Nested If and Logical Operator

Mohammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad
Department of Computer Science,

Faculty of Computing
Lab 4: Nested If-else, Logical Operators and Switch
Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
42
2.
Activity Time boxing
42
3.
Objective of the Experiment
43
4.
Concept Map
43
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
43
43
44
45
46
5.
6.
7.
Nested-if statement
Logical-and (&)
Similarities and Differences for the use of nested-if and logical-and
Logical-or (||)
Logical-not (!)
Home work before Lab
53
5.1
5.2
53
53
Problem solution modeling

Practices from home
Procedure & Tools
54
6.1
6.2
54
54
55
56
56
Tools
Walk-through Task
6.2.1 Writing Code
6.2.2 Compilation
6.2.3 Executing the Program
Practice Tasks
57
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
57
57
57
58
58
Practice Task 1
Practice Task 2
Practice Task 3
Out comes
Testing
8.
Evaluation Task (Unseen)
59
9.
Evaluation criteria
59
10.
Further Readings
59
10.1
10.2
59
60
Books
Slides
Appendix A Logical Operators
60

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1. Introduction
In the previous lab, you have learned how to use conditions and have learned three different types of
conditions (simple if-statement, if-else statement and if-else-if statements, and compound statements).
Those statements worked for a single condition; however, there are certain real problems when we
need to make the decision based one two or more conditions. In this case we can use nested-if or can
use logical operators. You will learn in detail about nested-if and logical operators in this lab. The
concept map presented in this lab will guide you when and where to use nested-if or logical operators.
The logical operators have been made available in the Appendix A for your reference.
The section 2 presents a table that outlines some major activities and tasks you will do as the part of this
lab. Table 1 also provides the estimated-time for each activity, which will help you to organize your tasks
well. Section 3 presents some of the learning objectives for this lab. Section 4 (Concept Map) discusses
and provides a comprehensive introduction of the topic. Section 5 lists the set of home-tasks you are
required to complete before this lab. Section 6 presents a walkthrough task that you will do as the first
practical activity during your lab. The walkthrough task has many small steps which you should follow as
directed in-order to complete the task and to get the desired output. After that, you will be ready to
work on some tasks on your own. The section 7 lists practice tasks for this purpose. As the part of
section 8, your lab instructor will give you some tasks at runtime and will evaluate those according to
the criteria mentioned in section 9. Section 10 lists some further reading links.
Note: Before coming to the lab, you are required to read Lab contents until section 5. You will
start your practical work from section 6 onward in the lab.
Relevant Lecture Readings:

a) Lecture No. 7
b) Text Book: Computer Programming by D. S. Malik, pages: 175-184, 192-198, 203-204
c) Revise Quick Review available at 219-220
2. Activity Time boxing
Task No.
5.1
6.1
6.2
7
8
Table 1: Activity Time Boxing

Activity Name
Activity time
Evaluation of Design
20 mins
Setting-up Visual Studio
5 mins
Specialized Tasks
30 mins
Practice tasks
As mentioned against each task
Evaluation Task
30 mins for each assigned task
Total Time

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Total Time
20 mins
5 mins
15 mins
70 mins
60 mins
170 mins
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3. Objective of the Experiment
To get basic understanding of nested-if conditions

To get basic understanding of logical operators.
Where and when to use nested-if and logical-and.
To practice how the nested-if and logical operators are used in a C++ program.
4. Concept Map
We will introduce the nested-if condition and logical operators in this section. Furthermore, we will
study where and when to use these concepts in C++ program. When an if-statement is included within
another if-statement then we say that this is nested-if. For evaluating more than one condition, we can
use either nested-if or logical operators. There are three logical operators available in C++. For example
logical-and (&&), logical-or (||), and logical-not (!). We will study them one by one.
4.1 Nested-if statement

