CH 8 Solutions

322
Section 8.1
48. Use the intersect function on a graphing calculator to
x cos x 2 sin x
x
. The graphs of y and y clearly show

3. y5 5 }}
2
3
5
determine that the curves intersect at x 5 61.8933. A shell

x2 2 3
10
has radius x and height 312x 2 }}. The volume, which

1.8933
x2 2 3
10
x0 y2
y
lim }}1 9.
1 2
x0 y2
is calculated using the right half of the area, is
that lHpitals Rule does not say that lim }}1 is equal to
2p(x) 312x 2 }} dx, which using NINT
evaluates to < 9.7717.

5
4
5
4
49. (a) y 5 2}}(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 5 2 }}x 2
[23, 3] by [22, 2]
Quick Review 8.1

(b) Revolve about the line x 5 4, using cylindrical shells.
1.
5
4
A shell has radius 4 2 x and height 5 2 }}x 2. The total

volume is
22
5
4
2p(4 2 x) 5 2 }}x 2 dx
E1
3
2
1
5 10p
}}x 3 2 x 2 2 x 1 4 dx
22 4
2
1
1
1
5 10p }}x 4 2 }}x 3 2 }}x 2 1 4x
3
2
16
22
320
5 }}p < 335.1032 in3.
3
dL
dx
2.
2
x
1 1 ( f 9(x))2 5 }}2 1 }} f 9(x) 1 ( f 9(x))2, and

1
1
1
1
f 9(x) 5 }}x 2 }}. Then f (x) 5 }}x 2 2 }} ln x 1 C, and the
2
4
2
2x
3
requirement to pass through (1, 1) means that C 5 }}. The
4
1
1
3
x 2 2 2 ln x 1 3
function is f (x) 5 }}x 2 2 }} ln x 1 }} 5 }}.
4
2
4
4
51. y9 5 sec x, so the area is
p/4
2p(tan x)1ww
1w(se
ww
c wxw
) dx,
2
1.1052
10,000
1.1052
1,000,000
1.1052
0.1 x
approaches 1.1052.
x
x1/(ln x)
0.1
2.7183
0.01
2.7183
0.001
2.7183
0.0001
2.7183
1 x
11 2 }x}2
Chapter 8
LHpitals Rule, Improper Integrals,
and Partial Fractions
Section 8.1 LHpitals Rule (pp. 417425)
Exploration 1 Exploring LHpitals Rule
Graphically
cos x
1
1. lim }} 5 lim }} 5 1
y9
2. The two graphs suggest that lim }}1 5 lim }1}.

x0 y2
1.1051
3.
which using NINT evaluates to < 5.02.
100
1000
As x01, x1/(ln x) approaches 2.7183.
E 1 2!12
x0
1.1046
1
1
52. x 5 }} and x9 5 2}}2 , so the area is
y
y
2
1
1 2
2p }} 1 1 2}}2 dy,
y
y
1
sin x
x
1.1000
0.00001 2.7183
which using NINT evaluates to < 3.84.
x0
1
10
1
x
11 1 }x}2
As x`, 1 1 }}
50. Since }} 5 }} 1 f 9(x) must equal 1ww

1w( w
f 9(x
w))
w2w,
1
x
0.1 x
x0 y29
21
0.5
20.1
0.78679
20.01
0.95490
20.001
0.99312
20.0001
0.99908
20.00001
0.99988
20.000001 0.99999
1 x
approaches 1.
x
As x02, 1 2 }}
4.
1 x
11 1 }x}2
21.1
13.981
21.01
105.77
21.001
1007.9
21.0001
10010
1 x
goes to `.
x
As x212, 1 1 }}
Section 8.1
5.
323
3.
[0, 2] by [0, 3]
[0, 3] by [0, 3]
From the graph, the limit appears to be 1. The limit leads to

the indeterminate form `0.
t21
As t1, }} approaches 2.
wt 2 1
6.
ln 1 1 }}
x
1 x
1
ln 1 1 }} 5 x ln 1 1 }} 5 }}
1
x
x
1
x
1 2
1
1
}} 2}}2
1 1 1/x
x
ln 1 1 }}
[0, 500] by [0, 3]
}}
x
5 lim1}}
lim1}}
1
1
4wxw2w
1w1
As x`, }} approaches 2.
}}
x
x0
x11
2}}2
x0
7.
5 lim1 }
x0
1
x
1 1 }}
x
5 lim1 }} 5 0
x0 x 1 1
[25, 5] by [21, 4]
Therefore,
sin 3x
As x0, }} approaches 3.
x
1 x
x
lim 1 1 }} 5 lim1 f (x) 5 lim1 e ln f (x) 5 e0 5 1.
x01
8.
x0
x0
4.
[0, p] by [21, 2]
[0, 1000] by [0, 1]
p
tan u
As u }}, }} approaches 1.
2 2 1 tan u
From the graph, the limit appears to be about 0.714.

5x 2 2 3x
x` 7x 1 1
10x 2 3
14x
10
5
7
lim }
2 } 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 }} < 0.71429
1
h
9. y 5 }} sin h
x`
x3 2 1
2x23
4x
x1
10. y 5 (1 1 h)1/h
x` 14
3x 2
21
12x
x1
3
11
5. lim }
3 } 5 lim }2} 5 }}
Section 8.1 Exercises

1.
[0, 2] by [0, 1]
[0, 2] by [0, 1]
1
4
From the graph, the limit appears to be }}.

x22
x2 x 2 4
1
x2 2x
1
4
lim }
2 } 5 lim }} 5 }}
The graph supports the answer.

1 2 cos x
x
sin x
2x
x0
x0
x0
2.
[22, 2] by [22, 6]
From the graph, the limit appears to be 5.

sin 5x
x
5 cos 5x
1
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 5
x0
x0
cos x
2
1
2
6. lim }}
5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 }}
2
[25, 5] by [21, 1]
324
Section 8.1
7. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1`.
1
sin t
ln(e x 1 x)
x
Let ln f (x) 5 ln(e x 1 x)1/x 5 }}.

ex 1 1
}
}
ex 1 x
ln(e x 1 x)
x
x0
2
1
lim1 }} 5 lim1 } 5 lim1 }

x } 5 }} 5 2
1
x0
x0
61022
f (t) 60.1884 60.0167 60.0017
lim (e x 1 x)1/x 5 lim1 f (x) 5 lim1 e ln f (x) 5 e 2
x01
61021
6100
ex 1 1
x0 e 1 x
t 2 sin t
t sin t
1
t
12. Let f (t) 5 }} 2 }} 5 }}.

61023
60.00017
Estimate the limit to be 0.
x0
1
t
t 2 sin t
t sin t
1 2 cos t
5 lim }}
t0 t cos t 1 sin t
sin t
5 lim }}} 5 0
t0 2t sin t 1 cos t 1 cos t
lim }} 2 }} 5 lim }}
t0 sin t
[0, 5] by [0, 10]
t0
13. Let f (x) 5 (1 1 x)1/x.

x
2x 1 3x
4x 1 3
x` 3x 1 1
x` 6x
8. lim }
} 5 lim }
3
2 } 5 lim }} 5 0
x` x 1 x 1 1
10
102
103
104
105
f (x) 1.2710 1.0472 1.0069 1.0009 1.0001

ln (1 1 x)
1
x
}}
11x
ln (1 1 x)
0
lim }} 5 lim } 5 }} 5 0
1
x
1
x`
x`
ln f (x) 5 }}
[25, 25] by [21, 2]
lim (1 1 x)1/x 5 lim f (x) 5 lim e ln f (x) 5 e 0 5 1
x`
9. (a)
10
10
10
10
10
x`
x`
x 2 2x
3x 1 5x
2
14. Let f (x) 5 }

2 }.
f (x) 1.1513 0.2303 0.0345 0.00461 0.00058

10
102
103
104
105

ln x 5
x` x
5 ln x
x
x`
5/x
x` 1
f (x) 20.5429 20.6525 20.6652 20.6665 20.6667
0
1
(b) lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 }} 5 0

10. (a)
100
1021
1022
1023
1024
f (x) 0.1585 0.1666 0.1667 0.1667 0.1667
2
3
1 2 4x
4
2
x 2 2x 2
lim }
2 } 5 lim }} 5 lim 2}} 5 2}}.
6
3
x` 3x 1 5x
x` 6x 1 5
x`
Estimate the limit to be 2}}.
sin u 2
u
u0
1
6
x 2 sin x
1 2 cos x
(b) lim1 }}
5 lim1 }}
x3
3x 2
x0
x0
sin x
5 lim1 }}
6x
x0
cos x
5 lim1 }}
6
x0
1
5 }}
6
Estimate the limit to be }}.
2u cos u2
1
u0
15. lim }} 5lim }} 5 (2)(0) cos (0)2 5 0

1 2 sin u
up/2 1 1 cos 2u
610
610
610
22
sin p/2
24 cos p
1
5 }}
4
5 }}
610
23
610
24
f (u) 20.1865 0.7589 0.7501 0.7500 0.7500

3
4
sin 3u
3 cos 3u
3
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 }}
4
u0 sin 4u
u0 4 cos 4u
Estimate the limit to be }}.
sin u
up/2 24 cos 2u
sin 3u
sin 4u
21
up/2 22 sin 2u
5 lim }}
11. Let f (u) 5 }}.

0
2cos u
16. lim }} 5 lim }}
cos t 2 1
2sin t
t0 e 2 t 2 1
t0 e 2 1
2cos t
e
17. lim }
5 21
} 5 lim }
t
t } 5 lim }}
t
t0
Section 8.1
t21
18. lim }} 5 lim }}

t1 ln t 2 sin pt
t1 }1} 2 p cos pt
1
1 2 p(21)
5 }}
p
}} 2 y sin y
p
2
}} 2 y tan y 5 lim }}
cos y
yp/2 2
yp/2
22. lim
5 lim
1
p+1
5 }}
19.
yp/2
(21)(1)
2(1)
5 }} 5 1
5 lim ln 2
ln x
23. lim1 x ln x 5 lim1 }
x`
x0
x0
5 ln 2
1
}}
x` }1}
2x 2
x
x0
5 lim1 }}
(x 1 3) ln 3
(x 1 3) ln 3
x ln 2
5 lim }}
x ln 3 1 3 ln 3
x ln 2
1
}}
x
1
}}
x
}
5 lim1 1
x0 2}}
x2
x ln 2
2
20. lim }}
5 lim }}
5 lim1 2x 5 0
x0
5 lim }}
x`
p
2
x ln 2
x` x 1 1
x`
2sin y
2sin }}
5 lim }}
x` log3 (x 1 3)
1}2} 2 y2 cos y 1 (21) sin y

}}}
1}2} 2 }2}2 cos }2} 1 (21) sin }2}

5 }}}}
1
}}
x11
ln (x 1 1)
lim }} 5 lim }
x` log2 x
x` }1}
x ln 2
log x
ln 3
5 lim }}
x` ln 2
tan }}
x
1
24. lim x tan }} 5 lim }
x x` 1
x`
}}
x
1
x
1
x
2}}2 sec2 }}
ln 3
ln 2
5 }}
5 lim }}
1
x`
2y 1 2
}
}
y 2 1 2y
ln (y 2 1 2y)
21. lim1 }} 5 lim1 }
1
ln y
y0
y0
}}
y
2}}2
x
1
x
5 lim sec2 }}
x`
y(2y 1 2)
y 1 2y
5 lim1 }
2 }
y0
5 sec2 0 5 1
2y 2 1 2y
5 lim1 }
2
y0 y 1 2y
4y 1 2
25. lim1 (csc x 2 cot x 1 cos x)
5 lim1 }}
y0 2y 1 2
4(0) 1 2
2(0) 1 2
x0
2
2
5 }} 5 }} 5 1
1 sin x
1
cos x
sin x
5 lim1 }} 2 }} 1 cos x
x0
1 2 cos x 1 cos x sin x

sin x
5 lim1 }}}
x0
sin x 1 cos x cos x 2 sin x sin x

cos x
5 lim1 }}}} 5 1
x0
325
326
Section 8.1
1x 1 12
2x
26. lim (ln 2x 2 ln (x 1 1)) 5 lim ln }}

x`
x`
2x
x11
Let f (x) 5 }}.

