Zika Virus from

a Vector Control Aspect

PQCNC Webinar
November 9th, 2016 / J. Christopher Salter

Pathogens & Vectors

Bacteria, virus, or other disease causing
microorganisms
Organisms that transmit disease from one animal
to another
Typically think of ticks & mosquitos (arthropods)
Arthropod Disease / Arbovirus

Ticks/Bacteria

Mosquitos/Virus

First identified in Uganda in 1947 in

monkeys from the Zika Forest. Zika was
later identified in humans in 1952
The original strain was not associated
with microcephaly and the other
problems seen in Central and South
America
Thought to have been transmitted by
Aedes albopictus

Biting Mosquito Facts

Not all mosquitoes bite people
Not all mosquitoes transmit
disease
Disease transmission is usually
very specic to genus & species

2 Mosquitos of Concern
Aedes aegypti
Aedes albopictus
The primary vector is aegypti
Only females bite, they need a blood meal to produce
viable eggs (oviposition)

Why aegypti vs albopictus?

Aegyp: feeds almost
exclusively on people
Albopictus is an opportunis:c
feeder, dilu:ng the virus

Aegypti

1862 Burial Site of Yellow

Fever Victims
(Oakdale Cemetery)

Communal burial site of approximately 400 people who died

between September and the frosts of November 1862
Wilmingtons population, black and white, was approximately
10,000
About half fled the city
Of the 1,505 reported cases, 654 (43%) died of yellow fever

Albopictus (Asian Tiger)

Asian Tigers
Means of Introduction: Arrived accidentally in tires imported
from Asia in the late 70s maybe early to middle 80s
Impact: Has aggressive daytime human-biting behavior and
ability to vector many viruses, including West Nile virus
Chikungunya, Dengue Fever, and now Zika Virus

Comparison

Aegypti & Albopictus

distribution (updated early summer)

Key Characteristics
Container breeders/ankle
biters
Dont travel far
Ac:ve during daylight, not so
much at night

Mosquito Life Cycle

Anatomy

Why do mosquitoes bite

humans?
Female mosquitoes require blood to produce
viable eggs, so they bite humans.
When a female mosquito is infected with the
Zika virus, the virus is present in its salivary
glands.

How does the virus travel from

the mosquito's salivary glands
into a human?
When taking a blood meal, an infected
female mosquito injects its saliva into the
human host to prevent the host's blood
from clotting and to ease feeding.

Transmission Cycle

Vector borne disease

program
DHHS has worked with counties across the state
to perform several months of surveillance. Aedes
aegypti still does not appear to be a concern in
North Carolina at this time (no established
breeding population)
CDC says we must educate, monitor, and
prepare should albopictus become a competent
vector

Vector Control Program

Basics

Education
Surveillance: Complaints, Trapping, Dipping
(larvae collection), Identification
Larviciding: Surfactants, hormone inhibitors,
bacteria like BTI (bacillus thuringiensis
Adulticiding: Permethrin based spray with ULV
spraying equipment

Education: Tip and Toss

Most basic but most effective means of
combating Asian Tiger Mosquitos
Catchy phrase that kids love to repeat

Mosquito Life Cycle

Dipping Larvae

Rearing Chambers

Larviciding
Surfactants

Hormone inhibitors

Bacteria like BTI (bacillus thuringiensis)

Surfactants & Larviciding

Surface tension

Trapping
CDC Light Traps
Gravid Traps & variations of

Surveillance
CDC light traps
utilize dry ice
(CO2) and light
(IR signature)

Gravid Trap
Incorporates s:nk water/oviposi:on

Why Surveillance?
Confirm Species of Concern
Confirm Numbers / Action
Threshold Levels

Traditional ULV Spraying

Key Characteristics
Container breeders/ankle
biters
Dont travel far
Ac:ve during daylight, not so
much at night

Adulticiding: Spraying & Fogging

Traditional night time spraying is not an effective means of
control for these mosquitoes
Highly controllable hand fogging is most effective and safest

Not what you typically expect

Cracks in asphalt & concrete

Urban Warfare

Tip-N-Toss

Ariel Spraying

AegyptiFlorida, August 2016

A total of 43 people have
contracted the illness locally in
Florida, with the majority having
occurred in Miami-Dade County.
Business in the affected
communities down 50% in the
one-square mile affected
Wynwood area has been
reduced by half, no new cases
there
CONCERN: pyrethroids becoming
ineffective, aerial spraying was
conducted using
organophosphates

Pyrethroids vs. Organophosphates

and the Consequences
Like its been nuked:
Millions of bees dead
after South Carolina
sprays for Zika
mosquitoes using Naled
The Washington Post
September 2016

Summary
Both aegyp: and albopictus breed well, seem to prefer,
manmade containers (may live their en:re lives inside
someones home)
Both are ac:ve day:me biters (tradi:onal ULV spraying not
eec:ve)
Neither travel far from where they are reared and stay close to
the ground un:l they locate people (ankle biters)
Albopictus (Asian Tiger) is not the primary vector but the CDC
says we must treat it as though it is a competent vector
Key: Educa:on and keeping people interested

QUESTIONS