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Architecture and Urbanism

after 1945

CIAM and Team X

After WW2 the urban doctrine of the


Modern Movement was promoted by
the Congres Internationaux
dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM)
Founded in 1928 and 5 meetings
took place before the Second World
War
Housing and urbanism main focuses
After 1930 increasingly dominated
by Le Corbusier and Sigfried
Giedion
1942 Le Corbusier publishes the
Athens Charter with the postulates
of the urban doctrine
Rationalistic, analytical tone; four
urban functions living, working,
recreation, circulation

Approach Cartesian and formalistic and unacceptable


to younger members who joined after the war
Since Le Corbusier kept moving away from his earlier
positions, the younger members form an alliance of
sorts with him
In 1954 the Dutch Doorn Group repudiates the
Athens Charter
They are to organise the 1956 CIAM meeting in
Dubrovnik; start calling themselves Team X
1959 the only newly renamed meeting takes place in
Holland; Alison and Peter Smithson (1928-93; 19232003) and Aldo van Eyck (1918-99) lead the offensive

Alison and Peter


Smithson
(1928-93; 19232003)

Smithdon Secondary
School, Hunstanton,
Norfolk, 1949-52

Reaction to the postwar take on


Modernism in Britain

Their approach
becomes known as
the

New Brutalism

Team X opposed to the Athens


Charter but also to New
Monumentality
Instead of creating the symbols of
community within a rationalistic
framework (New Monumentality),
Team X wants architecture as the
expression of community
For the former, architecture is
mediated representation, for the
latter a primal language in which
form and meaning are one
Our hierarchy of associations is
woven into a modified
continuum representing the true
complexity of human
associationwe are of the
opinion that a hierarchy of
human association should
replace the functional hierarchy
of the Chartre dAthenes.
(Alison and Peter Smithson)

Alison and Peter


Smithson, The House
of the Future, living
room, 1956

The dwelling is the starting


point for the community, not
the city core with its
representative buildings
Infrastructure should do
more than just facilitate
spontaneous community
formation, it is needed to
give coherence to the urban
structure which
acknowledges that there is a
gap between spontaneous
human association and its
formal representation
Infrastructure networks to be
used dynamically, functional
volumes randomly attached,
tree-like or grid-like
proposals

Alison and Peter Smithson, Urban


Reidentification, 1959

This conception
of the city is in
opposition to
New
Monumentality
as well (as it was
manifest in
Brasilia and
Chandigarh )

Alison and Peter


Smithson, Economist
Plaza, London,
1959-64

Systems Theory

Community and psychology of perception were one aspect of Team X


ideas; the other was Systems theory, based on the sciences after WW2

Based on the principles of self-regulation and cybernetics; societies


are seen as information systems; architecture and cities are to offer
users the means to alter their micro-environments and decide own
patterns of behaviour

These two tendencies conflicting as the former looks for the


wholeness of craft-based communities, while the latter looks to
capitalism within which democracy, individualism, commodification and
consumption are unimpeded by prior cultural codes (conflict apparent in
later Smithsons projects)

Megastructures

The movement posited on a built


environment in constant flux and
without cultural norms

Fumihiko Maki in 1964


(Metabolism) distinguished 3 types
of collective form:
Compositional form fixed
relation between different preformed buildings
Megastructural form large
frame, housing all the urban
functions
Group form additive collection of
similar units

Within this framework, some


approaches stress the long-term
elements, some the variable ones

Kenzo Tange, A Plan for Tokyo Bay,


1960
Kisho Kurokawa, Linear City
Metamorphosis, 1960

Metabolism and Archigram


(long term process)

Metabolists emerged at the


World Design Conference in
Tokyo in 1960
Tokyo Bay Project by Kenzo
Tange published he uses
words like cell and metabolism
New city for 10 million people in
Tokyo Bay double transport
spine with public buildings, to
which secondary spines of
housing attached
Detached from the natural
terrain and randomised
housing units - make it differ
from Le Corbusiers Ville
Radieuse