2x
x` x 1 1
33. The limit leads to the indeterminate form `0.

Let f (x) 5 (ln x)1/x.
ln (ln x)
x
ln (ln x)1/x 5 }}
2
x` 1
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 2
1/x
}}
Therefore,
lim (ln 2x 2 ln (x 1 1)) 5 lim ln f (x) 5 ln 2
x`
ln x
ln (ln x)
1
lim }} 5 lim } 5 lim }} 5 0
x
x`
x` 1
x` x ln x
x`
x
sin x
27. lim1 (ln x 2 ln sin x) 5 lim1 ln }}

x0
x0
x
sin x
Let f (x) 5 (1 1 2x)1/(2 ln x).
lim }} 5 lim1 }} 5 1
x0 cos x
Therefore,
lim (ln x 2 ln sin x) 5 lim1 ln f (x) 5 ln 1 5 0
x01
x0
1
1
1 2xw
28. lim1 }} 2 }} 5 lim1 }} 5 `
x
x
x0
x0
wx

Let f (x) 5 (e 1 x) .
x
1/x
ln (e 1 x)
x
1/x
ln (1 1 2x)
2 ln x
ln (1 1 2x)1/(2 ln x) 5 }}
2
}}
ln (1 1 2x)
1
1
x
1 1 2x
lim }} 5 lim }
5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 }}
2
2
l
n
x
2
x`
x`
x` 1 1 2x
x` 2
}}
x
lim (1 1 2x)1/(2 ln x) 5 lim eln f (x) 5 e1/2 5 ew
x`
x`
35. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 00.

Let f (x) 5 (x 2 2 2x 1 1)x21
ln (e x 1 x)
5 }}
x
ln (e x 1 x)
x
x0
x`
Let f (x) 5 }}.

x01 sin x
lim (ln x)1/x 5 lim eln f (x) 5 e0 5 1
x`
ln (x 2 2 2x 1 1)x21 5 (x 2 1) ln (x 2 2 2x 1 1)
ex 1 1
}
}
ex 1 x
lim }} 5 lim } 5 2
x0
ln (x 2 2x 1 1)
5 }}
2
1
}}
x21
lim (e x 1 x)1/x 5 lim e ln f (x) 5 e 2
x0
x0

1 x
1x 2
Let f (x) 5 }}2 .
2x 2 2
}}
x 2 2 2x 1 1
ln (x 2 2 2x 1 1) 5 lim }}
lim }}
1
x1
x1 2}1}
}}
2
(x 2 1)
x21
1 2
2(x 2 1)
}}
(x 2 1)2
}}
5 lim
x1 2}1}
(x 2 1)2
ln }}2
1 x
1
x
ln }}2 5 x ln }}2 5 }
1
x
x
1 2
1 2
1 2
ln }}2
x
lim }
5 lim
x0
1
}}
x
}}
x
5 lim 22(x 2 1) 5 0
22/x 3
}}
1/x 2
}2 5 lim 2x 5 0
x0 21/x
x0
1 x
1 2
x0 x
lim }}2 5 lim e ln f (x) 5 e 0 5 1

x0
3x 2 5
3
31. lim }
2 } 5 lim }} 5 0
x6` 2x 2 x 1 2 x6` 4x 2 1
sin 7x
7 cos 7x
7
11
x1
lim (x 2 2x 1 1)
2
x21
x1
5 lim eln f (x) 5 e0 5 1

Let f (x) 5 (cos x)cos x.
ln (cos x)
sec x
ln (cos x)cos x 5 (cos x) ln (cos x) 5 }}
32. lim }} 5 lim }}

5 }}
2
x0 tan 11x
x0 11 sec 11x
x1
2sin x
}}
ln (cos x)
sec x
xp/2
xp/2 sec x tan x
cos x
lim 2 }} 5 lim 2 }}
2tan x
5 lim 2 }}
xp/2 sec x tan x
5 lim 2 2cos x 5 0
xp/2
lim (cos x)cos x 5 lim 2 e ln f (x) 5 e0 5 1
xp/22
xp/2
Section 8.1
Let f (x) 5 (1 1 x) .
1/x
2x
42.
3 4
dt
}} 5 ln )t)
t
ln (1 1 x)
x
1
}}
lim (1 1 x)1/x 5 lim1 eln f (x) 5 e1 5 e

x0

Let f (x) 5 x
1/(x21)
2x
x` x
ln (1 1 x)
11x
lim }} 5 lim1 }
}51
1
x
x01
x0
) 2xx )
5 ln )2x) 2 ln )x) 5 ln }}
lim
ln (1 1 x)1/x 5 }}
x01
2x
327
) )
dt
2x
}} 5 lim ln }} 5 lim ln 2 5 ln 2
t
x
x`
x`
43. (a) LHpitals Rule does not help because applying

LHpitals Rule to this quotient essentially inverts
the problem by interchanging the numerator and
denominator (see below). It is still essentially the same
problem and one is no closer to a solution. Applying
LHpitals Rule a second time returns to the original
problem.
(9/2)(9x 1 1)21/2
9ww
ww1
ww1
9w
x1
x1
lim }} 5 lim }}
21/2 5 lim }}
x` x
x` (1/2)(x 1 1)
x` 9
x1
w1
ww1
ww
ww1
.
(b)
ln x
x21
1/x
ln x
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 1
x1 x 2 1
x1 1
ln x1/(x21) 5 }}
lim x1/(x21) 5 lim e ln f (x) 5 e1 5 e
x1
x1
[0, 100] by [0, 4]
The limit appears to be 3.
39. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 0 .
!91}x} 9w
9ww
ww1
x1
}
(c) lim }} 5 lim
1 5 }} 5 3
x` w
x`
x1
ww1
!11}x} 1w
1
Let f (x) 5 (sin x)x.

ln (sin x)
ln (sin x)x 5 x ln (sin x) 5 }
1
}}
x
44. (a) LHpitals Rule does not help because applying

LHpitals Rule to this quotient essentially inverts
the problem by interchanging the numerator and
denominator (see below). It is still essentially the same
problem and one is no closer to a solution. Applying
LHpitals Rule a second time returns to the original
problem.
cos x
}}
sin x
ln
(sin
x)
lim1 } 5 lim1 }
1
x0
x0 2}1}
}}
x
x2
2x 2 cos x
sin x
x0
5 lim1 }}
sec x
x 2 sin x 2 2x cos x
5 lim1 }} 5 0
cos x
x0
lim1 (sin x)x 5 lim1 e ln f (x) 5 e0 5 1
x0
sec x tan x
sec x
tan x
lim }} 5 lim }}
5 lim }}
2
xp/2 tan x
xp/2
xp/2 sec x
(b)
x0

Let f (x) 5 (sin x)tan x
ln (sin x)
tan x
[0, p] by [21, 5]
ln (sin x)
5 tan x ln (sin x) 5 }}
cot x
cos x
}}
sin x
ln (sin x)
lim1 }} 5 lim1 }
2 5 lim1 (2sin x cos x) 5 0
cot x
x0
x0 2csc x
x0
lim (sin x)tan x 5 lim1 e ln f (x) 5 e0 5 1
x01
1
}}
sec x
1
cos x
(c) lim }} 5 lim }
5 lim }} 5 1
xp/2 tan x
sin x
xp/2 }
}
xp/2 sin x
cos x
45. Possible answers:
x0

Let f (x) 5 x1/(12x).
ln x
12x
ln x
lim }} 5 lim1
x11 1 2 x
x1
1
}}
x
}
21
f (x)
7(x 2 3)
x23
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 7

x3
x3 1
(b) f (x) 5 (x 2 3)2; g(x) 5 x 2 3

f (x)
(x 2 3)2
x23
2(x 2 3)
1
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 0
5 21
x3 g(x)
1
e
lim1 x1/(12x) 5 lim1 e ln f (x) 5 e21 5 }}

x1
(a) f (x) 5 7(x 2 3); g(x) 5 x 2 3

x3 g(x)
ln x1/(12x) 5 }}
x1
x3
x3
(c) f (x) 5 x 2 3; g(x) 5 (x 2 3)3

f (x)
x23
x3 g(x)
x3 (x 2 3)
lim }} 5 lim }}3 5 lim }}2 5 `

x3 3(x 2 3)
328
Section 8.1
46. Answers may vary.

(a) f (x) 5 3x 1 1; g(x) 5 x
3x 1 1
x
f (x)
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 3
x` g(x)
x`
x` 1
(b) Part (a) shows that as the number of compoundings per

year increases toward infinity, the limit of interest compounded k times per year is interest compounded continuously.
(b) f (x) 5 x 1 1; g(x) 5 x 2
f9(x)
lim }} 5 1
x0 g 9(x)
x11
f (x)
1
lim }} 5 lim }}
2 5 lim }} 5 0
x` g(x)
x` x
x` 2x
f (x)
2x
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 `

x` x 1 1
x` g(x)
2
1
f (x)
lim }} 5 }} 5 2
x0 g (x)
(c) f (x) 5 x 2; g(x) 5 x 1 1

2
1
1
f9(x)
g 9(x)
50. (a) For x 0, }} 5 }} 5 1.
x` 1
(b) This does not contradict LHpitals Rule since

lim f (x) 5 2 and lim g (x) 5 1.
x0
51. (a) A(t) 5
Ee
t
x0
2x
47. Find c such that lim f (x) 5 c.

x0
9x 2 3 sin 3x
5x
9 2 9 cos 3x
}}
15x2
27 sin 3x
}}
30x
81 cos 3x
81
27
}} 5 }} 5 }}
30
30
10
lim f (x) 5 lim }}

