Sunteți pe pagina 1din 14



    !#"$&% ' ()+*,.-,/01'


234-,, 57698:;<=5*?>+ 
@,ABCEDF3C9DHGJIALKMALK1NPOQRDQRSHFRT
WU VYXZE[]\_^`Vba\dce+fMVhghiZEajkglZEmona7pEjqaVhVb[]jqa7p
r ajqsEVb[utbjq\_vwce+xyVba\{z4gh|}v~ V.Rjqa7pE\c}a~x1r E7}lE79
w3?ww
yH.lDC9DM]CENlQESlQRD&lQCQRDHb/GH:DlQEDCESHlFEl?SC9lQRDTHNhTbTHu

.uC9lN,uSH.HSHD./9$oTCPQRANQR:CE.,uTH$u3,.lQE'lTHbCENb.QRSlQRDwuT1C
HT7lNCE5bol3DuCE QRDHQRhC9DHG1MOTHQE .CED:QR3buM_,dQRdQ<QE+C
uSH.HSHC9uQR?DHlGHC NhTHCEDHDHkELQElTTCPER.$.:C9.uC9lNPC}uSH.A/5 HlQEoQR.G$uTC}5lTH
Y7oQE SH.FR.7SC9lQRD33Q7GH4HlQ7GH+CFRQ7QGuQ7QRHQRu.lDHFD7S3lNCE4CEFRQRluTH:
QR`SlDuSH.HSHDHNlSHC9lQRDAYDCEGHGHuQED#JTCPRNCENSHC9lGlTHJ3CEFRDHuSHG:QE
GH.9C9lRQElTHWluC}uNlQESlQRD&CEDCE7lNCERAd@dTHlyllSHuG:QRDH.luC9llTC9+lTHWTHFRT
QRlGu.SHDHNC9uQRDw.lQRQ9@CP7QR]CEDH.QRDHdQ9'CWDQRDHl:Q7QEuTSHDNuQRDNQRSHGwLR.wCElFEE
:H7DHFuTC}Sl`Q9THFRTYQElGH,GHo.DHN3.NhTH:DuSH.HSHDHN:lWSHC9uQRD`CPJ{C9'lQ
HlQ7GHSHN]oNuG&.lSuA
7#h` $y`+$
 SHlFRl'SC}uQEDC&QRDH]YGH3DHlQRDCEbO$$CEDCEQRFRSH:QEduTw+CP7uQR9_AoA
SC9lQRDAOSH uQlTH{C9NuTC9LQRl.l.dLQEuT:uTHGHoSH.QRD3CEDHGwC9GRNuQRD`ll:QE#uT
A oA?7SHC9uQRDH?$WLQ7GH,CE5uTH3CED3C9lTH3C9uNPCE PC}uSH.$QEuTH:ALA?SC9lQRDH
uTH1DHQRDHTHQE3QRFEDHQRSHSHDHNlQRDD=uTH1SC9lQRDDHQRD.QHADuT&QElTH:TCEDHG:

7DQuTHC9GHlNDSH:.NCE'.WSHC9uQRDH_O,+H Q9A oASC9uQRDH+C9,THFRT7DHQEGH


DSHWL,RC9l+3LQR.lC9uTH H.lDdu:QRDuTHDHPCESuSl GHSHlQlTH+..llNuG
NQR:HSlllQRSlNA=@dTHYONhTC9uCENbuQE+SH.FR.7SHC9uQRDCEQSHyuQlGHu=uT
GH:NSHlDHNQRSHDulGA@dTHlbQRl9`CED`D7S3lNCEuSHGQRDlSHlSHDdHQTCPELD
NQRDGHSHNlG:.QR7DF,SH.FR.ESC9uQRD#ASHNN..SH]HC93HNCEDyLQRSHDHGyDK1NOQRDHQRSHFET
CEDHGC9l`k?QEJ}_'C9DHG:QR.ylNDuMD+GC93CEDHG7lQR19kA:YDlTHoNl
QEC9lFRlNPC9W:QEuQRDQRDJuTHl3CE lNCE3QElQRDQEuSlHSHDHNly.EPCEG#TD=}
lbRlCEH.SHHFR.G/lNPC93Q7GH5QE'C9lFR]YGG$lWSHC}uQED{5H?lluG.SHNNlSHRA@dT
QEl&D=93HQRGMC`.SHHFR.G/lNCEWGNQEDEQRSuQEDCEHH.QCENhTJuQw.WSC9llTHy.QEuTHl3CE
lTHQ7NhwH.QRH0FRQElDGJwD7lNGCEDHG)lNQRSH SH.FR.SC}uQEDHA
OlHuduT{C9NuTC}DSH:.QRSHDR.lFC9lQRDTCPR oD`LQRl:G:QRDuTH.QRSlQRDQE
SH.FR.LSC9lQRD#4QRDlTHlY7o+QElQRSuQRDHTCPRoD&3QRGJDHlb7QRSH .lSHGHA
@dTHdlY7odDEQRElTHdlTHQ7NhWH.QRHA@dTHd.QRSuQEDWQEoSH.FR.SC}uQEDybTHu'QRDHb
GH:DlQEDCElTHQ7NhCEC9uSllEQRWbCE:HEIEDHFMCEDGK1NhTCE Ek9_,THQElC
CEDHG SHD}bA/3lTQRSHGo1:HTCE.G#TQElTC93lTHQ7Nh=lQRSuQRDH:CE.1QRD=QRDH
l3HY7oQE+SHlFElSC9lQRDlQRSuQRD#lTH.&C9l)3QElwNQE3HNC9uGlQRSuQRDHy uT
DHQRDHTQR3QEFRDHQRSHSDHNlQRDDHQ9WlQHA&@dTHlNQRDG=Y7LDNSGHlQRSuQRDHlSHNhTCEW.DH
SHDHNbuQEDHl9dQR3]CE3ECElG9CEDVb\yZEm+9+CEDHGO,CETHQRSHCEDHGGQElG<}yTHNhT
NhTCEDHFEWuTHDl:QE.CEN9QR LQEuT#A@dTH Y7LQElQRSuQRD1GlEDJuC}uTH.:H
DHQRDHTQR3QEFRDHQRSHdSHDHNbuQRDH{QEdDHuC9LNQRDHGHuQRDHd lTH,DHQRDHTQR3QEFRDHQRSHdSHDHNbuQRD)lQ
NQRD.u.SHNlGDuTQRQRSHCPQRDHNJuTHGHllG.QRSlQRDLTHC7QRTCEwLD.NlG#A
@dTHuTHlGY7o$lCEDHGHQRlQRSuQRDHAy@dTH.3.QRSlQRD,bTH$uC9DHGHQRC9uSl3lQNPCEG
SH.FR.'lSHlHSDNduTDHQRDHTQR3QEFRDHQRSHSHDHNlQRDNhTHCEDHFRyuCEDHGQR3Dl:3QEuT
DHuCE NQRDHGuQRD&NhTHCEDHFRlCEDHGHQE31DJlHCENWuTClQ)DHQRDTHQR:QRFRDQRSHSHDHNlQRDA@dT
.uC9u.uNPCElQRLuQE?SlFRllSHlHSDN TCPR+LD`DEuFRC9uG3:`C9DyCESuTQRl+{.E

QRbCE:H9,CED&9_okk7,u4C9DHGG9oCEDHG`K1SHlTH`CCEDHGCEuQ3P9q]A+:QRDHF
QEuTwuTHDHFR)TC91LD.THQD
uTC}1.SHNhT SHlFRllSHlSHDHNMNPCEDbTHH)lTH  
,QR:QRFRQR.Q`DHuC9uC9DHFR,bLQRDHDW9A
.QR uTHCEoQEGH.NSH.lQRDHDHQ9uNGlTC9TH3uT`lYQJY7oyQElQRSuQRDH
QE+SHlFElSC}uQEDTHCE).uE'CEDuTDHFHlQGHQJlT=lSHlSHDHN9lTHwuTHlGY7LwQE
lQRSuQRDHTCE.QR3PC9lSHlQEuSlHSHDHNEA QbRlQRuTuTHQR.QELG7DCE:NCE.7.l:
:GHQDHQE$]LNb.QRSuQEDHuQwuT3AoA?SC9lQRD$lQ)ouC9DHGHQR SDHl$uTHl:SC9lQRDH
CElylCEDHGHQE3QElNG#A 4S.uTl:QR.E#.DHNWuTHWQE .NbuEQE3QRDSH:.NPC9'lWSHC9uQRDH QE
SH.FR.}SC9lQRD uQ .lSHG$uTHL.QEl3CEDHNQEHDHDSH:.NCE7CEFRQEllTH:QR SHlDA oA
CEFEQRluTH:PlTHlCEDHGHQE PC9lSHlQElTHlQRSuQRD$`CE9NQR:Hbu+9CEGCE.l.l:DGH:NSHPA
YDJuTHyl.D$CEL?CDHb0YO SH.FR.#SC9uQRD&lSHlHSD$.QRSlQRD5LWH..DuG#A
/,LWlTQDuTHC9uT:QG5DHQE,QRD1oQR.llllSHlSHD,C9uSl?HS$C9lQwTHCE+uT
GHl.3DHuN'NhTCEuC9Nul.uN QEHC AoAlQRSuQRD#A?9NQR:CE.lTHHlQEoQR.G3Q7GHElT
bLl3DhCELuSH.HSHDRQ7NY:u3lluQy.THQlTC9lTHGHbul:DH.uN.QRSuQEDQE?uT
SH.FR.LSC9lQRDNPCED&bTHuTH$R.NQE3HNC9uGLTHC7QRQ9lCE?uSH.HSHDHQ$Ad/
HlQEoQR.GuTC9 :QGQE5uTdY7oNQRSHG1lQ7GHCSHlbSH5lQQEQRd9CEGC9uQRDQE'DSH3lNPCE
CEFEQRluTH:DlDHGG)QRSHl$DwlSHlHSDN$lWSHC}uQEDHA
OSlDFuTHMCE1GNPC9GHE,SH.Q9WTHFRTYQElGHwD7S3lNCE,CEFRQR.uT33DuTHNQEDlb71QE
DHub/GHo.DHN:uTQGHTCELNQR3+lC9uR:oQEHSHC9DNQR:HSuC9uQRDCESGwG7DCE:NA
YDwCEuNSHC9THFETYQR.GH:uTQGHTCPR,LDwSHlGwD`lSHlHSDN.WSHC9uQRDHRQR]HC93HE