When we want to make decisions based on more than one conditions then one way of achieving this is
using nested-if condition. For example, consider the following example. A student is given a scholarship,
if and only if his/her percentage is more than 70% and he/she is below 16 years of age. Here, you need
to notice that there are two conditions and if both conditions are fulfilled then the student will be given
scholarship, otherwise, no scholarship will be awarded. To accomplish such task you can use the concept
of nested-if in the following way.
if (percentage>=70 )
{
if (age <16)
{
cout<<Congratulations! You are eligible for the scholarship;
}
}
The nested-if statement is executed in the following way, first, the statement (percentage>=70 ) will
be evaluated, if the statement is true then the control is passed to the first statement within this ifstatement. The first line within this if-statement is again an if-statement, now the statement (age
<16) will be evaluated. Here if this statement is also true, then the student will be given the scholarship.
We can use logical-and to solve the same problem as well. This will be discussed in the next section.
4.2 Logical-and (&)

The same problem (discussed in section 4.1) can be solved with using logical-and operator (&) between
both conditions. For example, consider the following code:
if (percentage>=70 && age <16)
{
}
To understand the above statement, revise your concepts from the previous course of ITC. The logicaland is evaluated as true if both values (conditions) are true. For revision, you can have a look on the
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Appendix A. For the above code, if both conditions are true, then the statement will be executed. The
difference between using logical-and and nested-if has been explained in the next section.
4.3 Similarities and Differences for the use of nested-if and logical-and
For the example used in the section 4.1 and 4.2, there is no difference, one can use any of them (nestedif or logical-and)
4.3.1 Scenario 1: Nested-if and Logical-and (&&) are similar
Consider the followings two codes:

Code A:
{
if (age <16)
{
}
}
Code B:
{
}
In this scenario, both codes will output the same. However, there are certain differences in using
nested-if and logical-and (&&). There are some scenarios where use of nested-if is better, however,
there are some other scenarios where the use of logical-and(&&) is better. For example, consider the
following case.
4.3.2 Scenario 2: Nested-if is better than Logical-and (&&)
Consider the following code:

{
if (age <16)
{
}
cout<<Your percentage is more than 70;
}

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However, you probably, will not like to write the above code in the following way.
{
cout<<Congratulations! You are eligible
scholarship;
}
if (percentage>=70)
{
cout<<Your percentage is more than 70;
}
for
the
4.3.3 Scenario 3: Logical-and (&&) is better than nested-if
Consider the following code.

{
cout<<Congratulations! You are eligible for
scholarship;
}
else
{
cout<<Sorry, you did not get the scholarship;
}
the
You will not like to write it in the following way:

{
if (age <16)
{
}
else {
}
}
else
{
}
4.4 Logical-or (||)

Apart from logical-and (&&), there is another logical operator which is known as logical-or (||). You can
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refresh your concepts of logical operators by looking into the appendix A available at the end of this lab.
In the logical-or (||), the condition is considered as true if any of the conditions are true. For example,
re-writing the previous example with logical-or (||) would look like the following
if (percentage>=70 || age <16)
{
cout<<Congratulations!
scholarship;
}
You
are
eligible
for
the
The cout statement will be executed if any of the conditions is true. For example either the person has
achieved more than 70% marks or his/her age is less than 16, the scholarship will be awarded to that
person.
4.5 Logical-not (!)

The logical-not (!) is used before any condition and it will reverse the evaluation of the condition. For
example, if the condition is true, the logical-not (!) will make it false, if the condition is false, then the
logical-not (!) will make it true. Consider the following example. logical-not (!):
if (!(5==5))
cout<<5 is not equal to 5;
the above statement will be evaluated as false because the condition (5==5) is evaluated as true and
logical-not (!) will make it false, as the if-statement is evaluated as false, therefore, the cout-statement
will not be executed. Similarly, we have written the previously discussed example by incorporating
logical-not (!)
if (percentage>=70 && (!(age <16)))
{
cout<<Congratulations!
scholarship;
}
You
are
eligible
for
the
Now we have both logical-and and logical-not. You know that logical-and will be evaluated as true if
both conditions are true. The first condition would be true when percentage is more than or equal to 70,
however, the second condition would be true when the age is more than or equal to 16. Remember,
from previous discussion that whenever the inner condition (age<16) is false, the logical-not (!) will
make it true. Therefore, the scholarship will be given to only those students whose percentage is greater
than or equal to 70 and whose age is more than or equal to 16.
4.6 Switch Statement

