ANSWERS !+ex10° (0 2xt0t +0%10% +0x10 +6x10!-+8x10° eto xi! 403308 P7200 80 +8900, Om 7x10 +8x10+oxtot xi? + 0% #9510408 (0 Seto +0x108 +0x10* + AxtoP te10" +910" 2xt Foe Set sant 7a 19u88 102102934 2 Qos een) 800 ms THINGS TO REMEMBER 1. tain non zor ravonalrumber anni satura nub han te prot eee * a ote ower Rational numbers called base er own tae awponent Aso, a's kowm ae the exponential of Fovarynon-zroratonalrumb, Weave Cee fat and abt 4 pougo wn roson nnn a iar es i eomoeeea es ° et a wnerom> A @ @yrar= ly” ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS ———____________ ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS 7.1 INTRODUCTION In class VI, we have learnt about literals and their addition, eubtraction, multiplication and division. We have also studied about power & of literals, variables and constants, A ‘symbol having a fixed numeric value is called a constant and a symbol which takes varius ‘numerical values is called a variable, A combination af constants and variables connected by the signs of addition, subtraction, multpl ‘expression. In this chapter, we ‘one or two variables. We shal a 7.2 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION of algebraic expressions DEFINITION A combination of constants and variables connected by the signs of fundamental operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and diviston te called on Algebraic. expression. TERMS, Various parts of an algebraic expression which are separated by the signs + or ~ fare called the'terms’of the expression, MAUSTRATION (i) dx + 2y — dz is an algebraic expression having Sx, 2y and —te aa its terms, 0 50 ~ Gely + Bry%e ~ 7 is an algebraic expression consisting of four ‘terms, namely 52°, -Gr4y, Saye and 7. (ti) 4,8 — 6, a2 +b + 2 —ab ~be—eu, 20° 4 Bt, ay +22, xy 4 y2 +, oe all sigebraie expressions, NOMIAL An algebraic expression containing only one term i called a monomial example, 9,25, Bry, Babe, Sab! are all monomials BNOMIAL An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial brexample,x+ 3,5 25,0 2abe,a* +7, 2 sy ar all binomials that +7 anata binomial, beenuse 3+7=10, which isa monomial BNOMIAL An algebraic expression containing three terme i called a trinomial. example, 2c -y + 8,324 y8+2,9 ¢ay2 4 areal trinomiala hat 7 +2 +9 isnt a trnomial because 7+ 2x + 9= 16 +2, which a binomial DPINOMIAL An algebraic expression containing fur terms is called a quedrinomia. example +8° c+ Sabe,at + 64422 5,ab-+be sea +abe areal quadrinomial,s Mathematics or iess Vi POLYNOMIAL An algebraic expression containing two or more terms is called @ polynomial, é Tt followe from the abave definition, that binomial, trinomial and quadrinomial ete, are polynomials ILLUSTRATION Identify the monomials, binomials, trinomials and quadrinomials among the following algebraic expressions: oa Gd ary ii) 4.50 () at s2ab +67 (vi) axtbyte (vil) axtby tered (wild) Baye (ix) aeyse—me ‘Solution Monomials are: (), (i) and (vit) Binomials are: (i) and (tv) ‘Trinomials are: (v) and (vi) Quadrinomials are; (vit) and (x Gv) ot 3 7.3 FACTORS AND COEFFICIENTS TactoRs Bach term in an algebraic expression is a product of one or more number(s) easyer tera! number(s). These number) and/or literal number(s) are known as the actors of that term. ILLUSTRATION: () ‘The monomial 7x is the product of number 7 and literals. So, 7 and = ‘are factors of the monomial 7x. ) In the binomial Say + Tz, xy and 7z are two terms, In the term Sry, for jfttance, 8, + and y are ts factors. Clearly, number 3 is the numerical factor, and x and y are literal factors. (Git) Tn the term —daye, the numerical factor is —4 whereas x, y and ¢ are Titeral factors Gv) In the binomial expression ay + 3, the term ay has =1. as ‘numerical factor while x ad y are literal factors. "The term 3 has ‘numerical factor. Tt has no literal factor. (v) Inthe algebraic expression ab —c* 7 the term ad has numerical f ‘Vand literal factors are a and