,THQRlCEWR+CEDHG$lCPRNhTHDHEQCEDHGK1QRDkAQRCElGQRDlTH&H..D)bCENb
lQRSuQRDQE SlFRl7SHC9uQRD#lTHQuTHC9uTH THFETYQR.GHllSHDHNC9uQRD:l.QRQE#Y7HNPCE
GH.N.u`3buTHQ7GH`CPLNQE3:RCElFE3C9DHGuTSH`CPDHQEo:DHFRNuG#A@dTH:H
uTC}WC9.u3lDHF)uQ1:HQTHFRT/QRlGH:lTHQ7GHQE.QR7DF17SHC9uQRDH]THHuDHF)llC9uNE
uSH.HSHD./9,lQRSuQRDHd3CP`{CEouQH.QGSHNbLNlG1l.SHlA

d@ T3.3CEDHG$QElTH$CELQR.FCEDHGCE$QRQA`YDN9A'w3HllDGHuCE$QE
uTH H.QRoQElG`SH.FR.SC9lQRD::QGHHH.QRH1C9DHG`D`7NEA7,THFETHFRT'uT.:C9ll
QE'lTH..QRSuQEDHuQlCE#uSlHSHDQAYDJNEA4yDE.lFC}u$l:QQ9uTHDHlQEuTHYO
SH.FR.LSC9lQRD)uSH.HSHDHN:QG?H.lDuGTlCE SHDHGHlhCEDHGDHF3QE'lTHNlSHNCE#lQ
uTH3CE.l.l:DWQ9LQRl3CEDHN:Q9CEDMCEHGDSH3lNPCElQ7NGSHl9A`YDuTHyDC9.NbuQED
lS33CEl+lTH,QEl)CEDHG)H..DNQRDHNSHGHDHFyl`CE.A

y$
d$$ !"#

Y DlTHlNuQRD+ldlb7uT+QRl QE5SHlFRlSC}uQEDwSHlGD3lTHH.lD QR.L


CEDHGuTHDM:GH.Nlo:CQR.NDF)SDHNlQRDGHlFEDHGuQ)H.QGHSN:NQR:HNPC9lGJlSHlHSDYE
lC}uQ}/u3LQRlCELTCP7QElA
@dT$QEl0Q9SH.FR.7SHC9uQRD)NQRDH.GHlG&THl$

$&%(' $*) ,+  , $ +-+!. 0/ +21

354=76&1-8b91

:4;:,<=1>:@?P71

lT $ A3B1>:.uT`u3]$CEDHG=.CEN]YGHoDHGHD:9CElCEH`CEDHCEQRFEQRSHlQJRQNYDlTH)A oA
SC9lQRDA=SHlNluGHDQEuwC9.uCEGolDuC}uQEDbN:DlTH)lFETYTC9DHGlGHul
/ +A@dTdCWDHQRDHTHQE3QRFEDHQRSHSHDHNbuQRDuTC}HCP7uTH,.QRQECyHlllSl$FRuC9GHD${THDHN9
uTH`lSHFRFE.lEwDHQEhC}uQED4bHSWTH.WSH.Wol.N.LGCEDHGWDDHQ&ClC9lGuQJC
GHE.FRDHNbklyNQRDHGHuQRDJCE+lTHWNCElQEuTyA oALSC9lQRDA3CElQ`uTH{CENuTC9
uTHHll.SHlG&.llQRDFR)DSHDHNuTQG1QEC3A oAQ$LlTHDHQEDHTHQR:QRFRDHQRS
SHDHNbuQEDTCE$CLQSHoNb$QRDuTHWQElQElQRSuQRDHlQ)LAhAYDHGHG#5CE+lTHQRSGo
QR7QRSH'C9DHGC9$'GH:QRDHuuC}uTH.D#5CEDGH.lG.QRSuQEDMDHC9uSH.NPCEDMoNhTHQElD
CEDHG1CWNQR.llLQRDHGHDHF:QElNDHFWSHDHNbuQRDwNPCED)uTDo,NQRDH.llSHNbuG1uQH.QGSHNlTHAYD)C9.uNb
SHC97DHuTHuTHD ClkCPRF EyDHQRuTH.C9uG
G ClSH.FRSHDHNH ECE.+DHN.uCE.3lTHQRSlNQR:+Q95C