3
x0
x0
5 lim
x0
5 lim
x0
5 lim
x0
dx 5 2e2x 5 2e2t 1 1
lim A(t) 5 lim (2e2t 1
t`
1
e
t`
1) 5 lim 2}}t 1 1 5 1
t`
E (e
5 pE e
t
(b) V(t) 5 p
2x 2
) dx
22x
dx
27
Thus, c 5 }}. This works since lim f (x) 5 c 5 f (0), so f is
10
x0
1
2
1
2
5 p 2}}e22x
continuous.
40
t
1
2
5 p 2}}e22t 1 }}
48. f (x) is defined at x 0. lim f (x) leads to the indeterminate
p
2
x0
5 }}(2e22t 1 1)
form 00.
p
}}(1)
}}(2e22t 1 1)
2
V(t)
p
2
lim }} 5 lim }}
5 } 5 }}
2t
2e 1 1
1
2
t` A (t)
t`
ln )x)
ln )x)x 5 x ln )x) 5 }
1
}}
x
}}
ln )x)
x
5 lim 2x 5 0
lim }
1 5 lim }
x0 }}
x0 2}1}
x0
2
x
}}(2e22t 1 1)
V(t)
2
(c) lim1 }} 5 lim1 }}
2e2t 1 1
t0 A (t)
t0
lim )x) 5 lim e

x
x0
x ln )x)
x0
p
}}(2e22t)
2
5 e0 5 1
5 lim1 }
2t
Thus, f has a removable discontinuity at x 5 0. Extend the

definition of f by letting f (0) 5 1.
p
}}(2)
2
5}5p
49. (a) The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1`.
r kt
k
r
k
ln f (k) 5 kt ln 1 1 }} 5
r
t ln 1 1 }}
k
}}
1
}}
k
r
r 21
t 2}}2 1 1 }}
k
k
lim }} 5 lim }}
1
2}1}2
k`
k`
}}
k
k
r
k
1 21
t ln 1 1 }}
5 lim } 5 }} 5 rt
k` 1 1 }r}
f (x)
0.1
0.04542
0.01
0.00495
0.001
0.00050
0.0001
0.00005

sin x
0
1
(b) lim }} 5 }} 5 0
LHpitals Rule is not applied here because the limit is
r kt
r kt
5 A0 lim 1 1 }}
k
k
k`
lim A0 1 1 }}
k`
x0 1 1 2x
rt
1
rt
52. (a)
Let f (k) 5 1 1 }} .
t0
5 A0 lim e ln f (k)
k`
5 A0 e rt
0
0
`
`
not of the form }} or }}, since the denominator has

limit 1.
Section 8.2
53. (a) f (x) 5 e x ln (1 1 1/x)
(b) f9(x) 5 2sin x, g 9(x) 5 cos x

p
122
1
1 1 }} . 0 when x , 21 or x . 0
x
2sin c
21
}} 5 }}
cos c
1
tan c 5 1
(b) The form is 021, so lim 2 f (x) 5 `
p
4
56. (a) ln f (x)g(x) 5 g(x) ln f (x)
ln 1 1 }}
1
x
(c) lim x ln 1 1 }} 5 lim }}
1
x
x`
x`
}}
1xc
g(x)
lim f (x) g(x) 5 lim e ln f (x)
xc
xc
1xc
xc
lim f (x)
g(x)
xc
lim f (x) 5 lim e x ln (111/x) 5 e
54. (a) Because the difference in the numerator is so small

compared to the values being subtracted, any calculator
or computer with limited precision will give the
incorrect result that 1 2 cos x 6 is 0 for even moderately
small values of x. For example, at x 5 0.1,
cos x 6 < 0.9999999999995 (13 places), so on a
10-place calculator, cos x 6 5 1 and 1 2 cos x 6 5 0.
(b) Same reason as in part (a) applies.
5 lim
x0
5 lim
x0
g(x)
5 lim eln f (x)

xc
5 e` 5 `
(pp. 425433)
Exploration 1
x`
ax
x` x
Comparing Rates of Growth as
(ln a)(a x)
2x
x`
(ln a)2 a x
2
x`
1. lim }}2 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 `, so a x grows

faster than x 2 as x`.
3x
2
x`
6x 5 sin x 6
12x
sin x 6
}}
2x 6
6x 5 cos x 6
}}
12x 5
cos x 6
1
}} 5 }}
2
2
2. lim }}x 5 lim 1.5x 5 `
(c) lim }1}

5 lim }}
2
11
x0
Section 8.2 Relative Rates of Growth
x`
x0
21xc
5 (2`)(2`) 5 `
5 lim
5 e2` 5 0
(b) lim (g(x) ln f (x)) 5 lim g(x) lim ln f (x)
1
5 lim } 5 1
x` 1 1 }1}
1 2 cos x 6
x
x0
5 `(2`) 5 2`
1 21
1
2}}2 1 1 }}
x
x
5 lim }}
x`
2}1}2
x
x`
21xc
lim (g(x) ln f (x)) 5 lim g(x) lim ln f (x)
xc
1 21
1 22
c 5 tan21 1 5 }} on 0, }}
x21
122
f }} 2 f (0) 5 21, g }} 2 g(0) 5 1
Domain: (2`, 21) < (0, `)
329
a
x` b
x`
a x
12
x` b
a
b
3. lim }}x 5 lim }} 5 ` because }} . 1.
Quick Review 8.2

1
}}
(d) The graph and/or table on a grapher show the value of

the function to be 0 for x-values moderately close to 0,
but the limit is 1/2. The calculator is giving unreliable
information because there is significant round-off error
in computing values of this function on a limited
precision device.
55. (a) f9(x) 5 3x 2, g 9(x) 5 2x 2 1
x
ln x
1. lim }}
x 50
x 5 lim }
x` e
x` e
ex
x` x
ex
x` 3x
ex
x` 6x
ex
x` 6
2. lim }}3 5 lim }}2 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 `

x2
x2` e
3. lim }2}x 5 `
x2
x` e
2x
4. lim }2}x 5 lim }}

2x 5 lim }}
2x 5 0
f (1) 2 f (21) 5 2, g(1) 2 g(21) 5 22

3c 2
2
} } 5 }}
2c 2 1
22
x` 2e
x` 4e
2x 3
x
5. 23x 4
6. }} 5 2x 2
1
1 1 }}
x
x 1 ln x
f (x)
7. lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim } 5 1
1
x
x` g(x)
x`
x`
3c 2 5 22c 1 1
3c 2 1 2c 2 1 5 0
4wxw2w
f (x)
1w5xw
8. lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim
(3c 2 1)(c 1 1) 5 0
x` g(x)
1
3
c 5 }} or c 5 21
1
3
The value of c that satisfies the property is c 5 }}.
x`
2x
x`
!11}4}x 5 1
5
330
Section 8.2
ex 1 x2
x2
e
e
2xe x 2 x 2e x
2x 2 x 2
f 9(x) 5 }2x
} 5 }}
ex
e
2x 2 x 2
50
}}
ex
12
9. (a) f (x) 5 }}
5 1 1 }}x
x
x }} 1 ln x 2 1
x
x ln x 2 x
6. lim }}
5 lim }}
x
ex
e
x`
x`
ln x
5 lim }}
x
x` e
1/x
5 lim }}
x 50
x` e
x(2 2 x) 5 0
x ln x 2 x grows slower than e x as x`.
x 5 0 or x 5 2
f 9(x) , 0 for x , 0 or x . 2
The graph decreases, increases, and then decreases.
4
f (0) 5 1; f (2) 5 1 1 }}2 < 1.541
e
f has a local maximum at < (2, 1.541) and has a local
xe x
x` e
8. lim }}
x 5 lim x 5 `
x`
x1000
x` e
(b) f is increasing on [0, 2]
9. lim }}
x 5 0 Repeated application of LHpitals Rule
(c) f is decreasing on (2`, 0] and [2, `).
1000!
1000
gets lim }}
grows slower than e x as x`.
x 5 0. x
x` e
x 1 sin x
sin x
x
x
sin x
Observe that }} , 1 since )sin x) , )x) for x 0.
x
sin x
lim f (x) 5 1 1 lim }} 5 1 1 1 5 2
x0
x0 x
10. f (x) 5 }} 5 1 1 }}, x 0
(e x 1 e2x)/2
1
1
1
e
2
2e
x`
x` 2
e x 1 e2x
x
}} grows at the same rate as e as x`.
2
10. lim }}
5 lim }} 1 }}
x
2x 5 }}
Thus the values of f get close to 2 as x gets close to 0, so f

doesnt have an absolute maximum value. f is not defined at
x 2 1 4x
x
x`
4
x
11. lim }}
5 lim 1 1 }} 5 1
2
x`
x 2 1 4x grows at the same rate as x 2 as x`.
0.
x 3 2 3x 1 1 grows slower than e x as x`.
11x
x
lim }}
5 lim
2
x`
lim }} 1 1 5 1
!}
x}
5 x
x
` !
11x
x`
2
x 2 grows slower than e x as x`, so 1ww

1wx 4w grows slower
than e x as x`.
4 x
12
x` e
4
e
4x grows faster than e x as x`.

(5/2)x
5 x
5
2e
x` e
x` 2e
5 x
}} grows slower than e x as x`.
2
1 2
1x
15
x`
3
x
15x 1 3 grows slower than x 2 as x`.

xw4w
1w5xw
14. lim }}
5 lim
2
5 lim 1 1 }} 5 1
}}
x x` !x
x` !
x 4 1 5x
ln x
1/x
x` 2x
x` 2x
2
15. lim }}
2 5 lim }} 5 lim }}
2 50
x` x
2x
x` x
(ln 2)2 x
2x
x`
(ln 2)2 2 x
2
x`
16. lim }}2 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 `.
log x 2
2 log x
2(ln x)/(ln 2)
ln x
2
ln 2
2
17. lim }2} 5 lim }}
5 lim }} 5 }}
x`
ln x
x`
ln x
x`
log2 x 2 grows at the same rate as ln x as x`.

log wx
(ln x)/(ln 10)
log x
1
18. lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 }}
5. lim }}
x 5 lim e 5 e
x11
15x 1 3
x
2 x grows faster than x 2 as x`.
4. lim }}
x 5 lim }} 5 0 since }} , 1.
e x 11
x` e
x`
ln x grows slower than x as x`.
3. lim }}x 5 lim }} 5 ` since }} . 1.
12
w
x w
1w5xw grows at the same rate as x as x`.
2
x` e
lim }}x 5 lim }}x 5 lim }}x 5 0
4x
x` e
3
x
x 1 3 grows faster than x 2 as x`.
2x
x` e
x`
Next compare x with e .

x2
x` e
x`
13. lim }}
5 lim }} 1 }}2 5 0
2
2. First observe that 1ww

1wx w grows at the same rate as x .
4
www4w
x3 1 3
x
x`
12. lim }}
5 lim x 1 }}2 5 `
2
x 3 2 3x 1 1
3x 2 2 3
6x
6
1. lim }}
5 lim }}
5 lim }}x 5 lim }}x 5 0
x
e
ex
x`
x`
x` e
x` e
ecos x grows slower than e x as x`.
xe xgrows faster than e x as x`.
minimum at (0, 1).
ecos x
x` e
cos x
7. lim }}
# e for all x.
x 5 0 since e
x`
x`
grows at the same rate as e as x`.
ln x
x` 2 ln x
x`
2 ln x
log xw grows at the same rate as ln x as x`.
2 ln 10
Section 8.2
1/xw
1
19. lim }} 5 lim }} 5 0
x` ln x
x` x
w ln x
1
}} grows slower than ln x as x`.
wx
e2x
x` ln x
25. Compare f1 to f2.

