FREEDOM

freedom from
o negative freedom
o reaction against something
freedom to
o positive freedom
o what you are fighting for
freedom from pre-supposes freedom to do
absolute freedom - no individualism ; everyone has one will
o there is no absolute freedom
freedom is dependent on self identity
o rational freedom
rational self
free when one acts in accordance to reason
o social freedom
social self
freedom is gained when one participates in social relationships
o emotional freedom
expression of freedom = freedom
o capricious freedom
acting entirely on whim
o pure freedom
pure inner self
no influences such as emotions or reason
DETERMINISM
o there is no responsibility
o no choices
o no freedom
o every action has explanatory cause
INDETERMINISM
o there is responsibility
o there is freedom
o there are choices
COMPATIBILISM
o freedom and responsibility depends whether there was external compulsion

INTERSUBJECTIVITY

According to husserl
o first person point of view
o occurs when we :
undergo acts of emphaty
undergo conscious attribution of intentional acts to other subjects
put ourselves in the shoes of the subject

Ways to experience intersubjectivity

act - ascription
to lay something in the account of a person or thing
existence - belief
bracket our belief to the existence of the target of our act ascription
According to ferrarello
o it s the relatuonship between 'me' and 'another'
o the subject is not an alien but is within me
o ways :
investigate how the subject's "otherness" is imminent to my ego

SOCIETY

aristotle - man is a social animal

we are mutually independent
important components of the society :
o structure
o culture
o history
o mode of organization
o rules
comparisons:
o peasant & family based vs. mobile and fast paced
o member of a class vs. individual
o some are better than others vs. all are equal
no matter how free thinking or imaginative, we are part of our society

I. origin of the society

PLATO
o no one can achieve their needs alone
o there is a need for specialization
ARISTOTLE
o aims:
reproductive instince
self-preservation
o stages of the formation of the state
1st: family
barely sufficient
2nd: state
family + family + family
self-sufficing
natural society

the society was built to achieve a good life

THOMAS HOBBES
o there was equal strength and vulnerability
o man in a state of nature was in a state of war
o man entered a social contract to seek peace
o stages :
social contract
commonwealth - goal of social contract; restrains men
leviathan - head of the commonwealth
government - product of entering a social contract
JOHN LOCKE
o there was equality - all can attain their needs
o society was established to settle quarrels and maintain order
o stages :
social contract
governing group
establishment of the state
the state is NOT a natural society
the state corrupts man

II.Social systems

measures established or founded by the members of the society in order to maintain and
preserve the society
divided into :
o norms - policies and regulations
traditional - folkways
formalized - laws and rituals
not formalized - mores
o social institutions - control; concepts which will remain as essentials of the
society
family
education
governance
economy
religion

III.NORMS

rules and regulations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
norms may change over time
reinforced through sanctions [ punishments or rewards]
guilt - negative judgment we make of ourselves for having violated a norm
shame - acknowledgment of other's disapproval
types of norms :
o mores - customary behaviors which have taken on a moralistic value

o
o
o

laws - translated into legal formalizations

folkways - repetitive; there is no strong feeling of right or wrong
rituals - highly scripted ceremonies
ceremonies - bday , wedding etc
holidays
everyday public rituals - hi and hello
bonding rituals - holding hands
signal rituals - eye contact

IV. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

social structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation that govern the
behavior of its members
major sphere of social life organized to meet people's needs
5 essential tasks
o replace members and procreation [family]
o teaching new members [education]
o producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services [ economy]
o preserving order [ government]
o providing and maintaining a sense of purpose [religion]
5 major social institutions
o family - smallest social institution
basic agent of socialization
most important
o education - transmission of knowledge
o religion - to meet the spiritual needs of individuals
gives meaning to life
o economic institution - any institution that is a player in an economy
involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and
services
o government - making and reinforcing the rules of the society
ruling body recognized by the people
public in nature
politics - pattern of human interaction that serves to resolve conflicts
administration - aggregate of person in whose hands the reins of the
government are for the time being

