1
k
k3 
k2



...
Y1 (k1 )Y2 (k2 k1 )...Yn1 (kn1 kn2 )Yn (k
Y (k) =
kn1 =0 kn2 =0

k2 =0 k1 =0

kn1 ).
Theorem 7.If y(x) = ex , then Y (k) =

k
k!

,where is a constant.

Theorem 8.If y(x) = sin(x + ), then Y (k) =

k
k!

sin( k
+ ), where and
2

k
k!

cos( k
+ ), where and
2

constants.
Theorem 9.If y(x) = cos(x + ), then Y (k) =
constants.
The proofs of Theorems 1 6 are available in [1] and the proofs of Theorems
7 9 are available in [6].

Numerical results

In this section, we use the method discussed of the previous sections for solving
some examples.

Example 1. Consider the following system of non-homogeneous dierential

equations[2,3,5]:


y1 (x) = y3 (x) cos(x)

y2 (x) = y3 (x) ex ,


y3 (x) = y1 (x) y2 (x)

(5)

y1 (0) = 0
y2 (0) = 0 .

y3 (0) = 2

(6)

with the conditions

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F. Mirzaee

The exact solution of this problem is:

y(x) = (y1 (x), y2 (x), y3 (x)) = (ex , sin(x), ex + cos(x)) By using Theorems 1,3,7
and 9 choosing x0 = 0, equations (5) and (6) are transformed as follows:

(k + 1)Y1 (k + 1) Y3 (k) = 1
cos( k
)

k!
2

(k + 1)Y2(k + 1) Y3 (k) = 1
k!
,

(k
+
1)Y
(k
+
1)

Y
(k)
+
Y
(k)
=
0

3
1
2

Y1 (0) = 1, Y2 (0) = 0, Y3 (0) = 2

consequently, we nd

Y1 (1) = 1,
Y1 (2) =
Y1 (3) =
Y1 (4) =
Y1 (5) =

1
,
2!
1
,
3!
1
,
4!
1
,
5!

..
.

Y2 (1) = 1,

Y3 (1) = 1

Y2 (2) = 0,

Y3 (2) = 0

Y2 (3) =

1
,
3!

Y3 (3) =

Y2 (4) = 0,
Y2 (5) =

Y3 (4) =

1
,
5!

Y3 (5) =

..
.

1
3!
2
4!
1
5!

..
.

Therefore, from(4),the solution of the equation(5) is given by

y1 (x) = 1 + x + 2!1 x2 + 3!1 x3 + 4!1 x4 + 5!1 x5 + = ex ,

y2 (x) = x 3!1 x3 + 5!1 x5 = sin(x),

y3 (x) = (1 + x + 2!1 x2 + 3!1 x3 + ) + (1 2!1 x2 + 4!1 x4 + ) = ex + cos(x).

Example 2. Consider the following system of diferential equations

of order two[3]:


y1(x) + y1 (x) y2 (x) 4y2(x) = 0

y1 (x) + y2 (x) = cos(x) + 2 cos(2x)

with the conditions

y1 (0) = 0, y1 (0) = 1

y2 (0) = 0, y2 (0) = 2

(7)

(8)

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Dierential transform method

the exact solution of this problem is

y(x) = (y1 (x), y2 (x)) = (sin(x), sin(2x)) By using Theorems 1,2,3, and 9 choosing x0 = 0, equations (7) and (8)are transformed as follows:

(k + 2)(k + 1)Y1 (k + 2) + Y1 (k) (k + 2)(k + 1)Y2 (k + 2) 4Y2 (k) = 0

k+1

(k + 1)Y1 (k + 1) + (k + 1)Y2 (k + 1) = k!1 cos( k

)+ 2 k! cos( k
)
2
2

Y1 (0) = 0, Y1(1) = 1
Y2 (0) = 0, Y2(1) = 2

consequently, we nd

Y1 (2) = 0,
Y1 (3) =

1
,
3!

Y1 (4) = 0,
Y1 (5) =

1
,
5!

..
.

Y2 (2) = 0
Y2 (3) =

8
3!

Y2 (4) = 0
Y2 (5) =

32
5!

..
.

Terefore, from(4), the solution of equation(7)is given by

y1 (x) = x 3!1 x3 + 5!1 x5 + = sin(x),
y2 (x) = 2x 3!8 x3 +

32 5
x
5!

= sin(2x).