b. The term -c* has numeric! ‘as 1 and literal factors are c and <2. The third term ~7 has no lit factor. CONSTANT TERM A term of the exprecsion having no litera factor is called « constant tert ILUSTRATION2 (i) Inthe binomial expression Sx +7, the constant term is 7 4 givilecumuneseaiete Saceatilaa COEFFICIENT In aterm ofan algebraie expression, any ofthe factors with the sign of drm is called the coefficient of the product ofthe other factors iLLustaaTiOns (i) Ta the monomial 3x, the coefficient of y is Br, the cooicient of x Is and the coefficient of xyis 3. Gi) Consider the term —Scy in the binomial “Say + 7.‘The coefficient of the term Sry is 8, the coefficient of y is ~8x and the coefficient of is8. ILLUSTRATIONS. Write down the terms of the expression: Sxy— ‘What isthe coofcent of in the term $25 ‘Algebraic Eprasione ‘Soliton The given expression 4 pression has four terms, namely &y,~7ye, $<4ye4 and 25.92 4 The coefficient of in Aebatis Set the tm Scye is $32 ALUETATON Ste down te cnn ea bad en tr a th Anime expraon testes Bane ‘The even alga expression asthe terms, namely, et, 26H and Saset Consider the tarm 4a‘b%e We have, da‘Ste= 40. he Coefficient ofa in dab is date Also, dae = 4a. ab be Coefficient of ab in da‘B'e is 4a%be ‘Again, da'6¥e = 4 abe .% Coeticient of abe in 4a*b%e is da%b 7.4 UKE AND UNLIKE TERMS LIKE TERMS The terms having the same literal factors are called lke or similar terme. Fepelpleprcor a = eee eae Te Bes ivishea in the slgebraic expression Sx'y + Ty? — axy — we hetero tee ot anda as like terms, * and 7B sand ot ke terms, Also, BB? and 79 are Ike terms. Bat a, 7? MLUSTRATION2 In the following write down the pairs which contain like ter (8, —Te (a) 16x, 16) iis, (iv) 906, 6b (©) af, 408 (vi) 6, Babe (i) In the pair 3x, ~7s the literal Teth pi re I factor x is the same, Heneo, the pair 3x, 7x i) Inthe pai 16,167 the itera ae 1,6) dies not conta ke tera nt tes So. he pin ‘Solution ‘Terms 2%y and ~Te'y have the same Tenge 2, and toy have the samo Titer! factory. So the pay, Gy) Since the tars Sab and have ‘Sab, -6b is the pair of unlike ate nn TAA AA A, So te pl (©) a and 49? are unlike terms as their literal factors a? and 0 are distinct. (oD ab and Sa%be are wnlike terms ath and like terms as ther Iiteral factors a4 and abe areMatvomatiesforGtass Vt WLLUSTRATIONS Identify the like terms and eleo mention the eoafficionte of those terms {in the following terms: day, ey, ~Syx, Dy Clearly, terms 4ny and —Byx = ~day have sy as the aame litaral factor So, dry ‘and ~Sy ae like terms among the given terms, The coefficients of zy in these thro terme are 4 and 2 respectively. I the cosficient of a term in an algebraic expression is 1, then I is usually ‘omitted. For instance, fa is written as a. Similarly, ifthe coefficient is 1, then ‘loo we omit I. For instance, a is written as ~a. Solution Remark 75 FINDING THE VALUE OF AN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION ‘Aa we have studied in the earlier sections that an algebraic expreseion invalves one or ‘more terms and each term contains one or more literals and some numeric coefficient. ‘Thus to find the numeric value of an algebraic expression, we need to know the numerical values of all the literals appearing. In order to find the value of an algebraic expression for given values of the literals involved in it we replace the literals by their numeric values to obtain an arithmetic expression and then evaluate it by usual method of arithmetic. “The process of replacing the literals by their numeric values is called substitution. "The following procedure can be used to find the value of an algebraic expression for the sven values of literals involved init Write the algebraic expression. Obtain the values of literals involved in the expression. ‘Replace each literal by its numeric value to obtain an arithmetical expression. ‘Simplify the arithmetical expreesion obtained in step II by the usual method