SH.FR.4SC9lQRD).WSHC9uQRD#A
@dTlWCElYQQE .NbuEQR lQE7DHF`SH.FR.SC9uQRDH:HQ7DHF:DHb DSH:.NCE5CE
FRQR.uT3wDlTHNQRDlb7&Q9uSlHSHDHNlSHC9lQRDA @dTHl&uQNQR:CE.DSH3lNPCE
llSHuQRhCEDHG1uT 3buTHQ7G1uT&lTH]HC9N,.QRSlQRD Q9uTHQRlFRDC9?FRQR.DHDF`SC
uQRD=CEDHG=uTSHy9CEGC9l3uT)lNhTHDSHEA@dTylSH.yuTC}bCEN:.QRSlQRDWQE+4A o
PCE.QRuCEDHGlTHCEDC9uNPCE1QR$D7S3lNCERA@dTH:lNQRDHGQR .NbuR:,uQ1CEHHJuT
DH DSH:lNPCECEFRQRluTH0:HQRGJQR+.QR7DHFSlFRloSC9lQRD1uQwlQERuSH.HSHDQ
HlQEH3A
@dTHlQElE 33:oQE.hC9DlTC9`lTHJ.QRSlQRD3QE4A,:]THH`lTH&luC}uN
oTCP7QRQE'A oAHlSHlHSD.QRSlQRDdD)FRDuC9kA
@dTSH`TCPRGHlFRDHGCQR.NDF1SHDHNbuQRDlTC9WNQR:HbuGHl.3DHuN9 HSW]
THuDHFJllFRSHCE){SDHQE:CENbuSC9NhTCEQ9uNPoTCP7QRDLQElT.CEN&CEDG=l:EA@dTy
FRED
/ +;3B1I:.J.

P
P
P
P-]
P
P^
P
TVU >) WX $K .D ZR Y[
<
U
O
P
PLKNM
,
\ ENQR ) [  .D ) [  R W X l D ) [ N QE [
QSR
EPRLK a OP M lD < [ P N QR [ P9b a OP M lD R [ P9b 1
kR
)
)
 U )_X`W R
QSR
QSR

P
P
U
TH. EC DHG [ EC l$GHbDHG&CEQRQHc
P P <>d e
P
P
U

U
. R1
[ . K3;3 ' g f ' :.f

h.`1=f=f=fF19ij1

CEDHGkDy4A_R5C+H..NloGNQRDHhCEDQE'PC9NhTylLNNdDHQRDTHQR:QRFRDQRSH5SHDHNbuQED#ADHN
/ +C9llFRDHG#4A'THCECySHDSH,lQESlQRDwSHDGHH.lNloG1LQRSHDHGHCE.CEDHGDHuC9
NQRDGHlQRDHdFERD&C9
P
{
$ 3B1>:.l .
m
A
OP M U P lD ) R [ f
QSR

@dTH'5QRhC9DHGWWCE.lFRDHDF+DuCECEDGyoQRSDHGCENQRDHGHuQRDH5NQRDH.uDuTlTH5SHDHNbuQED

9C 1oQRSDHGCEoQRDuCEDHG C}lTHMDHuC9u39AnQRwCElFRoi 4A{NPC9D


bTHH)E.
NQR:HNPC}uGSCE.L.Q7GHNQR.NC}uQEDH`lT..oN&lQLQEuTlHCENCEDHGu:E+HS1)
DHQRDHbuTHl5qD prA/( k`?NhTHQElDCEHH.QRH.C9lEPuTHQR.NC}uQEDHC9ll3CE4uQduTuSH.HSHD
SHNbuSC9lQRDQE?.PCE4SHG`Q${.NCE4uTHQR75C9DHGCES`lTHQE.:QE?uSlHSHDHNE5C9DHGCES)CEDG
?lTu:q]A
s4 $ "
H,

Y DuTlNlQRD NQE3C9lduTH]HC9NSHlFElSC9lQRD:lQESlQRDyH.QRLQRlG`DylTH CEoQE


lNuQRDJlTbLl3DhCE uSH.HSHDRQ7NY1l:.llQGH:QRDHulC9ulTC9+uNQR:H
NPC9lG=lHC9uQ9/l:oQRlCEoTCPQRWWNQRluQCENbuSC9HT7lNCElSHlHSDNuTHCEDuTHY7HNPCE
ClSH.FRSHDHNH E$uTC9.QR:u3.lSHGHG#A@dTH:oQE.hC9D'QRuuDHF$D7S3lNCE:uTQGH
uQ:o,3:DlGQRlQE7DHFWlTHA oA7SHC9uQRDH C9THFRT,$QRdQE7QRSHlCElQRDA
FRSH.NQR3HCEl lTHQR.NC}uQEDHQE4A'{QR0 ko. CEDHt
G i .ER:uT1C3HT7lNPCE
bLl3DhCEu3.lA'@dTHbol3DuCERQ7NY53CElSH.G:YOTQElCEDH3QRy
l.J_ J,QEQQRClSHlSHC9lQRDH.GHCNhTHCEDHDHolT`Q7DHQRGHDSHWLQEvu
{. Q7NCPl5Vb\ZEmEq]ADHNQRDHuTdCEH.QRSl9CESQEuTRQNYNQR:LQRDHDNCEDo
QRuCEDHGywORCEHlQESl9CESHQE $ Dy4AL{'C}CN.hC9DyLQRDQEL.CENA 3w.x fR
CEl.THQDD 'FHAH{CbA/.THQRSHG3L DHQEuG:lTC9u3LQRlCEHLTCP7QRQEouTH.QRSlQRD:C9QElTH
oQEDuW.:C9l&.uC9lNEA&/dwQQRC}WuTH`lC9lCEGH.u.HSuQEDQElTHlQESlQRDC9yCED
lLNNDHhCEDP $ C9lQ:NhTCEDFRD&C9D&.uC9lN,uSlHSHD./E$`C9DHDHAYDJC9GHGHlQRDHuQ{CEN
uC9u:NQR:CE..QRD# uTH:EC9lC9H.THQDDLQEly
T 'FRA{CC9DHG4C9l:DHQRl3CEGM.QR
uQRAW/NPC9DMLlDuTC9$SHNhTQ9lTHybLl3DhCEQ .u.SHNlSHl.THQDz
D FHA{4
.H.QGSHNGMz
D 'FA5_CDC9,PCE$C`SCEuC9uR.DH.EAYDCE.lNSHCEQRDWNPCEDGHDlq
C9dPCEuTl,3CED3Y7odQE?u3LQRlCE C.u.SHNlSHl> E1{D`uTlDHl$GHlNSllG1D)K1NOQRDHQRSHFET
Vb\ ZEm}'CEDHG1BCEDFVb\ZEm} D&LQEuTJHCE.l+QElTHFESHl9#DCE:R4THFETCE:HuSGH,lC}