V. Types of societies
*refer to andres table weeee
DEATH
I. Life and Death

death is the end of one's life

being conscious does not entail being alive

o for example, a machine can be conscious but is still not considered alive
something is dead when it loses the capacity to perform vital processes
denouement death - death is the ending of the dying process when the last trace of life has
been extinguished
o keyword: Denouement - final part
denouement death kapag nareach mo na ung end kung saan ung last race
of life ay wala na :(((
threshold death - death is the point in the dying process where extinction is assured
o keyword: Threshold - point where something is manifested
threshold death kapag nareach ung point na sure na nagmanifest na na
mamamatay na sya . dedz na sya ganen
integration death - death is when the physiological systems of the body can no longer
function as a whole ; irreversible
o Keyword : Integration - uniting systems as a whole
integration death pag di mo na pwede iunite ung psychological systems as
a whole

II.Death and suspended animation

CAPACITY
o viable - something has the capacity to deploy vital processes
o unviable - something has no capacity to perform vital processes
USING THE CAPACITY
o vital - something is using its capacity to deploy vital processes
o non-vital - something is not using its capacity to perform vital processes
alive - something that is both vital and viable
frozen embreyo - not alive (it is not vital ) but not dead ( it is still viable )
suspended animation - temporarily stopping vital processes; halted

III.Resurrection

revival - something can only be revived if it is alive [vital - using its capacity to perform
vital processes]
o something is revived when it regains vitality [using its capacity to perform vital
processes]
o BUHAY PA SYA NUN kasi may capacity parin sya na magperform ng vital
processes
restoration - something can only be restored if it has no capacity to perform vital
processes [unviable]
o it is restored when its capacity is regained [unviable > viable]
o bringing back da dead parang zombie o frankenstein ganern ..
o NAMATAY MUNA .. tas NABUHAY ULI .. nawalan sya ng capacity to perform
vital processes [unviable]

loss of life account -dying is the loss of life ; it is the loff of the capacity to perpetuate
itself using vital processes; it is dead when it loses the capacity [ meaning it is dead when
it becomes unviable] except when the capacity is regained [ meaning when it becomes
viable again ]

IV. Death and what we are

animalism
o we are human beings
o we persist if we remain the same animals
o we die when we no longer have the capability to perform vital processes which
sustain us as human beings
mindism
o we are minds [ may or may not have the capacity for self-awareness]
o we persist if we remain the same mind
o we die when the vital processes which sustain our minds have stopped
personism
o we are creatures with the capacity for self-awareness
o we persist if we still have certain psychological features [we are self -aware ]
o we die if our psychological features are lost
example: a person has an active brain but is in a vegetative state; he is dead according to
personism but alive according to mindism
o KASI BUO PA UNG MIND NYA [UTAK] PERO WALA NA SIYANG SELF AWARENESS
Example: the brain is removed from the body and kept alive artificially; he is dead
according to animalism but alive according to mindism
o KASI BUO UNG UTAK NYA :) PERO WALA NA SA KATAWAN NYA SO
WALEY NA UNG VITAL PROCESSES SHEME NA NAGSUSUTAIN
SAKANYA BILANG HUMAN BEING :)
kunyari dahil sobrang raming exam bukas nabaliw ka na .... pero tao ka parin naman .. edi
alive ka sa mindisim saka animalism pero since baliw ka na at di ka na self aware edi
dedz ka na sa personism

v. Death and Existence

1. Can we continue to exist some time after we die ?

termination thesis - view that death entails our annihilation

o annihilation - total destruction
o pag namatay ka , wala na ka na , di ka na nageexist
dead survivors view - view that we can survive death
o even if we are dead, we exist sometime after our death as long as our original
components remain

pagibig sabihin , pag namatay ka , pero intact parin ung body mo

nageexist ka pero as corpse
we could survive indefinitely by means or preservation

2. can creatures cease to exist without dying ?

deathlessly annihilated
o example : amoebas' existence ends when it splits into 2 new amoebas
counter argument : nothing can be alive unless it exists ;so if something ceases to be alive
then it is dead ; so there are no deathless exits at all

VI. Criteria for death

according to US
o irreversible cessation of respiratory and circulatory function
o irreversible cessation of the functions of the brain
according to UK
o brain stem death

FINISHHHHHHHH YEY WEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ^_^