Arata Isozaki, Joint Core Stem system, 1960

Kenzo Tange, A Plan for Tokyo Bay,


1960

Joint Core Stem proposal, Arata Isozaki


Break completely with Le Corbusiers city: repetition of cylindrical multi-storey nodes that
form the infrastructure
Utopian and pragmatic aspects not clearly differentiated in Metabolism and in Japanese
Modernism in general
Kiyonori Kikutake, Marine City, 1959

Kisho Kurokawa, Helix Structure,


1961

Kisho Kurokawa, Floating City, Kasimigaura, 1961

Kisho Kurokawa, Agricultural City,


1960

Kairo of Itsukushima shrine

Plan of Todaiji Temple

Kisho Kurokawa, Floating Factory Metabonate, 1969

Kisho Kurokawa,
Capsule Exhibition,
Expo, 1970
Kisho
Kurokawa,
Prefabricated
Apartment
House, 1962
+ gangyo layout
of stones in
Japanese
garden

Kisho Kurokawa, Capsule Village, 1972

Cago, a traditional Japanese capsule

Kurokawa, Takara Beautillion, Expo 70, 1970

Kisho Kurokawa, Capsule House


K, 1972

Kisho Kurokawa, Nakagin Capsule Tower, 1972

Kisho Kurokawa, Nakagin Capsule Tower, 1972

Archigram

unashamedly utopian
and apocalyptic in
imagery
Founded by Peter
Cook in 1961
Internationally
distributed broadsheet
consolidated the
international image of
the Megastructural
movement
Sources for projects
like Plug-in City
(1964): space comics,
popular sci-fi, Pop Art,
technology of oil
refineries and
underwater research,
ready-made and
popular images

Peter Cook, Plug-in City, 1964

Deliberate assault on
the conventions of
the discipline of
architecture, invasion
of low art into
architecture
Irony at work;
representation key
obsessive detail,
eclecticism of
imagery, external
views all
reminiscent of
SantElias Citta
Nuova

Top to bottom:
Nottingham
Shopping Viaduct;
City Within Existing
Technology;
Europa;
Housing for Charing
Cross Road;
Plug-in City

a, b, c: Peter Cook, Plug-inCity, 1964


d: Dennis Crompton, Computer City, 1964

Ron Herron, The Walking City, 1964

Its a, 1972

Control and Choice Project, 1967

Oasis, 1968

Peter Cook, The Urban


Mark A Study iof
Disintegration and
Metamorphosis, 1972

Homo Ludens

Second category of megastructures


concerned with the ability of
cybernetic machines to be selfregulating and adapt to changing
desires of human communities

This present in Metabolism and


Archigram, but central to Cedric
Price, Yona Friedman, Michael
Webb, and Victor E. Nieuwenhuys
(Constant)

The environment of Homo Ludens


(man at play) has first of all to be
flexible, changeable, making
possible any change of place or
mood, any mode of behaviour.
Colquhoun

Constant, New Babylon: group of


sectors, 1959

Cedric Price, Fun Palace (1961)


aborted due to lack of funds
but after all the technical
details were prepared
Michael Webb, Sin Centre (195762) organic structure in a state
of pulsating desire
Yona Friedman, lUrbanisme
Spatiale (1960-62)
arrangement follows the will of
the people
Mike Webb, Sin Centre, 1957-62
Yona Friedman, lUrbanisme Spatialle, 1960-62

Constants work unique in


consciously connecting to the
early avant-gardes (Futurism,
Constructivism, De Stijl)
Joined Guy Debords
Situationist International in
1957

Began a series of models and


drawings depicting New
Babylon and continued it for
another 10 years after the break
with Debord in 1960

Set out to give architectural


form to the Situationist derive
(drifting) and psychogeographical mapping of the
city

Constant in his studio, 1967

New Babylon

Nature to be superseded by technology,


fixed communities by nomadic flows, work
by leasure
Production and mechanical transportation
at ground level, social life in vast
structures on pilotis continuously rebuilt by
the population aided by cybernetic
machines

Work is abolished and life spent in creative


social interaction and play

All Megastructure
imagine the city as an
open web or network, the
contents of which develop
according to an internal
dynamic,
Indivisible, organic, selfregulating
Problems arise when this
is given architectural
form in image becomes
quickly utopian or
dystopian

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