uRWG/lCENG:lHE7QCE:HuSGHE9THFRT7/lSHDHNbyQR.NC9lQRDRC9DHG3QElNC9uQRDH5QE
lQR:THC9Dul:GHC9udC93HlSHGHdCEDG:.SHDNRATHlTHGHu.HSlQRDQELuTHlCElDHQE
uTH+uCE:E7uTH YQWFESHldCEl+7SHCEhC9lRy.:CEA YD)CEGHGuQRD#:oQE.hC9DlQWQRH..E
uTC}/CPRQRl3C9lQRD#LNQE3:QRDH17bGC9$C)THCE`CE.)QESHlFEl?SC9lQRD.QRSlQRD
dDHQ9+C9HCE.D DwuTH$NQR3ShC9lQRDA
;

1.00

0.75
0.50
u

0.25




0.75
0.50
1
-1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.25
0.0
0.0
-1

0.2
0.2

{}|I~ 0.4
} 0.6
~9S(9 @
0.4

0.6

0.8
0.8

1.0

'FESHld}cQR:CE..QRD,QE4A{ouTbLl3DhCEREQ7NY+l:l.4{CNQR:HSuC9uQRDCE_

{4]L.:DhC9kA

QR SHuTH'NQE3C9l.QRD#v'FAESHuuC}u5LQlLNbuuCQ9HuTHu:lllTQDyDV'FHA
RA5+FCED#PuToQ lLNbuuClTQDD,LQElT ' FRAH{C#CEDHG{4#CE.DHQR.`CEG+.QR
lQ  RA

@dTH:NQR:HSlGoQlLNbulS TCE,lQE3bTC9THFETH,LQC}$Q .SHDHN'CEDHGuT


bLl3DhCEQRDH]THullDuC9DHQ,GNPCPWC9THFRTlSHDHNlTW7GDHN Q9C.DHQR.
SCElolQGHNYx E&GH.NloG==K1NPOQRDQRSHFRT=CEDG SCEDHFDuTwNQRDu]73Q9+CJ.C9uG
GH.N.uG7DCE:NCEH.7uA@dTHNQR:HSuC9uQRDCEHQEDHSH.LQEouTHY7LE73NQRDHulSNuQRD#

EC lTHQRSHFET$lTH 5.QR:TC95l57GHDD,uTHFRSlEA5@dTSHEGH.Hl.QR3.oNHNGHlDHN
DGHbhCEouTHFRDHlCESCEhC}uEPC}uSH.CElySHul3CEoG:QRDH.luC9lDHFlTC94A{
NPCEDbTHHT7.NPC9/lPC9uN+LTCP7QRC9DCEQEFRQRSHlQ:lSHlSHDdHQA
0
0.25
0.5

Power (dB)

0.75
(a)

0.25
0.5
0.75
1

(b)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Frequency (Arbitrary Units)

'FESHl3x cVQR3HCEllQRDMQELQ.oNu.SH(QEd4A{lTMlTC9QE]L.:DhC9EQNY
u3.._CNQR3ShC9lQRDHCEk{4]L.:DhC9kA
L $0
]

Y D$uT lNuQRDDR.uFC9llTHl:QQElTHDHl5QElTH]CENlQRSuQRD$QESHlFRl}SC9uQRD#A
W .lSHG1uTHW3CEFRDuSGHQ9GH.9C9uRNPCENSHC9uGJSH.DHF`lTHCEDC9uNPCE?QR.WSHC3LA
{lQ3bEC9SC9l,uTH,u.SHDHNC9uQRD1l.QRQE@CPQRdbC9DHlQRDH+Q9lTHllC9uN$SDHNlQRD#A.SHl
QE'lTH#DGHNC9u,uTHC9 SHlQETHFRT/QRlGH3buTHQ7GHdlTlTH+C9.uDHGCED RYTHFRT&QR.GH
GH.9C9lR`GHQR:DCED.lQR.W`CPo`DCEHlQRlC}uQR.QRSlQRDbTHHlDHFuTH`llC9uN`QR
NhTCEQElN$LTCP7QR.dQETHFRT7,3_CEDHG7GHDuuSlHSHD]AoAlQRSuQRDHA

