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Airbreathing- is a jet engine propelled by a jet of hot exhaust gases formed

from heated and expanded air that is drawn into the engine via compressor.
All practical air breathing engines are internal combustion engines
-

Turbine Powered Jet engines- rotary engines that extract energy from a
flow of combustion gas. They have three core components:
compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. Often called gas
generators are essential parts of the turbine powered jet engines.
1. Turbojet
-is a gas turbine engine that works by compressing air with an inlet
and a compressor (axial, centrifugal, or both). All the air ingested
from the inlet passes through the combustor, compressor and
turbine.
2. Turbofan
-the only difference of turbofans to turbojets is that they have a
frontal fan in front of the engine. The effect of these is that it has a
higher air mass flow rate.
- effects of fan: higher air mass flow rate means higher thrust
without having ignited much of its airflow which in turn avoids extra
fuel consumption, slow average velocity of the mixed exhaust air
conserves energy and allows the engine to be more efficient and
more quiet while the fan allows greater thrust at slow speeds.
- thrust produced by the fan and the core are much more fuel
efficient and higher than the core alone can produce.
- TURBOFAN vs TURBOJET: Turbofans are more efficient than
turbojets at subsonic speeds but produces more drag because of
their large frontal area
-Categories of turbofans are according to bypass ratio (amount of
air that bypasses the core of the engine. Low bypass turbofans often
has a ratio of around less than or equal to 2:1. High bypass ratio
often has 4:1 up to 8:1.
- HIGH BYPASS vs. LOW BYPASS: high bypass has a single fan stage
than the multi-stage fan of the low bypass. Reducing the core mass
flow tends to increase the bypass ratios.
3. Turboprop and turboshaft
-turboprop are jet engines typically connected to a propeller
mechanism via gear reduction. Majority of thrust is contributed by
the propeller rather than the jet engine.
-TURBOPROP vs. TUBOJET AND TURBOFAN: Turboprops have better
performance at low speeds where propeller efficiency is high but is
noisier and less efficient at higher speeds.

-Turboshaft is much like the turboprop but rather than driving a


propeller, it is commonly used for rotary engines to drive their rotor
blades.
4. Propfans
-a jet engine used to power an exposed fan, similar to a turboprop
engine. Propfans generate majority of their thrust from the
propeller.
-TURBOPROP vs. PROPFANS: Propfans propeller angles are highly
swept to allow them to operate at speeds around Mach 0.8, which is
basically on par with commercial turbofans.
-no propfans have entered into production
Ram Powered Jet Engines- similar to a jet engine but different on how
they compress air. While gas turbine engines rely on a compressor,
ram engines only rely on compressed air on the inlet or diffuser. They
are considered the most simple type of air breathing jet engines
because they have no moving parts.
1. Ram Jet
- most basic type of ram engines having an inlet, a combustor and a
nozzle. Ram jets require relatively high speed for efficient air
compression thus making it inoperative at stand still conditions
while being most efficient at supersonic speeds.
-limited at Mach 5
2. Scram Jet
- similar to ram jets, they consist of an inlet, a combustor and a
nozzle and their main difference is that scram jets do not slow the
airflow prior to combustion but rather they use supersonic
combustion instead.
- SCRAM Jets stands for Supersonic Combustion Ram Jet. Operating
conditions can be at Mach 6 above.
- Scram jets take advantage of compression of airflow generated by
shock waves primarily the oblique shocks.
Non-continuous Combustion
1. Motor Jets
-Obsolete type that worked like a turbojet but instead of a turbine
driving the compressor a piston engine drives it.
-Higher exhaust velocity than a propeller, offering better thrust at
high speed
-Heavy, inefficient and underpowered.
2. Pulse Jets
-Air is compressed and combusted intermittently instead of
continuously. Some designs use valves.

-Very simple design, commonly used on model aircraft


-Noisy, inefficient (low compression ratio), works poorly on a large
scale, valves on valved designs wear out quickly
3. Pulse Detonation Engine
-Similar to a pulsejet, combustion occurs as a detonation. May or
may not need valves.
-Maximum theoretical engine efficiency
-Extremely noisy, parts subject to extreme mechanical fatigue, hard
to start detonation, not practical for current use
Rocket Engines- the rocket engine uses the same basic physical principles as the jet
engine for propulsion via thrust, but is distinct in that it does not require atmospheric air to
provide oxygen; the rocket carries all components of the reaction mass. This allows them to
operate at arbitrary altitudes and in space.
- Very few moving parts. Mach 0 to Mach 25+; efficient at very high speed (>
Mach 5.0 or so). Thrust/weight ratio over 100. No complex air inlet. High
compression ratio. Very high-speed (hypersonic) exhaust. Good cost/thrust
ratio. Fairly easy to test. Works in a vacuum; indeed, works best outside the
atmosphere, which is kinder on vehicle structure at high speed. Fairly small
surface area to keep cool, and no turbine in hot exhaust stream. Very hightemperature combustion and high expansion-ratio nozzle gives very high
efficiency, at very high speeds.
-Needs lots of propellant. Very low specific impulsetypically 100450
seconds. Extreme thermal stresses of combustion chamber can make reuse
harder. Typically requires carrying oxidizer on-board which increases risks.
Extraordinarily noisy.
Hybrid- combined cycle engines simultaneously use 2 or more different jet engine
operating principles
1. Turbo Rocket
- A turbojet where an additional oxidizer such as oxygen is added to the airstream to
increase maximum altitude
-Very close to existing designs, operates in very high altitude, wide range of altitude and
airspeed
-Airspeed limited to same range as turbojet engine, carrying oxidizer like LOX can be
dangerous. Much heavier than simple rockets..
2. Air-Augmented Rocket
-Essentially a ramjet where intake air is compressed and burnt with the exhaust from a
rocket
-Mach 0 to Mach 4.5+ (can also run exoatmospheric), good efficiency at Mach 2 to 4
-Similar efficiency to rockets at low speed or exoatmospheric, inlet difficulties, a relatively
undeveloped and unexplored type, cooling difficulties, very noisy, thrust/weight ratio is
similar to ramjets.
3. Precooled Jets/ LACE
-Intake air is chilled to very low temperatures at inlet in a heat exchanger before passing
through a ramjet and/or turbojet and/or rocket engine.
-Easily tested on ground. Very high thrust/weight ratios are possible (~14) together with

good fuel efficiency over a wide range of airspeeds, Mach 0-5.5+; this combination of
efficiencies may permit launching to orbit, single stage, or very rapid, very long distance
intercontinental travel.
-Exists only at the lab prototyping stage.
Water Jet- A water jet, or pump jet, is a marine propulsion system that utilizes a jet of water.
The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller with nozzle, or a centrifugal
compressor and nozzle.
-In boats, can run in shallow water, high acceleration, no risk of engine overload (unlike
propellers), less noise and vibration, highly maneuverable at all boat speeds, high speed
efficiency, less vulnerable to damage from debris, very reliable, more load flexibility, less
harmful to wildlife
-Can be less efficient than a propeller at low speed, more expensive, higher weight in boat
due to entrained water, will not perform well if boat is heavier than the jet is sized for

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