of arithmetic. ‘The value obtained instep TV ia the required value Following ilustration wil illustrate the above procedure. NLUSTRATION If x = 1 and y = 2, find the values of each of the following algebraic expressions: (@ 248 ww 2 oe (ai) ae 29-7 (i) Be —by Ge) Py Goi) eS ‘Substituting x = 1 andy =2 in each ofthe following expressions, we have ) 2¢43226143=243=5 Gi) Sey =8%1-5x2=3-10=-7 (Gi) Se42)—7 2914227038 44~ Gy) #eFatxdeL () ty atx2e 1292 () Payte F+O) QF 43—()ta—d48~1=-1- @ S498 24 ayy, a i) Say By +46 Substituting x 1, =~2and2 = in the ~ Aieateers 7 ven expressions, we have <4 62)"+ BP ax1x-2x9 = 1+@8)+27-3x-6 #1-8+27+18=46-8028 Gi) Bayt —15 ey 4 4e BL x(-2F- 15x (x2) +49 8X16 ~15x-244x3=484.20+12=90, "MUSTRATIONS Find the values of ech ofthe flloving expressions for a= 1, 8 = 2 and i) oF +BY 2b Soliton eas (iil) a! +65 4e*—Sabe iv) a? 4b? +0? ab ears mall 9 Vl daria ed aot ea () a? +674 2ab = (1)? +2242x1x201444429 B i), +08 +8 Sade =(1)84 (2 + (-1P—3x 1x2x(-1) : ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example Identify the monomials, binomi Haity the monomias, binomial, winomials and quadeinomils from the @ ast a 2-1 Gi) (i) 08408 seta? (i) aye 0) set s4y? 480 (vd saat (ta 488 sabes & 30-2 (si) tee ©) 42isa mononial expression sit eontins oe term ony (3) 8-14 binamial expression casei contnnn ts tons (6) «8s binomial expression ast eit of ro terms (io) 82? 494+ Gz contains three terms. So, itis rinomial. (©) ax! be contains tre terms St inom (i) 68+ disqundrinaial, ncnse contain far terme, (vi) Sabie monomial ait contains jt on terme, (ol +88 Sab +8 contains our tera. So, fn quarinomial ©) at three(Gx) — 97 contains just one term. So, iis a monomia. () dx—2 contains two terms, So, itis a binomial expression. (ai) We have, 4e— Se =x. So, itis monomial, Example? Write all the termsaf each of the following algebr ‘Solution 3x8 +59" 344 «i 9" Gi) ab —3ab—08 +6 Gi) ateett ( 304,5y4,-Te%y and 7 are. the terms of the algebraic expressions ach +5y¢ Tay +7 Gi) Terms of the algebraic expression 9)" 224 +72°y—Saye are 9y8,—2:4, ‘rely and -asye, i) The algebraic expression a —Sab-8* +6 has a®,~Bab,~* and 6 as it ‘terms, Gy) Various terms of the algebraic expression #241 are «4,-sand1 Example3 Write dawn the coefficint of xin each ofthe following: ‘Soluion @ Be i) ~4ax Git) Say? Go) 9 co) (i) The coeiient of in Seis 9. (ii) The cueticint of in 4 axis — a (ii) The eoocient of «in Sry" is 6)” (Gv) The cvefficiont of x in aye is yz 3 5 $e5 oi) 2 oe (Th conic on 248 Ba 8 oe (i) The cotficont of x in ~Baye? is ~E ye Example 4 Write the numerical coefficient of each torm of the following alge Solution coxpressions! WB -128y+5—77-2 Gi) 20! + 108% ~6ab+ 8 6) Various terms of the algebraic expression =" —7x'y + Oxy? ~ 2 are. rely, bay® and 2, The numeral coefficients of these terms are 1, ~h and ~2 respectively. (Gi) Various verms of 2a? 4 7282 Gab + 8 aro, 2a°, Tab, — Gab and 8. ‘Mumerieal coeficionts of these tarm# are ~2, 7, ~ 6 and'8 respectively Examples entity the like terms in each ofthe following: Soliton @ Aya GA 88 FG) Py ats, 0) cat, abe, Basa, ay abo act? Recall tha the term having the same tral fctos are called ike terms (@ Inz?, 7, 20%, 24 we have <4 and 2x" as like terms. Apebaic Expressions 1 68 3 the tame are andy (Gi) —29%y, 2%, -yn8, xy? lke torme are -2¢%y and —yx? iv) In cab, oe, Bac, * * ’, Lie) In gab oe, Bac, lab, abt, abe, acb* ike terms are cab?, 3 ac, ate Example Identity the like terms in each of the following algebraic expressions: Solution (x 2y432— 4x day (Gy + Say 43)! ~5y%e 2p duet (0 In the algebraic expression +~2y:+32—42-+S4y like terms are x and 3 804 2b-0r 3a a4: ) Ba+%b-cr 3-44 3b i) In the algobrate expression So + 4 ae xpreasion 3a +26 + Sa-4+0b, the groups of ike terms are 3a, nd 2,2 In the algebraic expression 9? +8s4y—4—%y#—6y%e2e4e 342, the ‘groups of like terms aro y",-6y%x and 224s, Sua! () 2a +a Gv) ay" + S92 40b Payee Gi aateet—y Gp ©) syne Fab (vi) 544296) 470 429 eit) Substituting £=2,y=-8 22 =2,0= Substituting #=2,9=-8, += ~2,0 02 and «inthe given expression, wo () 2a? + ab =2% (2)? +2x8 =2%4 42x38 =8 46-14 GD at + x*—y* =2<(2)? +2" -(-9)" a 2x444-9 =8+4-9 Gi) Ay 427 2 (3) +(-2) 8-27) 4-8) 8427-8 =27 Gv) day? —ayz" + 4x72 = KDB) ~ 3 x(-B) (2)? + 4x2)" x(-2) AAeDK9-9xCB4 Hd? =72436-92 =16 ©) By s8e9e 40h 22°49 82x92 4+2K0 2749846 «29 By Hats <6 4x(-28 -Ox(-B)+7x2+9-8 44x84 6x84 72-209 : 5-82 18+ 14-6 =37-38 ni) Bay%et OF S90 ayoe4 17 = a amis! (i) 54424Mainerates for iass Vi EXERCISE 7.1 ‘rinomials and quadrinomials from the following | | bee Go Pepe Go Beste doe oe Gy atee (a aentree ww) 745 D ee ae 4) ev abtrered Y Gx) nytt ‘2 Waite ail the torms of each of the following algebraic expresso GD Be—B2y.,-3 (HD BAT D7 7 a ‘the numerical coefficients of those terms: ‘8. Identify the like terms and also mention Sean! i) Tobe, -Bea%D,— gabel aber 6) ay, Be, Syd” ; 4 entity ke ema in tho flowingslerne earns ( ghabtaaet eda (i) Berg 2+ Soy ii) abe + 0b7e + 2acb? + Sctab + Bac - 2a%be + Sea 5: Write the cveficient of x inthe following: @ ae Gi) Igy Gi) aye 6, Write the coefficient of in the following: (iv) Tax np ose) Be ain 2 he cooticint of $2 x9 1. Waite the cotiient of =, Sn. 55 Qonsy,, Gem. Gh Fate ()yindeg’s Pint s2 ae oe of each tarm in the following algebraic expressions y) pin-Bpar er (Gi) Bab*~Ta%b + Babe BAe bey Loe Sat tw) Bays Poe ‘erm of each ofthe following algebraic expressions: ai) 2-9 Gv) a -Bat+ Ta 10, Write the constant a is es Gi) ey-ay? +9 -3 Evaluate each ofthe lowing expressions 5°73 (Sey + Sy? + Daye 5 i) atayt et oayye ee en ns for x =1,y = 12, Bvaluate each of the following algebrate expresso ¥ Giygt rite? Gil) ay tino & ‘Algsraic pressions ANSWERS 1. @ Monomiat Gi) Binomial Gi) Trinomial () Quadeinomial (e) Monamil (0 Binomil (i) Binomial (vi) Teinomial Ge) Trinomial (2) Quadrinomil 20% GH a-8 GD BA -7 Gy Bey ted Like terme Cotticients 0 $07.89 = ns abe Fab? es De bier areca ty aids te ws w-6 5 aw Se i ty wT de Ge) Br 2 ) Be a @ o7 “ws ws 0 wo wr 1 * wf oF m2 76 OPERATIONS ON ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS In the previous sections, we have learnt about algebraic expressions and like and unlike terms in an algebraic expression. In this soction, we shall study about the fundamental operations of addition and subtraction of algebraic expressions. Since an algebraic expression may consist of like and unlike terms. So, the operations of addition and subtraction of algebraic expressions mean addition or subtraction of like terms. We shall first study addition of like terms. ‘781 ADDITION OF POSITIVE LIKE TERNS ‘To add several positive like terms, we proceed as follows: STEPL —Obiain all lke terms. SIEPIL Find the eum ofthe numerical coefficient of ll lerms. STEPIN — Write the required sum as a like term whose numerical coefficient is the numerical ebtanen span trl factor cao the era far the given ke toms Sno aa WLUSTRATION Ad 43y, 12cy and Sey. ‘The sum of the numerical coofiients ofthe given like terms is 4+ 12.4.3 = 18. ‘Thus, the sum of the given like terms is another like term whose numerical ‘ooficont is 19 Hence, ay + 12ay + ay = 1L Matnematies for Glass ‘Altar The sum of the given like terms can also be abtained by using the distributive property of multiplication over addition as discussed below: day + Lay + Say = 4412+ Dy = 19 ALUSTRATION2 Add 3a*®, 2°, 1304 ada". SSoluion ‘The sum ofthe numerical oeficents of the given like terms is 8424134 So, the sum of the given like terms is another like term whose numerical cooficont is 19. Hence, 2a% +204 + 180% + 0° = 196" ‘Alitar By using the distributive property of multiplication over addition, we have 0% +204) + 190%) +02) =(3+2+ 13+ 1"= 194", 11.82 ADDITION OF NEGATIVE LIKE TERNS ‘To add negative like terms, we proceed as follows: STEEI Obtain all lke terms. SIRPI Obtain the sum of the numer terme. Write an expression