f2(x)
1w0wxw1
ww1
1
lim }
w0w
} 5 lim }} 5 lim 10 1 }} 5 1
x
x` f1(x)
x`
x`
xw
Thus f1 and f2 grow at the same rate.
20. lim }} 5 lim }

x }50
Compare f1 to f3.
x` e ln x
e2x grows slower than ln x as x`.
f3(x)
xw1
ww1
1
lim }
} 5 lim }} 5 lim 1 1 }} 5 1
x
x`
x`
xw
x` f1(x)
x 2 2 ln x
ln x
21. lim }} 5 lim }} 2 2 5 lim }} 2 2

x`
x` ln x
331
x` 1/x
5 lim (x 2 2) 5 `
By transitivity, f2 and f3 grow at the same rate, so all three
x 2 2 ln x grows faster than ln x as x`.
functions grow at the same rate as x`.
x`
5 ln x
22. lim }} 5 5
x` ln x
f2(x)
xw4w
1wx
lim }
5 lim
} 5 lim }}
2
5 ln x grows at the same rate as ln x as x`.
x` f1(x)
e x
12
x` x
f3(x)
xw4w
2wx 3w
lim }
5 lim
} 5 lim }}
2
e grows slower than x x.
x` f1(x)
Compare e x to (ln x)x.

e
!11}x} 5 1
1
Compare f1 to f3.
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 0
x
x` x
x
x`
23. Compare e x to x x.
x
x`
1 2
e
x`
x`
!12}x} 5 1
1

x
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 0
e grows slower than (ln x)x.
x
x` (ln x)
x
x` ln x
x/2
Compare e to e .
ex
x` e
x/2
lim }x}
5`
/2 5 lim e
x`
x/2
e grows faster than e .
f2(x)
9wxw1
ww2xw
lim }
} 5 lim }}
x
x` f1(x)
Compare x x to (ln x)x.

x
1 2
x
9wxw1
ww2xw
5 lim }}
x`
9wxw
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 ` since lim }} 5 lim }} 5 `.
x
x` (ln x)
x
x` ln x
x` ln x
x grows faster than (ln x)x.
x` 1/x
5 lim
x`
Thus, in order from slowest-growing to fastest-growing, we
24. Compare 2x to x 2.
(ln 2)2 x
2x
x`
(ln 2)2 2 x
2
x`
lim }}2 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 `
2 x grows faster than x 2.
1 2
2
2
ln 2
2 grows faster than (ln 2)x.
2 x
1e2
2
e
2 grows slower than e x.
Compare x 2 to (ln 2)x.

x2
(ln
2)
x`
lim }}x 5 ` since lim x 2 5 ` and lim (ln 2)x 5 0.

2
x`
x`
5 lim
!1212 5 1
4 x
}}
9

lim }} 5 lim }} 5 0 since }} , 1.

x`
5 lim }}
9wxw
x`
x`
Compare 2 x to e x.
x
x` e
x
x`
9 24
x` ln 2
f3(x)
9wxw2
ww
4 xw
lim }
} 5 lim }}
x
wxwwwxw
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 ` since }} . 1.
x
x` (ln 2)
x
2 x
Compare f1 to f3.
x` f1(x)
Compare 2 x to (ln 2)x.

x
!111}9}2 5 1
get e x/2, e x, (ln x)x, x x.

2x
x` x
x`
x grows faster than (ln 2) .

Thus, in order from slowest-growing to fastest-growing, we
get (ln 2)x, x 2, 2 x, e x.
332
Section 8.2

f (x)
x`
2
lim }
} 5 lim }}
3
x` f1(x)
x`
ex 1 x
e
x`
x 4 1 2x 2 2 1
x 1x
x`
3
2
ex 1 1
e
x`
1
1 1 }}x
e
5 lim }
5 1 # 1.
1
x`
1 1 }}2 2 }}4
x
x
5 lim }}
51
x`
x` 2
(e) True, since lim }}

5 lim }}
x
x
5 lim }
4 }
3
2
2 1 cos x
2
(d) True, since lim }} # lim }} 5 }}.
x 4 1 2x 2 2 1
}}
x11
1
x
1 1 }}
x ln x
x
ln x
x
1/x
(f) True, since lim }}

2 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 0.
x`

(g) True,
Compare f1 and f3.

2x 5 2 1
x`
x` 1
1
}}
x
l
nx
ln (ln x)
since lim }} 5 lim }
l
n
x
1
x`
x`
}}
x
}
}
f3(x)
x2 1 1
lim }
} 5 lim }
x3
x` f1(x)
x`
5 lim }} 5 0 # 1.
x` ln x
2x 5 2 1
ln x
1/x
(h) False, since lim }2} 5 lim }
2x
5 lim }
5 }
3
x` ln (x 1 1)
x` x 1 x
2 2 }}5
x
5 lim }
52
1
x`
1 1 }}2
x` }}
2
x 11
x2 1 1
1
5 lim }}
2 5 }} 0.
2
x` 2x

functions grow at the same rate.
f (x)
g(x)
x` g(x)
x` f (x)
31. From the graph, lim }} 5 `, so lim }} 5 0.

Thus g 5 o(f ), so ii is true.
f (x)
32. From the graph, lim }} 5 0. Thus f 5 o(g), so i is true.

x` g(x)
x
29. (a) False, since lim }} 5 1 0.
x` x
f (x)
33. From the graph, lim }} # 1 and not equal to zero. Thus, f
x` g(x)
x
(b) False, since lim }} 5 1 0.
x` x 1 5
and g grow at the same rate, so iii is true.
(c) True, since lim }} 5 1 # 1.
f (x)
34. From the graph, lim }} # 3 and not equal to zero. Thus, f
x` x 1 5
x` g(x)
1
2
(d) True, since lim }} 5 }} # 1.

x` 2x
ex
and g grow at the same rate, so iii is true.
35. (a) The nth derivative of x n is n!, a constant. We can apply
(e) True, since lim }2}x 5 lim }}x 5 0.

x` e
x` e
1 1 }}
x 1 ln x
x
(f) True, since lim }} 5 lim }
5 1 # 1.
1
x
x`
x`
1/x
x` 1/x
ln x
x` ln 2x
(g) False, since lim }} 5 lim }} 5 1 0.

w
x 2w
1w5
(h) True, since lim }} 5 lim

x`
30. (a) True,
1
}}
x13
since lim }
1
x`
}}
x
x`
(b) True,
x
x` x 1 3
(c) False,
1
1
}} 2 }}2
x
x
since lim }
1
x`
}}
x
Thus e x grows faster than x n as x` for any positive
5 lim } 5 1 # 1.
1
1
x
1 2 }}
5 lim } 5 1 0.
1
(b) The nth derivative of a x, a . 1, is (ln a)n a x. We can

ax
x` x
apply LHpitals Rule n times to find lim }}n .

ax
x` x
1
x
x`
ex
x` n!
(ln a)n ax
n!
x`
lim }}n 5 5 lim }} 5 `
1 1 }}
x`
ex
x` x
lim }}n 5 5 lim }} 5 `
integer n.
5
1 1 }}2 5 1 # 1.
x
5 lim }} 5 1 # 1.
1
1
}} 1 }}2
x
x
since lim }
1
x`
}}
x
ex
x
x`
LHpitals Rule n times to find lim }}n .
Thus a x grows faster than x n as x` for any positive

integer n.
Section 8.2
39. Compare n log2 n to n3/2 as n`.
36. (a) Apply LHpitals Rule n times to find
n log n
ex
1
n`
1 a1 x 1 a0
ex
1
(ln n)
}}
(ln 2)
ex
x` ann!
1 a1 x 1 a0
n`
5 lim }} 5 `
lim }}}}
n
n21
x` anx 1 an21x
log n
2
2
lim }3}
5 lim }1}
/2
/2
.
lim }}}}
n
n21
x` anx 1 an21x
5 lim }
1/2
n` n
1
}}
n ln 2
5 lim }
n` }1}
2n1/2
Thus e x grows faster than

anx n 1 an21x n21 1 1 a1x 1 a0 as x`.
(b) Apply LHpitals Rule n times to find

1 a1 x 1 a0
n log n
ax
5
lim }}}}
n
n21
1 1 a1 x 1 a0
x` anx 1 an21x
(ln a)na x
5 lim }} 5 `
ann!
x`
Thus ax grows faster than

anx n 1 an21x n21 1 1 a1x 1 a0 as x`.
1
}}
ln x
n
x
37. (a) lim }1/}n 5 lim }
5 lim }1}
/n 5 0
x` x
x` 1 (1/n)21
x` x
}}x
n
Thus ln x grows slower than x1/n as x` for any
Thus n log2 n grows slower than n(log2 n)2 as n`.

The algorithm of order of n log2 n is likely the most
efficient because of the three functions, it grows the most
slowly as n`.
40. (a) It might take 1,000,000 searches if it is the last item in
the search.
(b) log2 1,000,000 < 19.9; it might take 20 binary
searches.
41. Since f and g grow at the same rate, there exists a nonzero
f (x)
number L such that lim }} 5 L. Then for sufficiently

x` g(x)
g(x)
f (x)
x` ax
a
a . 0.
42. (a) The limit will be the ratio of the leading coefficients of
the polynomials since the polynomials must have the
same degree.
(b) By the same reason as in (a), the limit will be the ratio
of the leading coefficients of the polynomial.
ln x
38. lim }}}}
n
n21
1 1 a1 x 1 a0
x` anx 1 an21x
x5
x` x
43. (a) lim }}2 5 lim x 3 5 `
1
}}
x
5 lim }}}}}
n21
n22
1 (n 2 1)an21x
some integer N.
Thus ln x grows slower than x as x` for any number
x` nanx
n` log2 n
Similarly, for sufficiently large x, }} , }} 1 1 # N for
(b) lim }}
a21 5 lim }}
a 5 lim }
a 50
x` ax
n` n(log2 n)
f (x)
g(x)
1
}}
x
ln x
2
lim }}
2 5 lim }} 5 0
large x, }} , L 1 1 # M for some integer M.
positive integer n.
x` x
Thus n log2 n grows slower than n3/2 as n`.

Compare n log2 n to n(log2 n)2
.
lim }}}}
n
n21
x` anx 1 an21x
2
(ln 2)
5 lim }
1/2 } 5 0
n` n
ax
1
333
1 a1
x`
x 5 grows faster than x 2.

5x 3
x` 2x
5
2
(b) lim }}3 5 lim }} 5 }}

1
5 lim }}}}
50
n
n21
1 1 a1 x
x` nanx 1 (n 2 1)an21x
Thus ln x grows slower than any nonconstant
x` 2
3
5x 3 and 2x have the same rate of growth.

xm
(c) m . n since lim }}n 5 lim x m2n 5 `.

x` x
x`
xm
polynomial as x`.
(d) m 5 n since lim }}n 5 lim x m2n is nonzero and finite.

x` x
x`
g(x)
(e) Degree of g . degree of f (m . n) since lim }} 5 `.

x` f (x)
g(x)
(f) Degree of g 5 degree of f (m 5 n) since lim }} is

x` f (x)
nonzero and finite.
334
Section 8.3
3. If p . 1, then
f (x)
xa g(x)
44. (a) f 5 o(g) as xa if lim }} 5 0
Suppose f and g are both positive in some open interval
dx
}}p 5 lim
x
c01
close to a.
b2a
180
(b) From Section 5.5, we know that )ES) # }} h 4M
on
dx
}}p 5 lim
x
c01
where M is a bound for the absolute value of f 0 on

)ET)
M
M
[a, b]. Thus }}
# (b 2 a)}} # int (b 2 a)}} 1 1 as
h2
12
12
h0, so )ET) 5 O(h ). Thus as h0, ET0.