Remember, in your previous lab, you have studied a control structure, selection, using if-statement.
However, there is another way selection or branching statement in c++, known as switch statement. The
if-statement can be used to evaluate logical-expressions (remember logical-operators that you studied
in the Lab 4). However, the switch-statement do not require the evaluation of logical expressions. The
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switch statement is used to p ick from number of alternatives provided by the system. The general
syntax of the switch statement is as follows:
switch (expression)
{
case value1:
statements
break;
case value2:
statements...
break;
.
.
.
case valuen:
statements
break;
default:
statements.
}
Where switch, case, break, and default are the reserve words and have particular meanings which you
will learn in this lab. Please note that the break statement is an optional statement. This means you can
use this statement or not depending upon the situation. You will learn the effect of including and
excluding a break statement in the next section.
The expression sometimes, is referred to, selector. First the expression in the switch statement is
evaluated. Subsequently, the corresponding case is executed. It is not mandatory that the expression is
an identifier. It can be a identifier or an expression. However, the value of the expression should be
integral only.
4.6.1 The break statement
In this section, we will give a basic example of switch statement with and without the break statement.
Consider that we want to print the following output where user have multiple options, out of which the
user can pick one option to be executed at one time.
Enter 1 to purchase products
Enter 2 to sale products
Enter 3 to see the profit statement =
In such a menu driven statement, using switch statement is encouraged. This will make your code more
readable.
You can program this problem using the following code:
int option;
cout<< Enter 1 to purchase products;
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cout<< Enter 2 to sale products;

cout<< Enter 3 to see the profit statement =;
cin>>option;
switch (option)
{
case 1:
cout<<You selected the option to purchase products;
break;
case 2:
cout<<You selected the option to sale products;
break;
case 3:
cout<<You selected the option to see the profit statement;
break;
default:
cout<<You have selected the wrong value;
}
When user enters the value 1, the user will get the following output:
You selected the option to purchase products
You selected the option to sale products
You selected the option to see the profit statement
However, consider that if we exclude the break statement (recall from the previous section that the
break statement is optional), then the output will be changed for different inputs. For example: consider
the following code without break statements.
int option;
cin>>option;
switch (option)
{
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:

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default:
}
When the break statement is not included then from onward a true case, all cases will be executed until
the switch statements ends, or a break occurs. For example consider the following example, for more
clarification.
int option;
cin>>option;
switch (option)
{
case 1:
case 2:
break;
case 3:
default:
}
In this switch statement, we have written a break statement after the statement associated with case 2.
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The user will not get the output You selected the option to see the profit statement
because there is a break after second case.
The statement cout<<You selected the option to see the profit statement will not be
executed because there is a break after the second case.
Finally, when user enters the value 3, the user will get the following output:
If user enters any statement other than 1, 2, or 3 (for which we have written cases), in that case, the
default statement is executed.
4.6.2
The character value in the expression
We learned in the previous section that the value of the expression could be an integral. In the previous
example, you have learned how integer values are used in the switch statement. Now we will learn how
the character values can be used in the switch statement. Consider the following example; consider you
want to make a program that converts Pakistani Rupee into different international currencies such as:
Euro, Dollar, and Riyal.
char option;
cout<<Enter character E to change Rupee into equivalent value in Euro;
cout<<Enter character D to change Rupee into equivalent value in dollar;
cout<<Enter the character R to change Rupee into equivalent value in Riyal;
cin>>option;
switch(option)
{
case E:
cout<<You selected the conversion from Rupee to Euro;
break;
case D:
cout<<You selected the conversion from Rupee to Dollar;
break;
case R:
cout<<You selected the conversion from Rupee to Riyal;
break;
default:
cout<<Wrong input;
}
There are two important points to be noted here:

1) For the character value, you need to enclose it in a singe quotation mark.
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2) The program will work fine for the upper case characters only. If user enter d in lowercase
rather than upper case, then the program will output cout<<Wrong input;. To tackle
both uppercase and lowercase character, you can write the following code:
switch(option)
{
case E:
case e:
cout<<You selected the conversion from Rupee to Euro;
break;
case D:
case d:
cout<<You selected the conversion from Rupee to Dollar;
break;
case R:
case r:
cout<<You selected the conversion from Rupee to Riyal;
break;
default:
cout<<Wrong input;
}
For the better understanding of this program, remember, the discussion on the break statement in the
previous section.
4.6.3
The relational operator in the expression
In the expression of the switch statement, one can use relation operators which will be evaluated as
true of false, for example consider the following example followed by a discussion on it.
int marks;
cout<< Enter your marks;
cin>>marks;
switch(marks>=50)
{
case 1:
cout<<Congratulations, you have qualified the examination;
break;
case 0:
cout<<Sorry, you have not qualified the examination ;
break;
}
In this case, the expression will be evaluated as logical-true or logical-false. If the marks are greater than
or equal to 50, then the statement
cout<<Congratulations, you have qualified the
examination; will be executed, otherwise, the statement cout<<Sorry, you have not
qualified the examination ; will be executed. As the expression is logical-true or logical-false,
therefore, you can use true instead of 1 and false instead of 0 as shown below.
int marks;
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cout<< Enter your marks;

cin>>marks;
switch(marks>=50)
{
case true:
cout<<Congratulations, you have qualified the examination;
break;
case false:
cout<<Sorry, you have not qualified the examination ;
break;
}
4.6.4 Complex expression in the switch statement
In the previous section, you have learned how an integer, character, and relational operator can be used
in the expression of switch statement, however, in this section, you will experience that the use of
complex expression is allowed in the switch statement. Consider the following example. The user enters
a number and program finds the digit at unit place and displays it.
int value;
cin>>value;
switch (value%10)
{
case 0:
cout<<The
break;
case 1:
cout<<The
break;
case 2:
cout<<The
break;
case 3:
cout<<The
break;
case 4:
cout<<The
break;
case 5:
cout<<The
break;
case 6:
cout<<The
break;
case 7:
cout<<The
break;
case 8:
cout<<The
break;
case 9:
cout<<The
unit place digit is Zero;
unit place digit is One;
unit place digit is Two;
unit place digit is Three;
unit place digit is Four;
unit place digit is Five;
unit place digit is Six;
unit place digit is Seven;
unit place digit is Eight;
unit place digit is Nine;

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break;
}
5. Home work before Lab

5.1 Problem solution modeling
Write the pseudo-code for the following problems:
1. Write a program that calculates salary and medical charges for the employees. There are two
types of employees permanent and daily wages. The daily wages employee are paid 400 per
hour while permanent employees are paid 800 per hour. First ask the user for employee type
and then ask for either calculating salary or medical charges. Permanent employees are paid 5%
medical charges of their total salary while daily wages are paid 3% of medical charges. After
calculating for one employee it should ask the user for continuation.
2. Write a program which asks the user to either convert the number of days into hours or
minutes. Based on the option entered by user your program should calculate the result
accordingly.
5.2 Practices from home

1. Write a program that asks the user for three numbers and then print the maximum and
minimum number to the user.
2. Write a program that asks the users to enter three characters. Then the program should display
the following menu
1. Sort in Ascending order
2. Sort in Descending order
The program should perform sorting of these three characters in ascending or descending order
as per the user requirement.
3. Write a program which asks the user to enter number of days. Subsequently, the user can either
select any of the following options:
Press 1 for converting the number of days into hours
Press 2 for converting the number of days into minutes
Based on the option entered by user, your program should calculate and display the results
accordingly.