axa product of the number obtained is step If, with all the real coefficients (without negative sign) ofall tke literal coefficiente preceded by @ minus sign. SMEPIV The expression obtained in step IIT isthe required sun. ALUSTRATION Ada Tay, ~Sry and Bry. ‘Soluion "The numerical coefficients (without negative sign) of the piven like terms are 73,0, ‘Sum of the numerical coefficients =7 +3 + 9= 19. So, the sum of the given like terms is another like term whose numerical coefficient is 19, Hnoe,~Tay ~ Sy'~ Sny =~ 1809. Using the distributive property of multiplication over addition, we have Tay Say —y = (1-8 Dy = 18, IuLustaATION2 Adal - 4a%y,~Ta"y, -100%y and —Ba"y ‘Souilon The sum of the numerical coefficients (without negative sign is 44741048024 Hence, —4a*y ~ Tay 10a%y -Saty = - 24a 113 ADOMTON OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE LIKE TERMS "To ud positive and nagative like terms, we proceed as follows: Collect al positive like terms and find their sum. Collect alt negative like terms and find their sum. Obtain the numerical coefficients (without negative sign) of like ‘obtained in steps and II. carne he mumerical cxfcien in step IL from the numerical concen i Step T, Write the answer as a product of this number and all the li coefficients, Ababraic Expression AUSTRATION Ada As?),8e4y ae Satter Woke, ne a acy + Bey arty = ey + Beh) Bey = 12-24, = 1084 liter sty + Bey — arty a (4 IMLUSTRATION®” Add 4b, Tad, dev eee eck Wehaeenene 4ab~Tab— 1008 +308 ab +3ab~7ab~10ab ‘ab —Vab (Collecting + ive and ~ ive like terms together} 12-2610) (Collecting + ive and —ive ike terms together] [dab +Sab=Tab and ~Tab —10ab =-17aB] 77 ADDITION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS WITH HORIZONTAL METHOD In this method, all all expressions are written sasranged to collect all ‘written in @ horizontal line and then raed to calc ll he groups af ke terme and then added." “he” ‘Herm are In this method, each each expresion is writen i arranged one below the ther in a separate row such tat ther ike Folowig theta il ses sett orm isdn JLLUSTRATION Add the flowing: (0) teedand3e 1 Git) s4y+Bandaesayes Soliion i) Horizontal Method (1240) +(2¢-0) =(1s+30)+@-D) = +884) toes (G) Horizontal Method G49) +649) =@s tev! ty Asay) i) Horizontal Method Column Method G+y+aer+9y+5) 24 48 =@480+9+2)4045) 4 seaay es HG +de+G+2y+045) atte ate aye8 en Gi 86+ 2y andy (0) ety 42 and Bey 2 Cotunn MethodCalunn Method aeedyte pune Co) Horst Meta Gevtyenioaeny-0 Satemieeyeave-2) Tavmiasipeicie et ade ey +02 ‘ wars iausraron® Ad: (G) 5294 and 7x*—3y* (ii) a? +b? +2 Babe anda?—B* +e +abe Gi) ag + Aeky Tey Spt + Band sty +397 Gv) ‘B22 + Ty Ge", dy + Ba, Se? + Be? - Sy and By — 2? souten Wt) Horomia that Colin Met (6x 294) 4(72- 3) xt 29 (6x3 + Tx 29-89") 4+ tA -3y" (5+ Te + (-2-D* 12 - 6y° ‘= 12x-5y" Albrae Expressions =O4349-De 4744-94 294-6427 + Boy 420? 2 1B dy de? 2st + By Be + yas? 7.8 SUBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS ‘To subtract an algebraic expression from another, ‘or from ‘~" to" + of al the terms ofthe expre ‘the two expressions are added, In the subtraction of two e ve should change the signs from ‘+ to ‘expression which is tobe subtracted and then "xpressions by column method, we indicate the change of sign of ‘riginal sign ofeach term, ‘every term in the expression to be aubtracted below the Following examples will ilustrate the procedure, ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example Subtract; Column Method ae 4 Babe 4 at bts Ee abe (ii) Horizontal Method (a2 +t +e Babe) + (02 HF ++ 0be) = (a? +02) +6282) + (re) —Sabe tabe (© st+y?from5et—ay? Gi) at —2ab from 2a? Tab aCe e+ D+ M4 DE 484 abe Bake O + 2eP—Pahe = Dat + 2c? Dade Gi) We have, sgt edety— Tey B74 say Bayt + Aely Tay + 8 (1-3? + 4—Taty93 ast? aety +8 Horizontal Method weg? ity Tay Sey? 9) 424 439" ay? 8eby 4 3+ety tay? (Using Gl andy? +ay?