2
) f(x))
2f (x)
x` 2g(x)
f (x)
x` g(x)
45. (a) lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 `

x` ) g(x))
2f (x)
x` 2g(x)
1.
2.
3.
dx
}} 5 ln )x 1 3)
x13
21
f (x)
x2` g(x)
Thus f (2x) grows faster than g(2x) by definition.
Section 8.3 Improper Integrals

(pp. 433444)
Exploration 1
Investigating
dx
}}
xp
1
x
1. Because }}p has an infinite discontinuity at x 5 0.
1
2
1
2
5 }} ln 2 2 }} ln 2 5 0
122
x
2
1
2
x
2
dx
1
}}4 5 x24 dx 5 2}}x23 1 C
x
3
5 }} tan21 }} 1 C
6. x 2 1 . 0 for x . 1
The domain is (1, `).
)cos x)
# }}2
)}x}
2 ) 5 }}
)x 2)
x
1
8. x 2 2 1 # x 2 so w
x 2w
2w1 # w
x 2 5 x for x . 1
definition.
dx
}} 5 lim
x
c01
21
dx
dx
1
E}
} 5 }}E }
x
4
x 14
}} 1 1
cos x
Thus f (2x) grows at the same rate as g(x) by
7. 21 # cos x # 1, so )cos x ) # 1.
f (2x)
f (x)
(b) lim }} 5 lim }} 5 L
x` g(2x) x2` g(x)
5. 9 2 x 2 . 0 for 23 , x , 3
The domain is (23, 3).
46. (a) lim }} 5 lim }} 5 `
2.
4 5 ln 6 2 ln 3 5 ln 2
x dx
1
}
} 5 }} ln )x 2 1 1)
2
x2 1 1
1
4
4.
f (2x)
5 }} 2 tan21 }} 1 C
Thus ) f ) grows at the same rate as )g) as x` by
x` g(2x)
Quick Review 8.3
f (x)
x` g(x)
definition.
dx
}}p
x
(b) lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 L

x` ) g(x))
Thus ) f) grows faster than )g) as x` by definition.

) f(x))
x2p11 1
c0 2p 1 1 c
1 2 c2p11
1
5 lim1 }} 5 }}
2p 1 1
12p
c0
as h0, so )ES) 5 O(h 4). Thus as h0, ES0.

b2a
12
5 lim1 }}
(c) From Section 5.6, we know that )ET) # }} h 2M
4. If 0 , p , 1, then
)ES)
M
M
[a, b]. Thus, }}
# (b 2 a)}} # int (b 2 a)}} 1 1
h4
180
180
dx
}}p
x
f (x)
g(x)
5 lim1 }}
positive integer M for which }} # M for x sufficiently
where M is a bound for the absolute value of f
x2p11 1
2
p11 c
c0
1 2 c2p11
5 lim1 }} 5 ` because (2p 1 1) , 0.
2p 1 1
c0
containing a. Then f 5 O(g) as xa if there is a
(4)
3 4
dx
1
}} 5 lim ln x 5 lim (2ln c) 5 `
x
c c01
c01
1
1
}} $ }}
x
2w1
x 2w
w
f (x)
x` g(x)
4e x 2 5
x` 3e 1 7
4e x
x` 3e
4
3
9. lim }} 5 lim }
x } 5 lim }}
x 5 lim }} 5 }}
x` 3
Thus f and g grow at the same rate as x`.

2wxw2
ww1
f (x)
10. lim }} 5 lim }}
x` g(x)
x` x
w1
ww3
2x 2 1
5 lim
!}
x1}
3
5 lim
x`
x`
2 2 }}
x
w
} 5 2
3
1 1 }}
x
Section 8.3
1. (a) The integral is improper because of an infinite limit of
integration.
4. (a) The integral is improper because of two infinite limits

of integration.
dx
}
} 5 lim
x 2 1 1 b`
21
b`
E
E
(b)
dx
E}
}
x 11
5 lim 3tan x4
(b)
2`
0
2`
5 lim
b2`
E
32(x
1 1)21
5 lim [21 1 (b 2 1 1)21] 5 21
b`
p
2
5 }}
The integral converges.
b2`
2x dx
E}
}
(x 1 1)
5 lim 3(2x 1 1) 4
2x dx
}
} 5 lim
(x 2 1 1)2
b`
21
b`
p
(c) }}
2
b
0
5 lim [2(b2 1 1)21 1 1] 5 1
2. (a) The integral is improper because the integrand has an

infinite discontinuity at x 5 0.
dx
}} 5 lim
xw b01
dx
}}
wx
3 4
b0
2`
b`
2x dx
}
} 5 21 1 1 5 0
(x 2 1 1)2
5 lim1 2xw
(c) 0
infinite discontinuity at 0.
1
b
ln 2
5 lim1 (2 2 2bw) 5 2
(b)
b0
E x
5 lim 2e
3 4
x22 e1/x dx 5 lim1

b0
ln 2
22 1/x
1/x
b01
dx
ln 2
b
5 lim1 [2e1/ln 2 1 e1/b] 5 `
(c) 2
b0
3. (a) The integral involves improper integrals because the

integrand has an infinite discontinuity at x 5 0.
E
E
(b)
2x dx
2x dx
2x dx
}
}5
}
}
2 }
2 1
2 }
2
(x2 1 1)2
2` (x 1 1)
0 (x 1 1)
0
2x dx
2x dx
}
} 5 lim
}}
(x 2 1 1)2 b2` b (x 2 1 1)2
5 lim (tan21 b 2 0)
(b)
335
28
0
28
dx
5
}1}
x /3
28
dx
1
}1}
x /3
dx
5 lim
}1}
x /3 b02
28
The integral diverges.

(c) No value
dx
}1}
x /3
dx
}1}
x /3

infinite discontinuity at x 5 0.
32 4
3
5 lim 1}}b 2 62 5 26
2
dx
E }x } 5 lim E }xd}x
3
5 lim2 }}x 2/3

b0
p/2
(b)
E cot u du
cos u du
5 lim E }}
sin u
5 lim 3ln )sin u)4
cot u du 5 lim1
b0
28
b02
b0
1/3
b01 b
(c) No value
2/3
b0
3
2
28
3
9
dx
5 26 1 }} 5 2}}
}1}
2
2
x /3

9
2
(c) 2}}
5 }}
b0
32 4
3
3
5 lim 1}} 2 }}b 2
2
2
b0
p/2
5 lim1 (0 2 ln )sin b)) 5 `
1/3
5 lim1 }}x 2/3
b
p/2
b01 b
2/3
p/2
7.
x
E }x d}
5 lim 321000 x
dx
}
} 5 lim
x1.001
b`
b`
1.001
20.001
5 lim (21000b20.001 1 1000) 5 1000

b`
336
Section 8.3
E
E
8.
21
0
21
dx
5
}2}
x /3
dx
1
}2}
x /3
21
dx
5 lim
}2}
x /3 b02
21
22
dx
}2}
x /3
13.
2`
2 dx
}
} 5 lim
x 2 2 1 b2`
dx
}2}
x /3
b0
dx
5 lim1
}2}
x /3
b0
21
b2`
b2`
5 lim
3 4
b0
b2`
b0
21
9.
dx
531356
}2}
x /3
14.
3[t 2 (t 2 1)] dt
E }}
t(t 2 1)
3
3
5 lim E 1}} 2 }}2 dt
t
t21
5 lim 33 ln )t 2 1) 2 3 ln )t)4
t21
5 lim 33 ln )}})4
t
b21
1
5 lim 13 ln )}}) 2 3 ln }}2
b
2
dr
E}
}
2wr
4ww
5 lim 3224ww
2wr4
0
b`
5 lim2 (224ww
2wb 1 4) 5 4
1
E }r d}r
5 lim 31000r
4
dr
}
} 5 lim
r0.999 b01
0.999
0.001
b0
b`
5 3 ln 1 1 3 ln 2 5 3 ln 2
b0
11.
dx
}} 5 lim
2wx 2w b12
w1w
15.
dx
}}
2wx 2w
w1w
5 lim2 sin21 x
b1
u11
}} 5 lim
u 2ww
1w2u
w
w b01
b0
2`
2 dx
}
} 5 lim
x 2 1 4 b2`
5 lim
b2`
5 lim
b2`
p
4
(1/2) dx
}2}
(x/2) 1 1
2
3
4
p
b
1}4} 2 tan }2}2
x
2
tan21 }}
21
p
2
3p
4
5 }} 1 }} 5 }}
1 (2u 1 2) du
}}}}
2 u
w2w1
ww2wu
b0
s
1
E 1}
} 1 }} ds
2ws w
2ws w 2
4ww
4ww
s
1
lim E 1}} 1 }}2 ds
2ws w
21
2w(s/
)
4ww
ww
w2ww
s
5 lim 324ww
2ws w 1 sin }}4
2
b
5 lim 124ww
2w
b w 1 sin }} 1 22
2
2
12.
5 lim1 (3w 2 bww1

ww2bw) 5 3w
p
2
5 lim2 (sin21 b 2 0) 5 }}
2
5 lim1 uw2w1
ww2uw
b1
b`
5 lim1 (1000 2 1000b0.001) 5 1000

1
b4
b` 2
3 dt
}
} 5 lim
t 2 2 t b`
dr
}} 5 lim
2wr b42
w4w
b4
10.
5 ln 3 2 ln 1 5 ln 3
5 lim1 (3 2 3b1/3) 5 3
22
5 lim
dx
}2}
x /3
5 lim1 3x1/3
22
5 lim
5 lim2 (3b1/3 1 3) 5 3
1
b2` b
3 4
b0
22
22
5 lim
5 lim2 3x1/3
[(x 1 1) 2 (x 2 1)] dx
E }}}
(x 1 1)(x 2 1)
1
1
E 1}
} 2 }} dx
x21
x 1 12
3ln )x 2 1) 2 ln )x 1 1)4
x21
}
3ln )}
x 1 1 )4
b21
}
1ln 3 2 ln )}
b 1 1 )2
16.
s11
}} ds 5 lim
b22
2ws 2w
w4w
b22 0
21
b22
b
0
b22
p
2
5 sin21 1 1 2 5 }} 1 2
21
Section 8.3
17. First integrate
dx
E}
} by letting
(1 1 x)xw
20.
21
(u 1 3) 2 (u 1 2)
E }}
du
(u 1 3)(u 1 2)
1
1
5 lim E 1}} 2 }}2 du
u12
u13
5 lim 3ln )u 1 2) 2 ln )u 1 3)4
u12
b
5 lim 3ln )}})4
u 1 3 21
b12
1
5 lim 1ln )}}) 2 ln }}2 5 ln 2
b13
2
du
}
} 5 lim
u 2 1 5u 1 6 b`
21
b
1
u 5 xw, so du 5 }} dx.
2wx
dx
2 du
}} 5 }}2
11u
(1 1 x)wx
b` 21
b`
5 2 tan21 u 1 C
21
b`
5 2 tan21 xw 1 C
b`
Now evaluate the improper integral. Note that the integrand