/ .THQRSHG3LoQRDuG:QRSlTC9QRuTlSHlSHDHN HlQEH1RlTH`CEFEDHlSHGHdQETHFRT7YQR.GH
GH.9C9lR`3CPDHNlCEl1uCEHGHCE:lTH&QElGH3QE+uTH1GH.9C9uR)FRQ73SH#j{{VlQRSuQRDH
CEl:DHQEo
D pqrWA`@dT3:QGH.QRH GHlN.LGCEoQE`CElQbTHHlCwu.DHGQEDHN.PCE.DHF
GH.9C9lR3{HSQRD&lTHlQESHFRTMCDHlQRlGHh]Ay@dTH$,DHGHNPC9lGz
D 'FHA#wTHNhTGHlHCP
uTH ) /DHQRlQEGH.9C9lR,QE9CElQRSHQR.GH.uTH.QRSHFRTFRTuTA@dTHlllSHuCElQRhC9DHG
35

10

30

10

25

x n

10

20

10

15

10

10

10

10

1
0

BHHvH}4H H >
3

8
8

FRSH.$gcl ) Y DHQEl0Q99CE.QRSHYQR.GHdGl9C9uRdQ94A5{]A

CEDCE7lNCEGHo.DuC9uDHFLA]4CPEuC9FRDHFD)l:ECEDHG)uTHD1NCENSHC9lDHF
b
$ . a $ ) 3 R7 ) 1
&&3
(3
lTHQRS:SH.1QE+CEDDSH:.NPC9 CEH H.Q`C9lQRD A / :QRlRGuTC}yuTH ) YDHQEl QE uT
FRTuT/QRlGH3Gl9C9uR{SH9CEDlEuTH55/DHQR. Q9 $ .PCENhTw  e_e THlTHt )
DHQR. QEuTl3Gl9C9uRQRDCEHH.QCENhTH  e A@dTylSFRFRu:CoQEllH`GH:NSY

lTTFRT/QRlGDHu]YGHlDN$3buTHQ7GHA
bHQEluTHSHuTHD FHARTHNhT`GH.HCP7uTHlC9lCEG.llHSuQRDHQEoQRSH.lTCEDG
FRTuT)GH.9C9lRdQE5uTH,]HC9N lQRSuQRDQE'SH.FR.7SHC9uQRD#H4A5{bHHSDHQ WSHuHG
ClNuGFRlGJlC9ND
F ?oSH.lTHG:QRDH.luC9lDHF3uTHFRlQdlTCEDHGDHGNPC}uDF:lTC9,C
@'CP7QE]CEDH.QRDNQRDRlFRWC9CEk?$`CPGHQlQ1QRDH&R.MlQRA`K1QR.QR5uTH.THQ
uTC}lTHGHQR:DCEDu.SHDHNC9uQRDl.QRQE?C,Y7HNCEllTYQElGH:lTHQGyQRSHG`L QED3uTQR.GH

QELFR.PC9luTCEDuTHC9Q9 C.NQRDHG/QRlGH:lTHQG:QRC.QRSlQRDQEouTHDHC9uSH.EAD'FHA
uTHGHl9C9lE
D 'FAH`C9lNPCENSHC9uG).QR CEDHCEuNPCEoQRlWSCEA@dTHlHC9uCE?.lJ.

2
4! x

u 4

h
4

(a)
3

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

(b)

2 u
8! x

8 h 8

, >

>

I IIII; I I `I

'FESHl(cHC9uCE GHulHSlQRDHQE'YQwTHFRT/QRlGHGH.9C9uR+QE4A'{]75.  Rb_C

QRSHuTGH.9C9uR9 {4FRTlT1GHlEC}uEEA

`DHGNPC}uG:DylTH HFRSHl NhTHQElDlQL  REC$Y7HNPCE4SHDHGl..QREGu`l:HQRG


DDSH:.NCEo.WSC9lQRDHloQE.uGwlTl:9_Al lQR ' FHAyQRHl.EG)uTC9uTHQE

NQR.llLQRDHGHDHFWuQWlTH,FRTuT/QRlGHGHl9C9lE+TCECWFEDHuCE:WSHNhT)C9lFR3CEFRDHuSHGH uTC9D
GHQ7uTC9dQElTH,QRSHuT/QRlGHdGH.9C9lR$GHlHu$llFEDHNCEDul3CENQ7:NDPA@dTH
lTHQlTC9THFRT7YQR.GHul:+D&C:llSHDHNC9uQRDJllQE]HCEDHlQRDNPC9DHDHQE+oDHFRNbuG&D1lTH
NPCE.ELCEDHG1CWDHub/GHo.DHN$CEHH.QP`C}uQEDL{CE_A
S+lTHWHTHDHQR:DHQEDJlTHQD5
D 'FAL`QNNSH.QRDHwQR+]N.lDFR1CE.FR j{{VoD1uT
HllDHN:QESHDHGHl.lQESlQRD4] MlS3NDl&l3CE5uTHyTHFRT/QRlGHll:GN.PCE.
CEduTH,QElGH DHN.PCE.NQRDH.uD lTSlSCEboNuC9uQRDHA@5Q3G:QRDH.luC9luTHlTHQ
G
D 'FHA1uTHwlCE:3YQMTFRT/QRlGl.3yC9WlTHQDD FHA5HHSuT .  RA/
yDl..lDHFJlQDHQEluTC9DuTNQRDu]:QEDu]YGHlDHNQEWDHlbkRQRSH33DSH3lNPCE


*,+ *.0

u 4

h
4

*,+ *.-

2
4! x

(a)

*,+ *.-

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

8 h 8

(b)

*,+ *.*/-

2 u
8! x

*,+ */*.-

*,+ */*.0

!#" !

