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DRAFT

AIAA 20020000
LES SUBGRID-SCALE MODELS OF
TURBULENCE-CHEMICAL KINETICS
INTERACTIONS BASED ON
DISCRETE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS
J. M. McDonough & Sha Zhang
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0108

32nd AIAA Fluid Dynamics


Conference
June 2427, 2002/St. Louis, Missouri
For permission to copy or republish, contact the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 201914344

    
     
      

 
    
   
              
     
 
    
          
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0.554

OH

Flame
Temp.

0.309

0.052

0.205

0.152

0.052

O2

0.007

0.535

0.580

0.119

0.107

0.033

0.076

0.047

0.033

2980

3077

0.052

0.087

0.009

3003

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1.5

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qF

Equivalence Ratio,

Species

v ~

v 

sutwvhxly{z}|N~ %~YJy+JNJv'sQvhxlN~N|l}y{zJu|N~suY}xl~N|lNJy{zJ|NGvhxGhhEJGhh

0.3

0.4
0.4

0.2

u-velocity

0.2

0.2

0.1

-velocity

0.0

-0.1

0.2

-0.2

-0.3

0.4
3080

0.0
0

-0.2

0.4
-0.4

-0.4

(a)

Temperature

3080
-0.5
0.48

0.485

0.495

(a)

-0.6

0.5
0.48

0.5

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.5

0.4
0.4

Temperature

3060

3040
3040

3020

3000
3000

2980

2960

0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1

0.0
0

-0.1

0.2
-0.2

2960

(b)

2940
0.706817

0.48

0.49

0.485

0.49

0.495

(b)

0.00035
-0.3
0.48

0.5

0.5

0.00034
0.00034

0.706816
0.706816

0.00033

0.00032
0.00032

0.706815

[ H2 O ]

0.00031

[H]

0.706814
0.706814

0.706813

0.00028

0.706812

0.00027

0.00026

0.706811

0.706810

0.480

0.70681
0.48

0.485

0.49

0.00026

(c)

0.495

0.485
0.490
0.495
Time (arbitrary units)

0.500

0.013
0.013

0.012

F1U 6F

LC{ZsMDCHLFDV DVlFI[;(!FH J

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CJI KVTYIpC9l SJ# W

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0.006

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0.005
0.030786
0.030786

u-velocity

0.0

0.2

-0.3

0.4 (a)

3080

Temperature

0.49

0.495

0.5

3060

3040

3020

3000

3000

2980

2960 (b)
2960

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.5

0.706814
0.706814

0.706813

0.706812
0.706812

0.706811

(c)
0.706810

0.480

sKFZ



M

ZKFQTQBnI KFS]VTO[G

3040

} J,

0.485

0.706815

[ H2 O ]

0.500

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.485
0.490
0.495
Time (arbitrary units)

LC{ZsMDCHLFDV DVlFI

0.5

0.500

?HTUU

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(! J H

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-0.2

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0.5

0.485
0.490
0.495
Time (arbitrary units)

sMDCHL PS]VTDKVWO[GPQnI9

OED#

ZKQTQ#I KFSUVTO[G

-0.1

0.48

OED,

(e)

0.480

K[%QTS]KFLCHM(([CHLsSOVXF,6QTSUKFLC_M9VWC_Z

0.70681
0.48

0.030783

0.030781
0.48

0.706816

0.030784

0.030782

0.706816

0.030785

0.030784
0.030782

2940
0.706817

0.5

0.030787

-0.4

(d)

0.005

0.030788
0.004
0.48

0.1

3080
-0.5
0.48

0.008

0.007

0.2

0.009

0.007

K. QTS]KFLCHM ([CHLsSOVXF6

0.2

0.01

0.009

0.3

0.011
0.011

[ OH ]

sKFZ

0.5

0.014

[ H2 O ]

OED

(c)

0.015
0.00025
0.48

0.5

b[iGISb}IieIPb bnnF [ D,iKKIibbb4iWkSS@.ibzSI@KbzPSibbDISzT4IbeMkb,DnSeSbeK77,iiI FP


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0.0003

0.00029

0.00028

0.706812

0.00030

sutwvhxly{z}|N~ %~YJy+JNJv'sQvhxlN~N|l}y{zJu|N~suY}xl~N|lNJy{zJ|NGvhxGhhEJGhh

CJIpK_VTDI C[3S
nCF%

ZKFQTQ

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.0
0

-0.2

0.4
-0.4

(a)