is infinite at x 5 0.
dx
dx
dx
E}
} 5 E }} 1 E }}
(1 1 x)xw
(1 1 x)xw
(1 1 x)xw
dx
dx
5 lim E }} 1 lim E }}
(1 1 x)xw
(1 1 x)xw
`
21
21
5 lim1 (2 tan
b0
21
lim (2 tan
p
2
16 tan x
E }}
dx 5 E16u du 5 8u
11x
21
c` 1
5 lim1 2 tan
c`
dx
11x
b01 b
4b
21
xw 1 lim 2 tan
c`
21
cw 2 2 tan
p
2
2 1
18.
E
E
1
2
dx
}} 5
2w
xw
x 2w
1
1)
16 tan21 x
dx 5 lim
}}
1 1 x2
b`
5 lim1 (sec
b1
22.
2 2 sec21 b)
21
21
p
3
dx
}} 5
)x
w)w
dx
}} 5 lim
b`
2w
xw
x 2w
1
5 lim sec
b`
2)
dx
}}
xw
19.
21
5 lim1 (sec
b1
21
b0
b0
ds
}}
2w1
sw
s 2w
dx
}}
wx
dx
}}
2
wwx
b
21
dx
}}
wx
3 4
1
4
b
5 lim1 4 2 2bw 5 4
5 lim1 sec21 s
b1
5 lim1
b0
p
p
p
dx
}} 5 }} 1 }} 5 }}
3
6
2
2w
xw
x 2w
1
ds
}} 5 lim
2w1 b11
sw
s 2w
21
5 lim1 2xw
p
p
p
5 }} 2 }} 5 }}
2
3
6
b0
b 2 sec
b`
5 lim2 (222
wbw 1 2) 5 2
21
5 lim (sec
21
dx
}} 1
2
wwx
b0
21
5 lim2 222
wxw
dx
}}
2w1
xw
x 2w
21
dx
}} 5 lim
2
wxw b02
5 sec21 2 2 sec21 1 5 }}
`
b`
2
b
b
0
21
dx
}}
2w1
xw
x 2w
dx
}}
2w1
x w
x 2w
21
16 tan21 x
dx
}}
1 1 x2
b`
5 lim1 sec21 x
b1
3
4
5 lim 38(tan b) 2 04
p
5 81}}2 5 2p
2
5 lim 8 (tan21 x)2
dx
}} 1
2w1
xw
x 2w
dx
}} 5 lim
b11
2w1
xw
x 2w
1C
5 8(tan21 x)2 1 C
5 }} 2 0 1 p 2 }} 5 p
`
bw) 1
1 2 2 tan
21
xw
du 5 }}2 .
b0
21
E 161tan1 x
21. Integrate }}
dx by letting u 5 tan21 x, so
2
2 2 sec21 b)
p
3
5 sec21 2 2 sec21 1 5 }}
dx
}} 5 2 1 4 5 6
)x
w)w
337
338
Section 8.3
25.
dv 5 eu du
u5u
2`
2 eu 1 C
b2`
e2x dx 5 lim
2 eu
2`
c`
c`
1
5 lim 2}}c 5 0 and lim e b 5 lim e2c 5 0.
e
c`
b2`
c`
u 5 2 sin u
dv 5 e2u du
du 5 2 cos u du
v 5 2e2u
dv 5 e
du 5 22 sin u du
v 5 2e2u
b0
b0
5 lim1
du
1Note that lim
b01
2e
p/2
sin u du
27.
2 2e2u sin u du 5 22e2u sin u 2 2e2u cos u 1 C1
E 2e
5 lim 2e
3
b` 0
2u
b`
2b
5 lim (2e
b`
1
4
1
b
1
4
ln b 1 }}b 2
b2
2
b0
sin u 2 e2u cos u

2b
sin b 2 e
b
0
cos b 1 1) 5 1
b0
1/b
22/b
tan u du 5 lim
5 lim
sin u
}} du
bp/2 0 cos u
bp/2
2ln )cos u)
5 lim [2ln )cos b) 1 0] 5 `

sin u du
ln b
1/b
b 2 ln b 5 lim1 }}2 5 lim1 }}3
bp/2
sin u du 5 2e2u sin u 2 e2u cos u 1 C

sin u du 5 lim
32
1
1
12}4} 2 }2}b
5 lim1 2}} 5 0.
5 22e2u sin u 2 2e2u cos u 2 2e2u sin u du
1
4
ln x 2 }}x 2 1 C
1
4
2u
5 2}}
cos u du 5 22e2u cos u 2 2e2u sin u du
b0
2u
5 lim1 }}x 2 ln x 2 }}x 2
Thus,
b`
Ex ln x dx 5 }12}x ln x 2 E}12}x dx 5 }12}x

E x ln x 5 lim E x ln x dx
E
u 5 2 cos u
2u
e2x dx 5 lim 2e2x
(1 2 eb) 5 1
1
2
b0
E
E2e
b`
v 5 }}x 2
2u
3 4 5 lim
dv 5 x dx
1
x
Integrate 2e2u cos u du by parts.
E2e
du 5 }} dx
sin u du 5 22e2u sin u 1 2e2u cos u du
2u
b`
ex
e2)x) dx 5 1 1 1 5 2
E2e
e x dx 5 lim
u 5 ln x
2u
e2x dx
24. Integrate 2e2u sin u du by parts.
2u
26. Integrate x ln x dx by parts.
c
e
Note that lim be b 5 lim 2ce2c 5 lim 2}}c
E2e
2`
b`
b2`
b2`
e x dx 1
5 lim (2e2b 1 1) 5 1
5 lim (21 2 be b 1 e b ) 5 21
b` b
3ue
b` 0
b2` b
5 lim
e x dx 5 lim
2`
2`
Eue du 5 ue 2 Ee du 5 ue
E ue du 5 lim E ue du
u
e2)x) dx 5
v 5 eu
du 5 du
23. Integrate ueu du by parts.
Section 8.3
sin u
28. On [0, p], 0 # }} # }}, so

pw
2wu
2w
w
p
ww
u
E
E
0
p
sin u
}} du #
pw
2w
u
w
1
}} du 5 lim
bp2
2wu
w
pw
E }dx}wx 5 lim E
`
bp
3 4 5 lim [2bw 2 4] 5 `
dx
}} 5 lim 2xw
wx b`
b` 4
b`
5 lim2 22p
ww
2wu
Since this integral diverges, the given integral diverges.
1
}} du
2wu
w
pw
32. 0 # }} # }} on [4, `)
wx
xw 2 1
1
}} du
2w
w
pw
u
339
1
x 11
1
x
33. 0 # }
3 } # }}
3 on [1, `)
5 lim2 (22p
ww
2wb 1 2p
w)
bp
dx
}}3 5 lim
x
b`
dx
}}3
x
b
3 2 4
1
1
1
5 lim 32}}b 1 }}4 5 }}
2
2
2
5 220w 1 2p
w
5 lim 2}}x22
b`
5 2p
w
22
b`
Since this integral converges, the given integral converges.
E
E
29.
2`
`
0
2xe2x dx 5
2xe2x dx 1
2
2xe2x dx 5 lim
2
b` 0
2`
2xe
2x 2
E
E
34.
0
1
1 1] 5 1
2x 2
2xe
dx
32e 4
1/2[(1 2 x) 1 (1 1 x)]
E }}}
dx
(1 2 x)(1 1 x)
1
1
5 lim E 3}} 1 }}4 dx
2(1 1 x)
2(1 2 x)
1
1
5 lim 3}} ln )1 1 x) 2 }} ln )1 2 x)4
2
2
1
11x
5 lim 3}} ln )}})4
2
12x
1
11b
5 lim 3}} ln )}}) 2 04 5 `
2
12b
b
dx
}}2 5 lim
12x
b12
e2xw
}} dx
wx
5 lim1 22e2xw
b0
dx
}}2
12x
b12

e2xw
}} dx 5 lim
b01
wx
b12
b2`
dx
}}2 1
12x
b12
5 lim [21 1 e2b ] 5 21
30.
b1
2x 2
b2`
b2` b
5 lim
dx
}}2 5
12x
dx 5 lim
2xe2x dx
5 lim [2e
b`
2`
2b 2
2xe2x dx
5 lim 2e2x
b`
E
E
35.
0
1
5 lim1 [22e22 1 2e2bw]

b0
5 22e22 1 2
dx
}} 5
12x
dx
}} 1
12x
dx
}} 5 lim
1 2 x b12
dx
}}
12x
dx
}}
12x
5 lim2 2ln )1 2 x)
b1
b
0
5 lim2 (2ln )1 2 b) 1 0) 5 `
b1

1
31. 0 # }} # }} on (0, p] since sin t $ 0 on [0, p].

tw 1 sin t
tw
dt
}} 5 lim
tw b01
dt
}}
wt
3 4
5 lim1 2tw
b0
p
b
5 lim1 [2p
w 2 2bw]
b0
w
5 2p
340
Section 8.3
E ln x dx by symmetry of ln )x) about the

y-axis. Integrate Eln x dx by parts.
1
36.
ln )x) dx 5 2
21
E
E
40.
0
`
u 5 ln x
1
x
b`
5 lim (2bw 2 2) 5 `
b`
Eln x dx 5 x ln x 2 Edx 5 x ln x 2 x 1 C
2E ln x dx 5 2 lim E ln x dx
5 2 lim x ln x 2 x
3
4
b01 b
3 4
5 lim 2xw
v5x
dv 5 dx
du 5 }} dx
dx
dx
dx
}} 5
}} 1
}}
0 w
1 w
x
x
xw
b
dx
dx
}} 5 lim
}}
xw b` 1 xw
b01
1
2 1 cos x
x
x
b
dx
dx
}} 5 lim
}} 5 lim ln x
x
x
p
b`
b`
41. 0 # }} # }} on [p, `)
p
5 2 lim1 [21 2 b ln b 1 b] 5 22
3 4
5 lim (ln b 2 ln p) 5 `
b`
b0
ln b
1/b
1/b
Note that lim1 b ln b 5 lim1 }} 5 lim1 }}2

b0
5 lim1 2b 5 0.
b0
b0
b0 21/b

1
1
11e
e
1
}}u du 5 lim
e
b`
1 1 sin x
x
2 dx
5 lim
}}
x2
b`
b`
1
e

1
38. 0 # }} # }} on [2, `)
x
2w1
xw2w
2
dx
}} 5 lim
x
b`
1
e 1e
1
1
ex
}
}5}
} 5 }}
e x 1 e2x
e2x(e2x 1 1)
1 1 (e x)2
e x dx
Integrate }}
by letting u 5 e x so du 5 e x dx.
1 1 (e x)2
dx
e x dx
5 }}
}
x }
2x
e 1e
1 1 (e x)2
du
5 }}2
11u
43. First rewrite }

x }
2x .
5 }}
b`
b`
21
5 lim [2e2b 1 e21]
2x22 dx
b`
e2u du
3 4
2
2
5 lim 122b 1 }}2 5 }}
p
p
5 lim 2e2u
5 lim 22x21
37. 0 # }}u # }}u on [1, `)
2
x
42. 0 # }}
# }}2 on [p, `)
2
3 4
dx
}} 5 lim ln x
x
b`
b
2
5 lim (ln b 2 ln 2) 5 `
b`
E
E
5 tan21 u 1 C