Example 3. Consider the following nonlinear system of

dierential equations[3]:

y1 (x) = 2e4x y42 (x)

y  (x) = y (x) y (x) + cos(x) e2x

1
3
2
,

x

y
(x)
=
y
(x)

y
(x)
+
e

sin(x)
2
4

y4 (x) = e5x y12(x)

with the conditions

y1 (0) = 1, y2(0) = 1
y3 (0) = 0, y4(0) = 1

(9)

(10)

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F. Mirzaee

the exact solution of this problem is

y(x) = (y1 (x), y2 (x), y3 (x), y4 (x)) = (e2x , sin(x) + cos(x), sin(x), ex ). By using Theorems 1,2,3,4,6,7,8 and 9 choosing x0 = 0,equations (9) and (10) are
transformed as follows:
k2
k 


4k 1

(k
+
1)Y

Y4 (K2 k1 )Y4(k k2 )
(k
+
1)
=
2
1

k
1!

k2 =0 k1 =0

(k + 1)Y2 (k + 1) = Y1 (k) Y3 (k) + k!1 cos k

2k!

(k + 1)Y3 (k + 1) = Y2 (k) Y4 (k) + (1)

k!1 sin k
k!
2
k2
k 
k1

(5)

Y1 (k2 k1 )Y1 (k k2 )
(k + 1)Y4(k + 1) =

k1 !

k
=0
k
=0
2
1

(0)
=
1, Y2 (0) = 1
Y

Y3 (0) = 0, Y4 (0) = 1

consequently, we nd

Y1 (1) = 2,

Y2 (1) = 1,

Y1 (2) = 2,

Y2 (2) =

Y1 (3) =
Y1 (4) =
Y1 (5) =
..
.

8
,
3!
16
,
4!
32
,
5!

Y2 (3) =
Y2 (4) =
Y2 (5) =
..
.

1
,
2!
1
,
3!
1
,
4!
1
,
5!

Y3 (1) = 1,

Y4 (1) = 1

Y3 (2) = 0,

Y4 (2) =

Y3 (3) =

1
,
3!

Y3 (4) = 0,
Y3 (5) =
..
.

1
,
5!

Y4 (3) =
Y4 (4) =
Y4 (5) =
..
.

1
2!
1
3!
1
4!
1
5!

Therefore, from(4),the solution of equation(9) is given by

y1 (x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 + 3!8 x3 + = e2x ,

y2 (x) = [x 3!1 x3 + 5!1 x5 + ] + [1 2!1 x2 + 4!1 x4 + ] = sin(x) + cos(x),

y3 (x) = x 3!1 x3 + 5!1 x5 + = sin(x),

y4 (x) = 1 x + 2!1 x2 3!1 x3 + = ex .

Example 4. Consider the following system of liner dierential equations[5,7]:



y1 (x) = y1 (x) + y2 (x)

y2 (x) = y1 (x) + y2 (x)

(11)

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Dierential transform method

with the conditions

y1 (0) = 0
y2 (0) = 1

(12)

By using Theorems 1,2 and 3 choosing x0 = 0,equations (11) and (12) are
transformed as follows:

(k + 1)Y1 (k + 1) Y1 (k) Y2 (k) = 0

(k + 1)Y2 (k + 1) + Y1 (k) Y2 (k) = 0

Y1 (0) = 0, Y2 (0) = 1

consequently, we nd

Y1 (1) = 1,

Y2 (1) = 1

Y1 (2) = 1,

Y2 (2) = 0

Y1 (3) = 13 ,

1
3
1
Y2 (3) = 6
Y2 (5) = 1
30

Y1 (4) = 0,
Y1 (5) =
..
.

1
,
30

Y2 (3) =

..
.

Therefore, from(4),the solution of equation(11) is given by

y1 (x) = x + x2 + 13 x3

y2 (x) = 1 + x 13 x3

1 5
x O(x6 ),
30
1 4
x O(x5 ).
6

Conclusion

In this work,we successfully apply the DTM to nd numerical solutions for

linear and nonlinear system of ordinary dierential equations. It is observed
that DTM is an eective and reliable tool for the solution of system of ordinary
dierential equations. The method gives rapidly converging series solutions.The

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F. Mirzaee

accuracy of the obtained solution can be improved by taking more terms in

the solution. In many cases,the series solutions obtained with DTM can be
written in exact closed form. The present method reduces the computational
diculties of the other traditional methods and all the calculations can be
made simple manipulations. Several examples were tested by applying the
DTM and the results have shown remarkable performance.

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[3] J.Biazar,H. Ghazvini Hes variational iteration method for solving linear and
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[4] J.C.Butcher,Numerical methods for ordinary dierential equations,John
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[5] H. Jafari,V. Daftardar - Gejji, Revised Adomian decomposition method for
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Received: April, 2011