— Bey tty +8 (Be Day C4 Tey +8 aay By +8 (6) Horizontal Method (Ge + Ty Ge) + (hy + B22) + (Oct + 22-99) + By — 254) (622+ Be? 4 Ge! 20) 4 (Ty +4y By #2904 Oct + BaD) + Set Ay ( Horizontat Method 29) 249%) 6032-289? (62424)? y? ahh? (Horizontal Method (2a? ~T0b)~(a4~3ab) ag =20"—Tab—a"+ 3ab = (ata) Tab + 20b nat, Impled Subtract Column Method -2ig?-ae'y+8 ee Tai Bass © Horizontal Method be + Dey 998) y"¢ day) 2442-39829" tey 2 Beta ay? G) 2 +98 + Bay from 4? + Bey By? (Gi) 8 Say + 7922 from xy 4a? y+ 5 $2) + ey~39)-398=—y# Column Method Stay? tt yt Column Method 4+ ey 9" Br tys ye ata 4y?Matnomatio for Class Vi (i Horizontal Method Column Method (Gg 4948) Bg HB-B Gay 4P- 98 yatta t dy —Ty+2 ays ate 7-2 ay By) Ph yt 54R,. tt 299-52-/'47 Tay = Bet BF +7 Example 4 From the sum of4c!— ac + Ge? Ast + de Band Be! Be" +2 pubtrace eo =e 4. ‘sobtlon The sum of 4c! 8x? + Gr? Ac¢ 4x9 and Sat 5x? + 2e i given by (gh a! +6) + Ae + Ar 9) +B Be +20) eet Beh B24 de + Gat He 4 D8 eat etast 6-3 Now, we have to subtract Gc'=7s2-—Sr-+Afrom t+ +22 + Gr—38. ‘Required. expression» Gt-+24+2*+6r~8)—(Gs'—7e) +4) BAe Ge 8—Grt eT 4 Set Se) 4 Ta) 4 + Gr +34 Set eT. Example What should be added toa? + 2ab +6*o obtain dab + 0° cere nsuiredexpreanian ix equal othe subtraction of" + 2ab +B? fom dab +B Hence, roquired expression = (dab +88)—(a?+2ab +b?) 4ab-+bt=a?— dab —B? © dab 2a +08 Bat = Babe. xample6 What should be subtracted from? 4a?» S26 ta abtaina—2a +1? ‘Souon Let P denote the required expression. Then, (@° 4? +5a-6)-P=a?-20+1 Hence, required expression P= (a?— 4a" + 5a ~6)~(o?—20 +1) =a? + 506-02 + 20-1 ata? —08 + 50+ 20-7 Fa bate ToT. Example? How much iss3—2s" ++ 4 greater than 2x? «7x? s+ 6? Solder Required exprontion = (P— 2s? 414+4)=(2s" + Tet r+ 6) aaa a4 A Bot Ta e—6 a Pode det Te 24 Be 4-8 28-8 +602, Example@ How much is2a?~ 7a +5 ess thana®—a"+ 22-3? SGotaion Required expression = (0! Sa"-+2a—8)-(2a*-Ta+5) 9-2 +2a~8)—2a +Ta~5 =a + 2a + Ta 8-5 P50? 480-8, ‘Example9 How much does 2a! 5a + 4 exooed 30° Sa? + 70-92 Solder Required expression = (lo*~Sa¥+4)~(8o!—Gat-+7a—9) = 202 —Ba 4 4—Ba*+ 5a? 70 49 “So! +20 + 5a! 5a-Ta+4+9 + Ta? 120+ 18. exencs 1, Add the following: ae D aeand to (i) Saya ey (iii) 12x" and 3x? ” ois oe Taetand Se! 2. Simplify each of the following: Git sient a5 taste 20% ‘ (i) dab 308 Gi Ty 6 7080 Gi) tet aba 3. Add the following: oe e Bef T9 bey GD) A, a8, 28, 4 ast eset ole Bh a8 1¢ following expressions: ae () 2a 7a + 2h , (i tet, Gib sf O%y 4+ Sy? —y?, 209 — Bayt + arty — dy fe Che) afb adh uP 8% a ab 6, Add the following expressions: "s ) asdbs canter b= i 4 oer eee ee 8 Snes fecab-mal-aaaaisay eT iv) +7 + 6x — 5x", 2x" 89x, dr — 2x" + bi ae a eae 5 4a — 2x? + Bx, Bx — 9 —x? and x—x?—29-4 Oat ae i ) bab- Be tea Set ae ene a an ate 1, Add2e- geet thosomofe—Seandaes Aide! «Borate rom feta and 29, % Adda? +b°- tothe sum of2a!~368-Sab + 7 and ~a! +82 40, Subtract: nee’ (8a from Ta Du. sebtract =) 2a from 3b 12. Subtract: (8 82-28 be- 8 tom tf Ota Gi) —xP-Se fromBaP-y+2%7 Gil) —tas¥t fin Pasay ace noe ee . xy 9 from y—Biy? —4a4y (0) p44, take away 5p! p+ p~6 (i) T+2~24, takeaway 945432472 ~ i) 1G take ay 2 Fay (i) 8 —Sct+ + takeaway Gets! + Bea i) Tab from Ba% Gli) dey from —Bay (i) te from ay ii) Be from -6yL Mathomats for Class 14, From the sum of 22x 42 and 6? 8x + 9 subtract Ax? — T+ 9, sum of 18e—4y +72 and Ge + 6x + 3) fromthe sum of 6x = 4y —4z and 136, From the sum ofs? + 3y? Gy, 22°" +8cy,9# +8 and x Sry subtract BF ed? t3-9 +8 9 at sould be eed typ ei gp og — Bx +4 +77 ‘What should be subtracted froin "=x +y®—x-+y +8 to obtain -x* + Sy" day + 17 18. How muchos ay +See atta? 20. How much is 2xy +39? Teas Bhan Beta" +29? 21. How much does a?~ Sab +25* exceed 2at—7ab + 98”? 2, What must be added to 129 4c? + 8x7 to make the sum 32.4232 =S:+2? 2B, IEP = 7x24 xy — 9%, Q= dy? — Be? — Gay and R =—4x* + 2y + By”, show that P+ Q+R=0. 24,EP =a! b8+ 2ab, Q=0"+ 4b? Gab, R=5?