5 tan21 e x 1 C
xw1
ww1
1
and g(x) 5 }3}
39. Let f (x) 5 }}
2
/2 . Both are continuous on
x
[1, `).
2`
0
2`
xw1
ww1
f (x)
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim
x` g(x)
x`
x`
xw
`
E
E
1
dx 5 lim
}3}
x /2
b`
23/2
21/2
1 2) 5 2
b2`
3tan
21
21
5 lim [tan
b2`
5 lim
dx
5 lim (22b
b`
5 lim 22x21/2
b`
!11}x} 5 1
dx
dx
dx
}
}5
}
}
x }
2x 1
x }
2x
e x 1 e2x
2` e 1 e
0 e 1e
0
dx
dx
}
} 5 lim
}}
e x 1 e2x b2` b e x 1 e2x
p
4
ex
0
b
1 2 tan21 e b]
p
4
dx
}
}
e x 1 e2x
5 }} 2 0 5 }}
dx
}
} 5 lim
e x 1 e2x
b`
5 lim tan21 e x
b`
21
5 lim [tan
b`
p
2
p
4
b
0
e 2 tan21 1]
b
p
4
5 }} 2 }} 5 }}
Thus, the given integral converges.
Section 8.3
44.
2`
dx
}} 5 2
1w1
x 4w
w
dx
}} 5
1w1
x 4w
w
dx
}} by symmetry about the y-axis
1w1
x 4w
w
dx
}} 1
1w1
x 4w
w
dx
}}
1w1
x 4w
w
1
dx
}} exists because }} exists on [0, 1].
1w1
1w1
x 4w
x 4w
w
w
1
1
0 # }} # }}2 on [1, `).
x
1w1
x 4w
w
1
}}2 dx 5 lim
x
b`
b`
y)
E 1 d1u u
5 }}
dy
5 lim
}}}
(1 1 y 2)(1 1 tan21 y) b`
b`
b
0
b) 2 0)
2`
2`
e dy
}
}1
y2 1 1
b`
ln b
b
1
b
1/b
48. For x $ 0, y $ 0 on [1, `).
E }lnx}x dx 5 lim E }lnx}x dx

ln x
dx
Integrate E}} dx by letting u 5 ln x so du 5 }}.
x
x
ln x
1
1
E}x} dx 5 Eu du 5 }2}u 1 C 5 }2}(ln x) 1 C
1
1
Area 5 lim }}(ln x) 5 lim }}(ln b) 5 `
32 4
2
Area 5
b` 1
e dy
}
}
y2 1 1
ey
2
y` y
b`
Area 5
dx
}}
x
(b) Refer to Exploration 2 of Section 7.3.

1
x
y9 5 2}}2
The surface area of the solid is given by the following
integral.
`
1
`
w
1
x 4w
1w
1
Since 0 # }} # }}
on [1, `), the direct
x
x3
ey
y` 2
lim }
2 } 5 lim }
2 } 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 `
Thus the given integral diverges.
2y
e dy
}
} diverges since
y2 1 1
ey
11
y
y`
5 lim 2}} 2 }} 1 1 5 1
2y
e2y
y
11
y2`
x 11
E 2p1}1x}2 !1112}x1}2 dx 5 2p E }1x} !}
x} dx
w
x w
1w
1
5 2p E }} dx
x

e dy
}
}5
y2 1 1
49. (a) The integral in Example 1 gives the area of region R.
p
5 ln 1 1 }}
2
2`
0
1
x
b`
b`
dy
}}}
(1 1 y 2)(1 1 tan21 y)
b`
E
E
ln x
x
5 lim (ln )1 1 tan
21
2y
ln b
5 lim ln )1 1 tan21 y)
46.
1
x
v 5 2}}
b`
5 ln )1 1 tan21 y) 1 C
dv 5 }}2
1Note that lim }b} 5 lim }1} 5 0.2
5 ln )1 1 u) 1 C
2y
dx
x
u 5 ln x
b`
E (1 1 y )(1dy1 tan
Area 5 lim 2}} 2 }}
45. Integrate }}}

by letting u 5 tan21 y so
2
21
ln x
dx
}}
x2
b` 1
E}lnx}x 5 2}lnx}x 1 E}dx}x 5 2}lnx}x 2 }1x} 1 C
1
5 lim 2}} 1 1 5 1
b
b`
dy
du 5 }}2
11y
dy
}}}
(1 1 y 2)(1 1 tan21 y)
E }lnx}x dx 5 lim E
ln x
Integrate E}} dx by parts.
x
Area 5
1
x
x22 dx
5 lim 2x21
47. For x $ 0, y $ 0 on [1, `).
du 5 }} dx
341
comparison test shows that the integral for the surface

area diverges. The surface area is `.
(c) Volume 5
E p1}1x}2
`
dx 5 p
1
}}2 dx
x
5 p lim
1
}} dx
2
b` 1 x
3 x4
1
5 p lim 12}} 1 12 5 p
b
1
5 p lim 2}}
b`
b`
(d) Gabriels horn has finite volume so it could only hold a

finite amount of paint, but it has infinite surface area so
it would require an infinite amount of paint to cover
itself.
342
Section 8.3
1
50. (a) f (x) 5 }} e2x

w2p
w
51. (a) For x $ 6, x 2 $ 6x, so e2x # e26x

2
2/2
e2x dx #
2
e26x dx
5 lim
e26x dx
b` 6
b`
f is increasing on (2`, 0]. f is decreasing on [0, `).

f has a
2
2
2
26b
1
6
make
f (x) dx and
E
E
b
`
b
f (x) dx ,
(c)
(d)
2x/2
E
#E
E
dx 1 E
e2x dx 1
2
e2x
e2x dx
2
3
`
e23x dx
since x 2 $ 3x for x . 3.
e23x dx
b
3
4
1
1
5 lim 12}}e
1 }}e 2
3
3
1
3
23b
29
b`
1
3
5 }}e29 < 0.000041 , 0.000042
f (x) dx
is as small as we want. Likewise, for large enough b,

f (x) dx is as small as we want.
b` 3
b`
5 2e
2b
5 lim 2}} e23x
As b`, 2e2b/20, so for large enough b,
e23x dx 5 lim
c`
2b/2
2`
e2x dx 5
5 lim [22e2c/2 1 2e2b/2]
e2x dx
2x/2
c` b
c`
e2x dx 1 4 3 10217
E e dx
5 lim 22e
3
4
c
1
6
f (x) dx as small as we want
e2x/2 dx
e2x/2 dx 5 lim
e2x dx < NINT(e2x , x, 1, 6) < 0.1394027926
for x , 21) Thus,
e2x dx 1
(This agrees with Figure 8.16.)
0 , f (x) , e2x/2 for x . 1. (Likewise,

0 , f (x) , e
bounded by 4 3 10217.
f (x) dx as close to 1 as
by choosing b large enough. This is because
x/2
Thus, from part (a) we have shown that the error is
2b
2`
E
#E
e2x dx 5
we want by choosing b . 1 large enough. Also, we can

`
(b)
2b
236
5 }}e236 , 4 3 10217
(c) Part (b) suggests that as b increases, the integral

approaches 1. We can make
b`
1
local maximum at (0, f (0)) 5 0, }}
w2w
p
1
2x 2/2
, x, 21, 1 < 0.683
}} e
w2w
p
2
1
}} e2x /2, x, 22, 2 < 0.954
w2w
p
2
1
}} e2x /2, x, 23, 3 < 0.997
2ww
p
1
NINT1
NINT 1
(b) NINT
3 6 4
1
1
5 lim 12}} e
1 }} e 2
6
6
5 lim 2}}e26x
[23, 3] by [0, 0.5]
52. (a) Since f is even, f (2x) 5 f (x). Let u 5 2x, du 5 2dx.
2`
E f (x) dx 1 E f (x) dx
5 E f (2u)(21) du 1 E f (x) dx
5 E f (u) du 1 E f (x) dx
5 2E f (x) dx
f (x) dx 5
2`
0
`
`
(b) Since f is odd, f (2x) 5 2f (x). Let u 5 2x, du 5 2dx
2`
E
5E
f (x) dx 5
2`
0
`
52
f (x) dx 1
f (x) dx
f (2u)(21) du 1
f (u) du 1
f (x) dx
f (x) dx 5 0
343
Section 8.3
53. (a)
2x dx
E}
}
x 11
5 lim 3ln (x 1 1)4
2x dx
}
} 5 lim
x 2 1 1 b`
55. Suppose 0 # f (x) # g(x) for all x $ a.
b`
From the properties of integrals, for any b . a,
5 lim ln (b 2 1 1) 5 `
b`
Thus the integral diverges.
2x dx
2x dx
}
}
2 } and
2 } must converge in order
0 x 11
2` x 1 1
`
2x dx
for
}
2 } to converge.
2` x 1 1
(b) Both
(c) lim
b` 2b
2x dx
}
} 5 lim ln (x 2 1 1)
x 2 1 1 b`
5 lim [ln (b 1 1) 2 ln (b 1 1)]

2
b`
2x
x 11
g(x) dx.
If the infinite integral of g converges, then taking the limit

in the above inequality as b` shows that the infinite integral of f is bounded above by the infinite integral of g.
Therefore, the infinite integral of f must be finite and it converges. If the infinite integral of f diverges, it must grow to
infinity. So taking the limit in the above inequality as b`
shows that the infinite integral of g must also diverge to
infinity.
e2x dx
5 lim 0 5 0.
Note that }
2 } is an odd function so
56. (a) For n 5 0:
2b
b`
f (x) #
2b
E e dx
5 lim 2e
3 4
5 lim
2x
b` 0
2x
b`
2x dx
}
} = 0.
x2 1 1
(d) Because the determination of convergence is not made

using the method in part (c). In order for the integral to
converge, there must be finite areas in both directions
(toward ` and toward 2`). In this case, there are
infinite areas in both directions, but when one
computes the integral over an interval [2b, b], there is
cancellation which gives 0 as the result.
b
0
5 lim [2e2b 1 1] 5 1
For n 5 1:
u5x
du 5 dx
b`
dv 5 e2x dx
v 5 2e2x
xe2x dx 5 lim
b` 0
13 4 1 E e dx2
b
5 lim 12}}2 1 lim E e dx
e
1
5 lim 12}}2 1 1 5 1
e
2xe2x
= lim
b`
54. By symmetry, find the perimeter of one side, say for
xe2x dx
b
2x
0 # x # 1, y $ 0.
y 2/3 5 1 2 x 2/3
For n 5 2:
u 5 x2
du 5 2x dx
y 5 (1 2 x 2/3)3/2
dy
3
2
}} 5 }}(1 2 x 2/3)1/2 2}}x21/3 5 2x21/3(1 2 x 2/3)1/2
dx
2
3
dy 2
1}d}x 2
5 x22/3(1 2 x 2/3) 5 (x22/3 2 1)
x ww 5 x
!111}d}x 2 5 w
E x dx 5 lim E x dx
dy 2
22/3
1
21/3
21/3
21/3
b01 b
3 4
3
3
3
5 lim 3}} 2 }}b 4 5 }}
2
2
2
3
Thus, the perimeter is 41}}2 5 6.
2
5 lim1
b0
3
}}x 2/3
2
2/3
b01
b`
b`
2x
b` 0
dv 5 e2x dx
v 5 2e2x
x 2 e2x dx 5 lim
b` 0
x 2 e2x dx
132x e 4 1 E 2x e
b
5 lim 12}}2 1 2 lim E xe
e
2b
5 lim 12}}2 1 2(1)
e
2
5 lim 12}}2 1 2 5 2
e
2 2x
5 lim
b`
b
0
b`
b`
b`
2x
dx
b` 0
2x
dx
344
Section 8.4
56. continued
(b) Evaluate x e
u 5 xn
du 5 nx n21
Ex
n 2x
dx using integration by parts

dv 5 e2x dx
v 5 2e2x
dx 5 2x e
1 nx
n21 2x
nx
n21 2x
dx
1 2
n21 2x
dx
(c) Since f (n 1 1) 5 nf (n),

f (n 1 1) 5 n(n 2 1) f (1) 5 n!; thus
0
x ne2x dx converges for all integers n $ 0.
sin x
x
57. (a) On a grapher, plot NINT }}, x, 0, x or create a table

of values. For large values of x, f (x) appears to
approach approximately 1.57.
(b) Yes, the integral appears to converge.
58. (a)
2`
dx
}}2 5 lim
1 1 x b2`
5 lim
b2`
dx
}}2
11x
tan21 x
5 lim (tan
b2`
p
4
21
p
2
1 2 tan21 b)
3p
4
5 }} 1 }} 5 }}
dx
}}2 5 lim
11x
b`
dx
}}2
11x
5 lim tan21 x
b`
5 lim [tan
b`
p
2
p
4
b 2 tan21 1]
p
4
5 }} 2 }} 5 }}
2`
b
1
21
3p
p
dx
}}2 5 }} 1 }} 5 p
4
4
11x
f (x) dx 1
f (x) dx
2`
0
0
`
2`
1Note: apply LHpitals Rule n times to show that

bn
e
2`
0
5 nf (n)
lim 2}}b 5 0.
E f (x) dx 1 E f (x) dx 1 E f (x) dx 1 E f (x) dx