!" $

!#" %
!#" &
 
        

!" '

()" !

'FESHl$ cC9lCEoGHu.HSlQRDQE?YQTHFRT7YQR.GHGl9C9uRQE4A b# .  b_C


QRSHuTGH.9C9uR9 {4FRTlT1GHlEC}uEEA

lWSHC}uQEDHuTHlHC9uCEoFElG3llTH3C}WSH 9CESH+L.3llG3lQWlSNNlSHNQEDHGHSHNb
O,1Q9uTHWSHlFEl7SHC9uQRD&H.QRH NQRDlGlGTH.EA yC9lQ3NhTHNh9GuTH`C9FRDHlSHGH
QElTH&lCE3)YQTHFRTYQElGH:ll:um
T .  RRMCEDGQRSHDGuTC}3lTH13CEFRDuSGH)QE
uTHFRTuT/QRlGGH.9C9lRuC9lFRlTCED=uTC}`QEuTH)QRSHuT/QRlGQRDH9lSHFEFRuDF
oQEllH {CESHlQEuTH@CP7QRbCEDlQEDwQE#uT+u.SHDHNPC}uQED`.lQRuQWNQRDRlFR9A+NQR:3D
uTC}dSHl,Q9TFRT/QRlG:lTHQ7GHlTuTHdC}luDHGCEDdE./THFRTwQElGHGH.9C9lR+GHQR:DCED
.lQR.WLDC9HHlQEHlC9u:QRWlQESlQRDHbTHHlDHF&lTHSCEuC9uR3C9uSlyQ9+4Ab
CEDHGTHDNELCElQyQRdTHFRTY,,lSHlSHD .QRSlQRDA
,)0'yyhD#
32D
1

Y D3uTHC9oH.lDuGC:OSHlFEl7SHC9uQRD3lSHlHSDN+:Q7GH_A'@dTH:Q7GH4NPC9D
FRDuC}uNQR:HNPC9lG,.C9uQ9/l:oQEuCE9oTCPQRl?lTC9CEl.:C9LlQ lTHQRlQEHCENlSCEHT7lNPCE
uSH.HSHDHNEA NPC9SHluT3Q7GHGul:DH.lNJC9DHG3QR.QRwoQElll.1CEDCEDCEuNCE
R

lQRSuQRD##,bTHHllFRDHNPCED,LQElDuCE'QR+luDFDSH:.NCECEFRQR.uT3 DJlTHyNQRDlb7
QE5uSH.HSHD.WSC9lQRDHA
DCE.QEuTHyTFRT/QRlG GH.9C9uRQEuTHbCENlQRSuQRDJQESlFRlSC9lQRDJNQR
llLQRDHGHDHFyuQyuTH:QGHDHGHNC9uuTC}dTHFETYQR.GHu.3dD)Cu.SHDHNPC}uQEDl.QRbC9DHlQRD
NPCEDDHQEoDHFENbuG#C9DHG&CDHub/GHo.DHNC9HHlQP3C9lQRD{CE?SHDHl FR.GlCENDHF:
SHl.`C9kA

42:w65 "V3 

 DCEDNC9lSHoQR3.QR !$ SHDGH $lCED87'RRE}YR}uEECEDHGlQR ,7


:9gQ $lCED;7=<RREEE}h:$FRlC9ubSHJCENhDHQGHFRGJuT`CESuTHQR.AQEl
QE@,A#BCEDF1TC9LDCEuCE&.SHHLQR.lGC9lQuTH><DRl.YQE$DuSHNh  DuQR
 QR:HShC}uQEDCENDHNA,YDCEGHGHuQED#uTHyC9SuTHQElC9lFEuC9lSH uQ`lTH?< DHEl.Y1QE,D
uSHNh5 QR:HSlDHF DlQRdSH.QE5uT69SHLlOQR:QRCEol7SlG1NCENSHC}uQEDHA
@BADCEAGFHAGIKJLAGM

IAKARK1NPOQRDQRSHFRTCEDGyARIARC9uCl CE.FRb/lNCEoNlQRDyQ7NPC97.`C9/lNCENhTCEQ9uN
lQRSuQRDHlQ`SlFRlSC9uQRD# E36 N.P
OHRQTS 4P9REA
}KAEOWA9?QRE CuSHHFElG3Q7GHDHF.lSHGHuTySlFRl9SC9lQRDE;OVUmzjW+fVhghiYX[ZYZ?
LRPERA
9A4AL+GC93CEDHGLAuQRE C. 7SHHFR.G/lNPC9$GHNQRDRQRSuQRDCEHlQC9NhT1QR lTHQ7NhNPCE
uSH.DHFH E8O] \c}^+X ^i7vt_ Xa`Vb#Eb79EEA
EOWA9@,AIEDHFCEDHGW<}A +AK1NhTCE CuQRSuQRDQ9LQElNG:SHlFElE7SHC9uQRD# Ec^i7vtV Umz7j W}t
Xd#LE9}EREA