-0.6

0.5
0.48

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.0
0

-0.2

0.4
-0.4

-0.6

0.5
0.48

0.5

0.4

0.485

0.49

0.495

Temperature

0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1

0.0
0

-0.1

0.2

0.5

(b)

0.4
0.4

0.4

Temperature

(a)

0.2

-velocity

-velocity

0.2

0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1

0.0
0

-0.1

0.2
-0.2

-0.2

(b)

-0.3
0.00135
0.48

0.485

0.49

0.495

-0.3
0.00335
0.48

0.5

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.0033

0.0013

0.5

(c)

0.0033

0.0013

0.00325

0.00125

0.0032
0.0032

0.0012

0.00315

[H]

[H]

0.0012

0.00115

0.0011
0.0011

0.0031
0.0031

0.00305

0.0030
0.003

0.00105

0.00295

0.0010

0.0029

0.001

0.0029

(c)

0.00095
0.018
0.48

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.011
0.00285
0.48

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.5

0.01

0.016

0.5

(d)

0.010

0.016

0.009
0.014

0.008

[ OH ]

[ OH ]

0.008

0.012
0.012

0.01

0.008
0.008

0.007

0.006
0.006

0.005

0.004
0.004

0.006

(d)
0.042415
0.004
0.48

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.049862
0.003
0.48

0.5

0.485

0.49

0.495

0.5

(e)
0.04986

0.042414

0.049858

0.042413

0.049858

[ H2 O ]

[ H2 O ]

0.042413

0.042412

0.042411
0.042411

0.049856

0.049854
0.049854

0.049852

0.04241

0.042409

0.049850
0.04985

0.042409

(e)

0.042408
0.48

0.485

0.480

OED

0.49

0.495

0.485
0.490
0.495
Time (arbitrary units)

sMDCHL PS]VTDKVWO[GPQnI9

K_I VTQlK.%VTADI [DE[A?nCFBQWK[ZClKQORG

H J1
OED

0.049848
0.48

0.5

po

ih

(d

WdJo

2DS b@DIIiiI4SiFTMF  i I Gbi28i `g/ S i jl$k* b


D /i  PV64
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b, Kl g/nMbTv [;iIFSDT$< b biKb

0.485

0.480

0.500



OED

0.49

0.495

0.485
0.490
0.495
Time (arbitrary units)

sMDCHL PS]VTDKVWO[GPQnI9FH J1

K_I VTQlK.%VTADI [DE[A?nCFBQWK[ZClKQORG

OED

bS@SIZSc@biIMSZn""FD4nK9JI@9IDbinSDX.zi@SS iP4SIiWk),nM
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4) k,FkTIv]"bn<Dk
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bMk,n@SnSGnbIS ITzebKnDInSnbn)biKn9FSeS S-ebSnnebWIobz
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biPTS,zIbMSn)nD-nn SnIb-b-bIKKkWknMkzzbnbKSIzkPP]iFbnbn
bWKN I icFiCD_$bPiSD- biIKiIDKSiFIbiFibnGDK)o,b&TFciiI
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bIKbMb;FMkznbbIKnS[I IiPkScbIZ)inMDSI<MDvSiobFM kzbnF
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do

0.5

0.500

sutwvhxly{z}|N~ %~YJy+JNJv'sQvhxlN~N|l}y{zJu|N~suY}xl~N|lNJy{zJ|NGvhxGhhEJGhh

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bDTSI}MbII & .iPM'ibkbIMib T DzS MnbniA M,Di K TIDbKbT
bbinDSIbo iSDPz)v]n S bI eISnWbnDIbiXkbnDDbTI
7"z: nbKIoIi}IIC cKSMnbniMb4
1< f

0.016

0.016

0.014

0.012

0.012

[H2O]

0.01

0.004

0.004

0.002

,+.
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bIISnC _IDnIbicPIInTFS]nPDD]SnkbMIKGIi+KD ]zSIS] Sbnb,bni@
zMTiIkibFIiII"IIbT kMIzPI4)b<i<nkK- g/SPn7 Ski-g,nbbnK]b<bID@
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K)bPbnSKznS\cDbGSMbiISSgIII MbD4I DiMISbS`kPbPIbzngV < S+
bW nb + Ik[ `7"kL zDcS-bIKzIbn4SD@b ID ,PbI b MI5 SSPbiI` z
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0

Ion Concentration

0.410



0.420

0.430

0.440

Time (sec.)

0.450



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do

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0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

Time (arbitrary units)

ZKQTQ nI KSUVTO[G

[VTOiZC[

0.007

To

OED

0.002

To

0.006

0.400

f g

0.008

0.008

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do f

]_

B2

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