+D,5 =a — dab and T=-2a" +8 ab +a. FindP+Q+R+S-T. ANSWERS i) a8) a8 (i a6ey Gy) 8% (i Sate) ay (wae 48-27-07" (i Seedyote 1 ae 2 @ me a Oy 4 @ 4% 5 @ tesaheze iy) 100-18-1-5 6. Seeay-be 1 62-2048 10, @ dG 1G Sb-m2 Gi) yee BG) 14a 1810447 Gx) 9° Oa? 69 18. @ dph-2t-po2 sy 58-1124 35 wtheey-B807 38 Bes Bay —ByP—a ty? 21, dab 102 24, Get4SB*-Tab-a+b by Gta w+ i) Tote0b at aD zak ait (i) aad (i Gab tien 8 4 +y-8)4+9 (a) ty (a ay +22 Gh Oeyodeot 9, 2a 5, (ay 20-1 +38 4-2-2 i) Panty 14 Bet —6e+2 etre 19 ely A? 4 6st6049 ME By Tyew text 2. Phy" 28, Sa-tab +3806 7.9 THE USE OF GROUPING SYMBOLS (OR BRACKETS) IN WRITING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS In desling with algebraie expressions, sometimes it becomes necessary to consider, af ‘expression consisting of two or more terms as a single term. For example, if thesum of xy +8 and.x+ 2y +1 is to be subtracted from the sum of + y and 3x ~ In this case, the um of2 9 +3 and +2y +1 is taken as one term and the sum of +: Sr dy + 8 in algo taken as one term. By using brackets (grouping symbols, the statement can be written as Abebac Expressions (2-949 +te4294D)-le+s)4(Ge~y5) (or grouping symbols) t_perorm abet in chapter { about te ae af aes nex ‘in the same way we ute bracket in performing Gera ire types of brackets whi are used in oprston oa oO (i) Curly bracket or braces () Square bracket u ‘We shall now illustrate the use ofthese brackets through following examples. ALUsTRAMVE BxaNPLES i Galas etre Pocalad by einer Bey ceeet ) t-B6 te ‘We have, ee eye Panes dy-tte- ethan sdeses to toa Gd ty —apevdarbaig eae) Write cach “of the follow We following statements by using appropriate grouping (4) The eum of +y and 2xy 8x + 2y is subtracted from 2y—* +. Gi) Tho subtraction of x + y 294 ‘Dra gubieton of: + y~ fom 3x ~2y +9 subtracted fom the sum of (ii) The subtraction of y ~ it subtraction ofy~ 1 fom xis added toy and its ference fom y is Wehave, © Thesumofs-+y and dey + ia(e+3) + +914 (ay Be 29, "hs iubeaiel fom y+ Terre, eed epreon Gy-xty)~ {(x+9)+ (ay ae + 2y)}, i) The subtraction of +y 3 from 8x ~29 +916 (x —2y +9)-G+y—3) ‘Thesum of 4s +3)—Oand dey + is (448-9) + ey +2) Subtracting () fom Gi), we obtain {(4r+3y-0)+ (ay 2}}—(8e-29+9)-(e+ 9-3), (Gi) The eubiraction of ~1 from i given by «(9 —1. When this is added to y, we get £-0-D+ay The difrence ofthis rom y is Bxampie 1 ofthe following expressions in the parentheses (6) Tay ye ¢ Sex,Mathematics for Gass Vi, y= fe (1s 3y} “When this is subtracted from x, we obtain x-f-b-y-0+ 991) Place the last two terms in each of the following expressions in parentheses preceded by a=" signe {@) 90+ By T+ 8-61 Gil) s4y42—ay-ye—ee (i) Ba y—Ta2 +8y— (i -y 42427 —Pany +2 43—Gh40) Gi) r4y¢2-1y -ye-aeexsy +2292 42) Civ) ay? +yz" 42x? = xy? alge - 2°). EXERCISE 7.3, 1. Place the last two terms of the following expressions in parentheses preceded by @ sins sign: Gy sty-Bery Gi) —y+2422-yt—a® Gv) sgt tyet tat 90+ Sty Te? (89 +6) Seay 2-4 Gi) 2220 ote 6 Gin) Taboos) (y) 2686-8) (oi) a4 Bobb - S00) 2. Write each ofthe fllowing sateents by wing appropriate grouping symbels CO Thenum ot} an ab abcd rom da 6 2-7, Gi) Three times the sum of 2x +y~ {6~(x—3y)}and 7s ~4y + 3 is subtracted from Be—dy+7. : ii) ‘The subtraction of x*—y* + day from 2r* + y*— Sty is added to 9x* - 3y*—ay. ANSWERS 1 @asy-Gr9) Gi 3-2-4) 6) YasSbade-8) 9) 2B (Bob-8) 2 Wa s35-1)- (2-8) (86-2645) (i) S0-28-(-4e45) (i) ae? -(-ab+ Bae) i ody 47)-9[ (25-9) (5- Ce By) +(e —4y63)) Ay {224 +94 -8)-Ua = 71 +4} +102?-97°-29) 740 REMOVAL OF BRACKETS In tho provious section, we have seen that when we make operations on two or md algebraic expressions, we use the symbols of groupings, ic, parentheses, braces brackets. In simplifying such expressions, we frst remove the grouping symbols by the following rules i) Tha‘ sign precedes a aymbol of grouping, the grouping symbal may be ‘without any change in the sign ofthe terms. Gi) Ifa" sign precedes a symbal of grouping, the grouping symbol may be removed the sign of each term is changed. a tn att en gp again wp sap ni Tee ye ec ana ppg us eee ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example1 Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions: (a? +84 2ab) + (a? +b*—2ab) Gi) (a+ b+ 2ab) —(a? +84 2ab) (Since +" sign precedes the second parentheses, so we remove it as itis, (a? +B% + 2ab) +a? + 82—20b) 8+ 38+ 2ab ra? +b —2ab al +a? +B48?