}e9AHyA,THQElCCEDHG1oA&yAHSHHD# CI'u.DHFQE5DHQRD/DHPCED.hC9HuEcO na7pE[?fZE\qi


Xf#?ELPHE9A
9 +AC9lGHbEC9D?KALObEg 9Ao+C9GHDCEDHFwIAKMA CENlQRoIAoSCEPCEDH_$AY9b.h9A
,.CEDGHCEDHGA@,iA 9'C}ulC Cu7oNulCECEDHGDu]YGHlDHN:lQRSuQRDHQElTHSlFRl
SCESlQRD Ej\c}^+XLz7\Vb[uct klUmz7j W}Dt X[SE7HEREA
},ByAKAO,C97TQRSHoCEDHG)yA<AHGQRlG CY:H.QEG)CPRuCEFEDHFW:lTHQ7G3QRuSH.HSHDQ
lSHC9lQRDHA 9'CE- cuTHQRlbuNCEGHEQRH:D)CEDHGCEHHNPC}uQEDlQSH.FR.uuC9DHlLQR.
SC9lQRD# E>Nba\k_ O_ mz7^`Vb[fVb\qi_ Umz7j W}Lt n#HEH#PRRA
9IA,CED# Cl SH3lNPCE]ol:Dl:QEDQRDbYG:DH.QRDC9:QGHQEuSH.HSHDHN9 Eo^i7vt
Umzj W}p
t Qq`o#RPLR7R9HA
9oA,lLCEDHsG rA+AGwIEA Cu7oNulCELHlQRLuQ9?bCENbduCEDGHQR lQRSuQRDuQWSHlF9
lHSC}uQED)QE3Q7GHGw@dTHQE`CEDHuC9LNQRDHGHuQRDH Et\c}^+XLz7\Vb[u?t klUmzj W}4t Xun##P
E#PRRA
P9IA4K1SHlT3CyCEDHGwByA4C9uQl ClS3lNCEuSHGwQE5uTH$DuCELNQRDHGuQRDwGHoDHGHDNQE
SHlFElHuSH.HSHDHNE Ev^i7vt_ Umzj W}pt Qgb#?EE}4ERLRRA
EoxA $THQEuCE_" C+DwCEDHCE7lQ9?DSH3lNPCE4.lQR.D`CElFRGHG3lSHC9lQRDQE#uSlHSHDHNE E
OH]
\c}^+XLz7\k ^i7vt_ XQgd##RERREA
}A A,uCPENhTHDH9QCEDHw
G 95AK1QRD CuDlTH1bN`QE,DSH:lNPCEllQEl:DCElFEGHG
lSHC9lQRDQE5uSH.HSHDQ ExOy \c}^+XLz7\/_ ^i7vt_ XufRX4RRPRA
P9APOWA5C9DHGCESCEDHGdA}KA?.THlEE Umz7j W fVhghiZEajkghtb 9lFC93QRzD 9ll7QRlG#9DHFRCEDHG#
EA
EAQNCPlkIAOWA IRCENQE#@,ABCEDHFCEDHG
IA KA K1NOQRDHQRSFRT#w Cl'Ll3DhCE$CEDG
NQR:HSuC9uQRDCEDR.uFC9lQRD=QEQ DFCEylSHlHDH)HC9GH)NQ7QRDHFJCE.uCEFE E=+Y
9'CELe
7ER]ER7[ {}tb\| Nl }
Umz7j W)U$v}aLZE^yjkgh~t \c}aPePVb[uVbaghV:ZEYa Wwn9i7j jq\{5+DCET
LERRA


}IA KA K1NOQRDHQRSFRT#5oA KSHE;.CEDHGoABTSHDFH0C. GC9uC}/H.uDHFH.QNGHSH.yQRNhTCEQ9uN


u:.lE`XXLm]\c}^+XLz7\k fZE\qi gd#L9oRRA
P9@,A?BC9DHFHIAKAK1NOQRDHQRSFRTCEDGIA5OWAIRCENQR C95QQR$3CED#CP7lQRESC}uQED
3Q7GHQElSHlSHDQ$ E| Nl
OHg S_X4?PRRLPRRERRA
}IAEKMARK1NOQRDHQRSFRTWCEDGyKA@,A9SCEDFH C.
oQ7QR `C9D#+CP77uQR9SC9lQRD# c GH.9C}
uQEDC9DHGDSH:.NPC9dbol3Dl uTHJO NPCE.E ENba\k6 OH| m+z7^`Vb[ fMVb\qi4 Umzj W};t SYS
9EE9REHA
P9IA KA5K1NOQRDHQRSHFETC9DHG@,ABCEDHFH C. .QRSuQEDJllDHF`lNhTHDHSH:QE+u.PC9lDHFwSHDGH
l.QREGlQRSuQRDHlQCE.lCEGHo.DuCESC9uQRDHF c)SHlFElSC9lQRD=:QGlQR
 E8OH] \c}^+XLz7\k ^i7vt{lSH3llG4]A

S-ar putea să vă placă și