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6. Procedure & Tools

6.1 Tools
Visual Studio 2008.
To achieve this task, you need to setup a file as you did in Lab-1. Refer to the 6.2 section of lab-1 for
setting up a project.
6.2
Walk-through Task
[Expected time = 15 mins]
In this specialized task, you will learn that how the practice task 2 of third lab can be achieved with the
help of nested-if statement.
Write a program which would calculate the grades of students against their score. The grading criteria is
as follows:
>= 90
>=80
>=70
>=60
<60
A
B
C
D
grade
grade
grade
grade
F grade
Use nested if-else to achieve this task.

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6.2.1 Writing Code

Remember you created a file with name myprog in the task 5.1.8. now write the following code as
shown in the Figure 1. Write the code in the intended form as shown.
.
Figure 1: Writing the C++ code

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6.2.2 Compilation
After writing the code, now you are ready to compile it. For compilation, select Build Solution from the
Build option in the menu bar as shown in the Figure 2.
..
Figure 2: Compiling the C++ program
.
When you click on build solution, the compiler would start processing your program. The progress of
build activity would be displayed on the output window as shown in the Figure 3.
Figure 3: Build Activity
The progress would show whether the build was successful or not. It would display the errors if any.
Otherwise it would display the message Build succeeded.
6.2.3 Executing the Program
Now run the program by pressing Ctrl+F5 from keyboard or selecting play option from Debug menu
(Debug menu can be accessed from the Figure 2). When you press Ctrl+F5, the compiler would start
executing the program and would display the final output to your screen as shown in the Figure 4.

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Figure 4: Final output
7. Practice Tasks
This section will provide more practice exercises which you need to finish during the lab. You need to
finish the tasks in the required time. When you finish them, put these tasks in the folder specified by
your lab instructor
7.1 Practice Task 1
Write a program which would calculate the sales tax on two products by the name of Conditioner and
Facewash. First the user would be asked for the product type. Once the user selects the product then
ask him/her about the price of the product. For the product Conditioner, If the price is greater than 100
and less than 800 then calculate 5% sales tax, and for the product Facewash, , If the price is greater than
150 and less than 500 then calculate 10% sales tax on the product. Then display the sales tax to the user.
Note: Use nested-if to achieve this task.
7.2 Practice Task 2
Write a program which asks the user to open a bank account either Current or Savings. Your program
will display the following menu at the start:
Press 1 for Current Account
Press 2 for Savings Account
On the selection of account type, the user will open an account by providing an initial amount. In current
account the initial amount for opening an account would be 2000 and for savings it would be 5000. After
choosing the account type and opening the account with initial amount, your program will display the
following menu:
Press a for Deposit the money
Press b for withdrawing the money
In current account the user cannot withdraw more than 10000 rupees. In Savings account the user
cannot withdraw more than 25000. When the user withdraws amount make sure that amount should
not be more than the balance in account and at the end of withdrawal transaction, there should be
minimum of 500 rupees for each account.
7.3 Practice Task 3
Write a program in which a father wants to know the grade of his two sons. Ask the user for the marks.
If the marks are greater than 90 then he/she receives A grade. If his first son gets an A grade then he will
be give a treat by his father. If the second son gets an A grade then he would be given a treat by his
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father. If both sons get A grade then both of them will get a treat from their father. Use nested if-else to
do this task.
7.4 Practice Task 4
Write a program which will read two numbers and would display the following menu to the user:
Press 1 to find the numbers are divisible by 2
Press 2 to add the two numbers
Press 3 to subtract the two numbers
Press 4 to multiply the two numbers
Press 5 to divide the two numbers
Press 6 to find whether the numbers are odd or even
Note: All the above operations would be applied on both the numbers that user reads.
7.5 Practice Task 5
Write a program that displays the following menu to the user:

Press 1 for Permanent Employee
Press 2 for Daily wages Employee
After selecting the appropriate employee calculate salary and medical charges for the employees.
Following menu would be displayed:
Press a to calculate Salary
Press b to calculate medical charges.
The daily wages employees are paid 400 per hour while permanent employees are paid 800 per hour.
When you would calculate the salary, first you need to ask for the number of hours for which the
employee has worked so far. The permanent employees are paid 5% medical charges of their total
salary while daily wages are paid 3% of medical charges. For calculating medical allowance no further
selection/input is required.
7.6 Out comes