+ 20d Dab FUL Da? ++ DOs 2-2h0b 2a + 208+ Oa = 2024 26 [048 <0] (i) Since *— sign precedes the second parentheses, so we change the sign of each term, ee EZ eae (a8 20b)—(a! 82-208) na +8 2ob~ a 12+ 200 mata 4b 8 4 2ab + 2ab =D! += D8 62h = 0a" +088 + dad ab ; (at=0and06?=0 Simplify each of the following: ' ) ~Bla-+b)+ 220-8) 407 Wehave, (@) ~B(a 48)+2020-b)440—7 Bo 5b4 2526-26-47 8b + 40-26 40-7 Sa +404 4a~5b= 25-7 (B+4+4a4-5-b-7 =30~78-7 Simplify each of the following: (@ 2x {5y=-(e-2y)} (it) -m-[m+ {m+n 2m —tm—20)}—n] (i) Bate ~ Aye + Bay {ote (e4e—B32)—Aye Te} {We Sat remove the innermost grouping symbol) and then braces) 2x— (69 ~(2=29)} = 2e- {5y—x42y} i) ~8(a.46)+ 420~38)-a-6) Gi) ~91a +b) + 4(20-36)~(20-b) Ba ~36 + 84~ 125-2045 i) ax— [By-(2e—-(~ 2] [Removing ( J]ana eyeay a =2e—fty-3} 221 [Removing { 3] meet S cay we move the iano rossing mba thon (and Tn weave ae [ay- fae) = 2e—[By- @x- 9449] [Removing ( )] = 2x [8y—{a2~ 91] =2e~ [89-3449] [Removing { ]] =2e— [by -34] 22x dy +3 [Removing [I] te ray i) We rome te anoot grouping ym Othe and hn ‘Thus, we have, n= [mefn+n—2m—(m—2n)}=] zom=[me(msn—2m—m-+2n}—n] = m_[ms{m—Im—m4 n+ 20)}-n] am [m+{-2m+3n}-n] a-m-[m=2m-+3n-n} [Removing { sa m—[-m-+ 2a] mom=2n = Wo first remove the innermost grouping symbol ) and then (I. ‘Thus, wo have Bete Aye + Say [e'e-tete— aye dye te} eyes Sey [82 P 24392 Aye —T3} 28 dye Bay foe) neta —Aye say +98 475 2 Sele Bye + By + Te ‘AgooracEmressons Example 4 Simplify each of the following: (0) 85 [12e—M8e—8)~2f10s—622-4))] Gi the—[Be?+ 364 f8e2—(4—20-28) 52} 26] We st simplify the imermest grouping eymbol(), then () and then {]. Thus, (© 65-[122— 7182-8) 20102 -5:2-4}}] 285-~ [12e— 860 +21-2f10e—10+20s)] 285—[-44x'+ 21-2802 —10)] =85~ [44+ 21-60% + 20] 05~ [1045441] = 88+ 104041 944 61042 1e— [8s +30 [pet —(4—-2e-24)-53}-26] Se [Bs! +824 —[6e* 442044 -5}-—26] c— [80 +4 foe? 4.26 424}-26] 216 [8e +32" 80744-20440? -2] 26s [st +424 +803" 20-284] 2s? + Be + 15a td 4 = 1289 +6 194, ‘Simplify each ofthe following: (ay [ye 20 —(ye~By-28)~Cay 2) Gi) 5+ [x-{2y-6x+ 9-404 2s") 29) We Sat remove the innermost grouping ymbs 0, then (and then (}, Thus, ( ay~ [ye~2e~ {yx -By—22)~(ey—29)}] sey [pere foe Sy ees +29] say [perax {yx ay Sy +a2+ ay] nay [yee {Day By +28 +299] ay [ye-ex—{-8y + x24 ay] say [penne dy sea] = ay—[-Dyz~(1+ Dex+3y] [-asr43y] =1y +2029Gi) 5+ [e-fay-Gr+y—4+204}-4 -2y)] 5+ [2-f2y or y+44207} 2" 293] nbs [2-[yyc es 44a} -29)] 25+ [x-fy-0rr4e2e}-22+29] b+ [x-y+02-4-28 28 429] ‘AgooaleEressions Mt [tesfae-tet-v}e a] 15 20- [B07 43f2" yy) -te-y] ANSWERS 3 Ta-th—de 7 Somat an is 1S Atay 486420 a5 +[s66e-p4-22-24-4] 25+ [sore yc1+mes"¢2-D-4] 264 [tet y-82 4] 254 er y-30t-4 214 Te+y-32, {Example Simplify and find the value ofthe flowing expression when a = 3nd B= 1: Ma? +824 2ab) [sh +*~2ab)-(-8" +4¢0-3)] Prooeoing outward fom the innermost bracket, we obtain Ma +0 +200) [Wat +8*—20b)-(-8* + 42-3] at +44 20b)—[ Ha? +88 20h) -{-8°+ 40-13] sda 4458+ Bad [oP +48" —80b 448-12] 4B ab ta? A844 Bab Bs da 12 = 4a"—4a*+40*=4b"+ Bab +8ab—b" + 4a—12 = (4-4-4684 Bb +40~12 = 1608-09 +4a=12 ‘The value ofthis expression for =$ and 1 is 16x81 = 49-122 8—1412-12247 EXERCISE 7.4 Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions by removing grouping symbols. 1. 2e+ x—3y) 2 Br--22) 8. ba ~(Bb—2a+ 4c) 4, 2 Gry" +ay)— Bix? +9" ay) 5, Be+2y— fx-2y—B) 6, 50 {Ba-(2-a)+4) 1. a-[b-{a-0-D +84] 8. «~[2~(s0~(25~80}] a+ [5y-2x-@y-6s)]] 10, 20~[40~ (4-420 -B)}] Be eeaescinm 12, Be ay [Buy fx-2-(e-29)}] B+ [x—(2y Gxt y-4)+28}-f2--2))}