EE4511 Sustainable Energy

System: Part II
Lecture6: Power Quality

Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

10/12/2010

Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

Announcement
Week
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13

10/12/2010

Date
14/09/10
15/09/10
28/09/10
29/09/10
05/10/10
06/10/10
12/10/10
13/10/10
19/10/10
20/10/10
26/10/10
27/10/10
02/11/10
03/11/10
09/11/10
10/11/10

Tentative Syllabus
Road Map to Part II, Intro to Wind and Mid-term Exam
Types of turbine, power in the wind
Wind turbine generator, speed control
Average power in the wind and energy estimates
Wind turbine performance calculation
Fundamentals, complex power, power factor, balanced 3phase
Wind tutorial and Project announcement
Power quality
Invited Seminar
Screening and load duration curves, power quality tutorial
Presentation of Assignment
Presentation of Assignment
Utility rate structure, energy economics, energy conservation
Combined heat and power, Integrated resources planning and DSM
Tutorial

Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

Invited Seminar 19-10-10

Engineering Auditorium.
4-5 PM by Dr. Thomas Reindl
5-6 PM by Dr. Michael Quah, Principal Fellow &
Chief Scientist, Energy Technology and Systems,
Energy Studies Institute.
Advanced fuels, distributed generation, alternative
energy, energy storage.
Micro-grid.
Strategic sustainability (environment/energy/water)
planning.
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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

Outline

Read Masters Chapter 2.7-2.8.

Tutorial problems: 2.9, 2.12 and 2.13
Power supplies
Power quality
Harmonics
Total harmonics distortion (THD)

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

Single Phase System

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

Three Phase System

When all three phase current are balanced, we do not need neutral line.

In practice, neutral lines in the load side need to be sizing correctly. Today, well
see that electronic equipments induces harmonics that makes the neutral line
carrying much more current than expected.
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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

Motivation
Different appliances with different voltage
requirement, electronics use DC current.
Some alternative energy sources such as solar
PV cell, fuel cell produce DC current.
Most of energy storage such as battery store
DC current.
How to convert AC to DC and what is the
consequences of that?
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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

Diode
Rectifier
Linear power supplies
Switching power supplies

POWER SUPPLIES (AC TO DC)

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

Types of Power Supplies

Linear power supplies
Use transformer to change
voltage level.
Rely on diode to rectify the
voltage from AC to DC.
50-60% efficiency

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Switch-mode power supplies

Do not use transformer.
Still use diode to rectify
voltage from AC to DC.
Rapid on-off switching to
create DC to DC voltage
conversion.
70-80% efficiency

Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

Efficiency of 9-V Power Supplies

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Linear Power Supplies

Convert AC to DC.
Need diode to,
Allow the current to flow in
one direction.
Block current from going in
the opposite direction.

Recall that input AC

current/voltage is not
smooth.
Need a capacitor to
smooth out the voltage.
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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Ideal Diode

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Actual Diode

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Rectifier

Half-wave rectifier

Full-wave rectifier
Ripple

Ripple

Need to smooth out these ripples!!

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Half-Wave Rectifier

Current drawn from the utility!!

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Full-Wave Rectifier
Bridge rectifier: 4 diodes

Centered-tap transformer: 2 diodes

Current drawn from the utility!!

Transformer is always on (consume power) even if the load is off!!

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Three-Phase Rectifier
Three-phase half-wave rectifier

Three-phase full-wave rectifier

Smaller ripple than the single-phase rectifier.

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Switching Power Supplies

Buck Converter
Simple DC to DC, stepdown voltage converter
(or DC transformer).
Voltage controlled on/off
switching device
Semiconductor devices

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Buck Converter: Operation

Duty cycle, D, is a
fraction of time in a
cycle that a switch is
ON.

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Buck Converter: Operation

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Voltage Conversion
Average power in the circuit,

Average power at the load,

Assume that diode and switch are ideal, average power

input is equal to average power at load,

Duty cycle is used to determine the DC-to-DC conversion.

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Buck-Boost Converter
Recall for Lecture 4.
Maximum power tracker for PV module.

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Issues with Power Supplies

Half-Wave Rectifier

Full-wave Rectifier

Buck converter

Perfect sinusoidal wave!?!?

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Power quality problems

Harmonics
Total harmonic distortion
Voltage notching
Overloaded neutrals

POWER QUALITY

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Power Quality Problems

Voltage or current
irregularities
Abnormal shape or
frequency

Power interruption or
outages caused by
Lighting
Lost of transmission or
distribution line
Motivates distributed generation technology, customer
produce their own energy to increase power quality
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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Harmonics
Typical RLC load draws current/voltage with
smooth sinusoidal waveform.
Frequency distortion caused by signals with
other frequency from electronic loads.

Need to analyze periodic function!!

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Fourier Series
Periodic function is, by definition,

Any periodic function can be described using Fourier Series,

Will be zero if there is no DC component.

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Symmetry Relations
Even Function

Odd Function

Symmetry about y-axis.

Only cosine terms

Symmetry about origin

Only sine terms

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Half-Wave Symmetry

2nd half of the wave form is exactly opposite to

the first half.
No even harmonics!

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Periodic Function Examples

DC = 0
Odd function only sine
Half-wave symmetry No
even harmonics

What about the current

waveform from full wave
rectifier?
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DC 0
Neither Odd nor Even both
sine and cosine

DC = 0
Odd function only sine

Half-wave symmetry No
Not half-wave symmetry Odd even harmonics
and Even harmonics
DC = 0
Odd function only sine
Half-wave symmetry No
even harmonics

Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Harmonic Analysis of a Square Wave

Sum of the first two terms

Sum of the first three terms

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Harmonic Spectrum of a Square Wave

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Harmonic Spectrum Example

Current drawn by an
18W, electronic
ballasted compact
fluorescent Lamp.
Only odd harmonics
because of half-wave
symmetric property.
60-Hz voltage source.
Sum of the first 7th harmonics
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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

Simple quantitative measure of harmonics.
Similar concept from Phasor.

No harmonics THD = 0
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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Example 2.12
A harmonic analysis of the
current drawn by a compact
fluorescent Lamp yields the
following data. Find the rms
value of current and the
total harmonic distortion
(THD).

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Harmonics and Voltage Notching

Current pulse from diode-rectifier.

Voltage drop along the line.
Distort voltage at the load.
Capacitor can help smooth the waveform
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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Harmonics and Neutral Line Current

3-Phase balance

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Overloaded Neutrals
With harmonics, the neutral lines may not add
up to zero.

(rms value)
Possible that the current in the neutral line may exceed the current in each phase
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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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What About Other Harmonics?

From 3rd harmonics,
Odd harmonics divisible by three are called triplen harmonics.
For any harmonics that are not divisible by 3,
coskt 120

cosk t 120 coskt k120

coskt
coskt 120

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Always canceled out as long as k is not divisible by 3

Half-wave symmetry that contains no even

harmonics, for balanced 3-phase load, neutral line
will have 3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st, .. harmonics.
Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Example 2.13
A four-wire, wye-connected
balanced load has phase
currents described by the
following harmonics. Find rms
current in neutral line and
compare to rms phase current.
rms current in
each phase
Magnitude of neutral current is,

33% higher!!

rms current in neutral line

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Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen

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Summary
Power supplies
Diode: AC to DC
Rectifier: AC to DC
Pulse-width-modulation: DC to DC

Power quality
Harmonic analysis
Total-harmonic-distortion
Neutral line current
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Next Lecture
Review todays lecture.
Read chapter 2.
Next lecture will be on basic operation of
power systems, chapter 3.
Start reading chapter 3.

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