The outcomes of this lab were:
a) You have learnt nested-if control structures in C++
b) You have practiced different tasks how to use selections.
c) You have practiced logical operators
7.7 Testing
For the tasks mentioned in Section 7, following are the test cases. The instructor will check the outputs
of the practice tasks accordingly.
Table 2: Testing of Practice Tasks
Practice
Tasks
6.2
Sample Input
Sample output
Enter your marks
Grade is: B

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Marks:85
Marks:65
Marks:40
Marks: 60
Grade is: D
Grade is: F
Grade is: D
7.1
Enter product type:

1 (for conditioner)
2 (for face wash)
1
Enter price = 499
Sales tax = 14.97
7.2.1
Account Type: 1
Amount: 2000
Deposit Amount: 1000
Withdraw amount: 1500
Account Type: 2
Amount: 5000
Deposit Amount: 500
Withdraw amount: 5400
Withdraw amount : 4500
Available Balance: 1500
7.2.2
Rs. 500 must be available

after withdraw transaction,
please enter the amount
again.
Available balance = 1000
8. Evaluation Task (Unseen)
The lab instructor will give you unseen task depending upon the progress of the class.
9. Evaluation criteria
The evaluation criteria for this lab will be based on the completion of the following tasks. Each task is
assigned the marks percentage which will be evaluated by the instructor in the lab whether the student
has finished the complete/partial task(s).
Table 3: Evaluation of the Lab
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Task No
5.1
5.3
7
8
Description
Problem Modeling
Home work
Practice tasks and Testing
Evaluation Tasks (Unseen)
Comments
Good Programming Practices
Marks
20
10
35
20
5
10
10. Further Readings

10.1 Books
Text Book:
Computer Programming by D.S Malik, second edition
Reference Books:
1. Beginning C++, the complete language, by Ivor Horton, Wrox Publishers.
2. How to Program in C++, Dietel and Dietel

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10.2 Slides
The slides and reading material can be accessed from the folder of the class instructor available at
\\dataserver\jinnah$
Appendix A Logical Operators

&& OPERATOR
|| OPERATOR
! OPERATOR
a && b
a || b
!a
true true true
true true true
true false false
true False
true false true
false true False
False True
false true true
false false False
false false false

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Mohammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad

Department of Computer Science,

Lab 4: Nested If-else, Logical Operators and Switch

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

Activity Time boxing

Objective of the Experiment

Home work before Lab

Problem solution modeling

Procedure & Tools

Evaluation Task (Unseen)

Appendix A Logical Operators

Department of Computer Science,

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

Relevant Lecture Readings:

2. Activity Time boxing

Table 1: Activity Time Boxing

Department of Computer Science,

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

3. Objective of the Experiment

To get basic understanding of nested-if conditions

4.1 Nested-if statement

4.2 Logical-and (&)

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

Consider the followings two codes:

Consider the following code:

Department of Computer Science,

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

4.3.3 Scenario 3: Logical-and (&&) is better than nested-if

Consider the following code.

You will not like to write it in the following way:

4.4 Logical-or (||)

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

4.5 Logical-not (!)

4.6 Switch Statement

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

4.6.1 The break statement

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

cout<< Enter 2 to sale products;

Department of Computer Science,

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

The character value in the expression

There are two important points to be noted here:

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

The relational operator in the expression

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

cout<< Enter your marks;

4.6.4 Complex expression in the switch statement

unit place digit is Zero;

unit place digit is One;

unit place digit is Two;

unit place digit is Three;

unit place digit is Four;

unit place digit is Five;

unit place digit is Six;

unit place digit is Seven;

unit place digit is Eight;

unit place digit is Nine;

Department of Computer Science,

Lab 9: Nested If-else and Logical Operators

5. Home work before Lab

5.2 Practices from home