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Communication
Dr.-In g Mu h ammad Riz wan Amirzad a
My Introduction
Muhammad Rizwan Amirzada
MS and PhD in Electrical Engineering from Universitt
Kassel, Germany
Specialization in MEMS structures (Micromirrors)
Study Material
Optical Communication Systems by J. Gowar (2nd Ed)
Optoelectronics and Photonics by S.O. Kasap
Introduction
Communication ?????
It is transfer of information..
This information can be..
Reading a book or newspaper
Watching T.V
Telephone call
Email, file transfer etc.
This transfer involves a source,
channel and destination
Together, it is called a communication system
OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
Introduction (contd.)
What is a communication system?
It is a system, used to transfer an information from one point to the other
It has three basic elements i.e.
Transmitter: converts information to a suitable form so that it can be
transmitted
Channel: physical medium through which information travels, it adds
noise, attenuation etc.
Receiver: converts information to a suitable form so that it can be
recognized
Introduction (contd.)
Basic Communication Model
Source of
information
and transducer
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Output
Transducer
Communication System
OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
Introduction (contd.)
Basic Communication Model (contd.)
Source of
information
and transducer
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Output
Transducer
Introduction (contd.)
Basic Communication Model (contd.)
Source of
information
and transducer
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Output
Transducer
Output transducer:
Speaker
Monitor
Introduction (contd.)
Basic Communication Model (contd.)
Source of
information
and transducer
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Output
Transducer
Transmitter will:
Convert the electrical signal into a form which is suitable for channel
Modulation
Amplification
Introduction (contd.)
Basic Communication Model (contd.)
Source of
information
and transducer
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Output
Transducer
Receiver will:
Extract an estimate of original transducer output
Demodulation
Amplification
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Introduction (contd.)
Basic Communication Model (contd.)
Source of
information
and transducer
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Output
Transducer
OPTICAL FIBRE
Wireless (atmosphere)
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Motivation
How data can be transmitted simultaneously ????
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
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Larger Bandwidth
Optical Freq. 1014 Hz (NIR)
10Gb/s in practice and 20 60GHz in research
Much less attenuation.less repeaters required
Limit ~ 1GHz
(Attenuation increases with increase in frequency)
Interference or crosstalk
20dB/kM at 100MHz
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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What is Light???
Light is an electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of
electromagnetic spectrum
Light has dual Nature
Particles (Newton believe because of photoelectric effect)
Waves (Huygens believe and Thomas Youngs double slit experiment)
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Refractive Index
It is the ratio of the speed of the light in the vacuum to the other
medium
Mathematically
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Refraction
It is the change in the direction of propagation of wave when it enters
from one medium to the other
If wave is entering from light medium to dense, it bends towards normal
If wave is entering from dense to the
light medium, it bends away from
the normal
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Snells Law
The sine of the angle of incidence times the refractive index of first
medium is equal to the sine of the angle of incidence time the
refractive index of second medium
1 sin 1 = 2 sin 2
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Optical FibreIntroduction
It is flexible fine transparent glass or plastic which can propagate
light
It has two parts
Core (Inner part) which transmits the signal
Cladding (outer part) which guides the light within the core
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2
1
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Principle of propagation
For propagation through optical fibre, two condition must be
fulfilled
Refractive index of core should be greater than the cladding
Incident angle should be greater than critical angle
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2 + 4
OR
4 + 2
2 + 22
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=
log10
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Light Sources
Two main light sources are used
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Low energy consumption
Longer lifetime
Smaller size
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)
Coherent light source so many advantages
Different types
Gas lasers
Semiconductor lasers etc
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Amplifiers
When signal/light pulses travel through optical fibre they becomes
attenuated and dispersed
So it is necessary to refresh those pulses to their original form so that
they can be recognized
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Amplifiers (contd.)
Before invention of these amplifiers, the optical signal was first
converted into electrical signal, amplify and then again to optical
form
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Amplifiers (contd.)
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier is most common amplifier used at 1550
nm as almost all communication is taking place at this wavelength
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Amplifiers (contd.)
At the same time light pulses of 1550 nm arrives and Erbium ions
interact with those light pulses and releases the energy in the form
of photon or exact wavelength (Copy of 1550 nm photons),
Stimulated emission
This phenomenon takes place at large scale so constructive
interference takes place and light pulses are amplified or refreshed
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Amplifiers (contd.)
Diagram shows the EDFA with different components and energy
state diagram
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Also, different types of gratings can be used for splitting the light
into different wavelengths
Each detector will detect the corresponding wavelength
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Subcarrier Multiplexing
The main disadvantage of WDM is
Chromatic dispersion and
Precise filters and transmitters required
Combination of SCM and WDM can increase data rate upto 1THz
OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
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SONET/SDH
High data rate (such as video conferencing) and low data rate but
with large number of users should be accommodated on optical
fibre
So there must be a standard for this problem
The United States (ANSI) and European (ITU-T) define a standard
which is know as
Synchronous Optical Network in North America
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Rest of the World
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SONET/SDH (contd.)
Main advantages are:
Standardised method for operation as equipment from different vendors can
be used together
When higher data speed introduces, system can expand gracefully
World wide compatibility: same standard can be used all over the world
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SONET/SDH (contd.)
SONET defines a hierarchy for electrical signalling level called
Synchronous Transport Signals (STS)
Each STS level (STS-1 to STS 192) supports a certain data rate
(Mbps)
Corresponding optical signals are called Optical Carriers (OC-n)
SDH defines a similar system based on data rates which is called
Synchronous Transport Module (STM)
These STM modules are compatible with STS levels
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SONET/SDH (contd.)
STM and STS rates are given below
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SONET/SDH (contd.)
Each STS consists of 8000 frames
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SONET/SDH (contd.)
Basic frame structure
Frame in transmission
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SONET/SDH (contd.)
Simple network which uses SONET equipment
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SONET/SDH (contd.)
MUX/DEMUX are the starting and end points of the SONET
network
They proved an interface between optical and electrical network
STS MUX multiplex the signals to generate corresponding OC signal
An STS DEMUX demultiplex the optical signal and produces the
corresponding electrical signal
OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
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SONET/SDH (contd.)
Regenerator extends the lengths of the link
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SONET/SDH (contd.)
Add-Drop MUX (ADM) allows insertions and extraction of the
signals
ADM can add or drop the STS signals without demultiplexing the
entire signal
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SONET/SDH (contd.)
An optical link which connects two neighbouring devices is called a
Section i.e. from MUX to regenerator or regenerator to
regenerator
The portion between two MUXs is called Line i.e. MUX to ADM etc
The end to end network potion is called Path i.e. from MUX to
DEMUX
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