5 E f (x) dx 1 E f (x) dx, because
E f (x) dx 1 E f (x) dx 5 E f (x) dx 2 E f (x) dx 5 0.
5
3
4 1E
b
5 lim 12}}2 1 nE x
e
b`
x ne2x dx
b`
dx
5 lim 2x e
2`
`
2`
n 2x
b`
E f (x) dx 1 E f (x) dx
f (x) dx 5 E f (x) dx 1 E f (x) dx
f (x) dx 5
Thus,
n 2x
f (n 1 1) 5
E
E
(b)
n 2x
Section 8.4 Partial Fractions and Integral

Tables (pp. 444453)
Quick Review 8.4
1. Solving the first equation for B yields B 5 23A 2 5.
Substitute into the second equation.
22A 1 3(23A 2 5) 5 7
22A 2 9A 2 15 5 7
211A 5 22
A 5 22
Substituting A 5 22 into B 5 23A 2 5 gives B 5 1. The
solution is A 5 22, B 5 1.
2. Solve by Gaussian elimination. Multiply first equation by
23 and add to second equation. Multiply first equation by
21 and add to third equation.
A 1 2B 2 C 5 0
27B 1 5C 5 1
2B 1 2C 5 4
Multiply third equation by 27 and add to second equation.
A 1 2B 2 C 5 0
29C 5 227
2B 1 2C 5 4
Solve the second equation for C to get C 5 3. Solve for B
by substituting C 5 3 into the third equation.
2B 1 2(3) 5 4
2B 5 22
B5 2
Solve for A by substituting B 5 2 and C 5 3 into the first
equation.
A 1 2(2) 2 3 5 0
A 1 15 0
A 5 21
The solution is A 5 21, B 5 2, C 5 3.
2x 1 1
x 3w
2w5w
x 2w
2w
1w0w
xw
2w
7
3. x 2 2 3x 2 4qw2w
3
2
2x
2
6x
2
8x
}}}}}}
x 2 2 2x 2 7
x 2 2 3x 2 4
}}}}}
x23
x23
x 2 3x 2 4
2x 1 1 1 }
}
2
Section 8.4
2. x 2 2 2x 1 15 (x 2 1)2
2
4. x 2 1 4x 1 5q2ww
x 2w
1w11wxw1
ww06w
2
2x
1 8x 1 10
}}}}}}
3x 2 04
2x 1 2
A
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}2
x 2 2 2x 1 1 x 2 1
(x 2 1)
2x 1 25 A(x 2 1) 1 B
3x 2 4
x 1 4x 1 5
21}
}
2
5 Ax 1 (2A 1 B)
5. x 2 3x 1 x 2 3 5 x (x 2 3) 1 (x 2 3)
3
5 (x 2 3)(x 1 1)
2
6. y 2 5y 1 4 5 ( y 2 4)(y 2 1)
5 ( y 2 2)(y 1 2)(y 2 1)(y 1 1)
4
345
3(x 1 3)
2
3
2(x 2 2)
7. }} 2 }} 5 }} 2 }}
(x 2 2)(x 1 3)
x13
x22
(x 2 2)(x 1 3)
2x 2 4 2 3x 2 9
5 }}
(x 2 2)(x 1 3)
2x 2 13
5 }}
(x 2 2)(x 1 3)
x 1 13
5 2}
}
x2 1 x 2 6
x21
2
x 2 4x 1 5
x15
(x 2 1)(x 1 5)
2(x 2 2 4x 1 5)
5 }}}
2 }}}
(x 1 5)(x 2 2 4x 1 5)
(x 1 5)(x 2 2 4x 1 5)
x 2 1 4x 2 5 2 2x 2 1 8x 2 10
5 }}}}
(x 1 5)(x 2 2 4x 1 5)
2x2 1 12x 2 15
5 }}}
(x 1 5)(x 2 2 4x 1 5)
8. }
} 2 }}
2
(3t 1 4)(t 2 1 2)
(t 2 1)(t 2 1 1)
3t 1 4
t21
9. }
2 }}
}2}
} 5 }}
(t 2 1 2)(t 2 1 1)
(t 2 1 2)(t 2 1 1)
t2 1 1
t2 1 2
3
2
t 2 t 1 t 2 1 2 3t 3 2 4t 2 2 6t 2 8
5 }}}}
(t 2 1 2)(t 2 1 1)
22t 3 2 5t 2 2 5t 2 9
5 }}}
(t 2 1 2)(t 2 1 1)
2t 3 1 5t 2 1 5t 1 9
5 2}}
(t 2 1 2)(t 2 1 1)
2
3
1
x21
(x 2 1)
(x 2 1)
2(x 2 1)2
3(x 2 1)
1
5 }}
2 }}3 1 }}3
(x 2 1)3
(x 2 1)
(x 2 1)
2x 2 2 4x 1 2 2 3x 1 3 1 1
5 }}}
(x 2 1)3
2
2x 2 7x 1 6
5 }}
(x 2 1)3
10. }} 2 }}2 1 }}3

1. x 2 2 3x 1 25 (x 2 2)(x 2 1)
5x 2 7
A
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
x 2 2 3x 1 2 x 2 2
x21
5x 2 75 A(x 2 1) 1 B(x 2 2)
5 (A 1 B)x 2 (A 1 2B)
Equating coefficients of like terms gives
A 1 B 5 5 and A 1 2B 5 7.
Solving the system simultaneously yields A 5 3, B 5 2.
5x 2 7
3
2
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
x 2 2 3x 1 2
x22
x21

A 5 2 and 2A 1 B 5 2.
2x 1 2
2
4
}
} 5 }} 1 }}2
x 2 2 2x 1 1
x21
(x 2 1)
t11
t (t 2 1)
A
t21
B
t
C
t
3. }
2 } 5 }} 1 }} 1 }}
2
t 1 1 5 At 2 1 Bt(t 2 1) 1 C(t 2 1)
5 (A 1 B)t 2 1 (2B 1 C)t 2 C
A 1 B 5 0, 2B 1 C 5 1, and 2C 5 1.
Solving the system simultaneously yields
A 5 2, B 5 22, C 5 21.
t11
2
2
1
}
} 5 }} 2 }} 2 }}2
t
t 2(t 2 1)
t21
t
4. s 3 2 s 2 2 6s 5 s(s 2 2 s 2 6) 5 s(s 2 3)(s 1 2)

A
4
B
C
}
} 5 }} 1 }} 1 }}
s
s 3 2 s2 2 6s
s23
s12
4 5 A(s 2 3)(s 1 2) 1 B(s)(s 1 2) 1 C(s)(s 2 3)

5 A(s 2 2 s 2 6) 1 B(s 2 1 2s) 1 C(s 2 2 3s)
5 (A 1 B 1 C)s 2 1 (2A 1 2B 2 3C)s 2 6A
A 1 B 1 C 5 0, 2A 1 2B 2 3C 5 0, 26A 5 4
2
3
4
15
2
5
A 5 2}}, B 5 }}, C 5 }}.

4
2
4
2
}
} 5 2}} 1 }} 1 }}
s 3 2 s2 2 6s
3s
15(s 2 3)
5(s 1 2)
346
Section 8.4
1
5. x 2 2 5x 1 6qw
x 2w
1w0xw1
ww8
2
x}}}}
2 5x 1 6
5x 1 2
8. x 2 1 2x 5 x(x 1 2)
A
1
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
x
x 2 1 2x
x12
1 5 A(x 1 2) 1 Bx
5x 1 2
x 18
}
}5 1 1 }
}
x 2 2 5x 1 6
x 2 2 5x 1 6
2
5 (A 1 B)x 1 2A
x 2 2 5x 1 6 5 (x 2 3)(x 2 2)
5x 1 2
A
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
x 2 2 5x 1 6
x23
x22
A 1 B 5 0 and 2A 5 1
dx
1/2
21/2
E}
} 5 E}} dx 1 E}} dx
x
x 1 2x
x12
5 (A 1 B)x 1 (22A 2 3B)
1
1
2
2
1
x
5 }} ln }} 1 C
2
x12
5 }} ln )x) 2 }} ln )x 1 2) 1 C
A 1 B 5 5 and 22A 2 3B 5 2
A 5 17, B 5 212.
1
2
1
2
Solving the system simultaneously yields A 5 }}, B 5 2}}.
5x 1 2 5 A(x 2 2) 1 B(x 2 3)
9. y 2 2 2y 2 35 (y 2 3)(y 1 1)
y
A
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
y 2 2 2y 2 3 y 2 3
y11
x2 1 8
17
12
}
} 5 1 1 }} 2 }}
2
x 2 5x 1 6
x23
x22
y5 A( y 1 1) 1 B( y 2 3)
y
6. y 2 1 4qw
y 3w
1w0w
y 2w
1w0yw1
ww1
y 3 1 0y 2 1 4y 1 0
}}}}}}}
24y 1 1
5 (A 1 B)y 1 (A 2 3B)
A 1 B 5 1 and A 2 3B 5 0.
y3 1 1
2 4y 1 1
}
}5y1}
}
y2 1 4
y2 1 4
3
4
1
4
Solving the system simultaneously yields A 5 }}, B 5 }}.

y dy
3/4
1/4
E}
} 5 E}} dy 1 E}} dy
y 2 2y 2 3
y23
y11
The rational function cannot be decomposed any further.
3
4
1
A
B
}}2 5 }} 1 }}
12x
12x
11x
y 2 1 y 5 y(y 1 1)
10.
1 5 A(1 1 x) 1 B(1 2 x)
A
y14
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
y
y2 1 y
y11
5 (A 2 B)x 1 (A 1 B)
y 1 4 5 A(y 1 1) 1 By

A 2 B 5 0 and A 1 B 5 1.
1
1
A 5 }}, B 5 }}.
2
2
dx
1/2
1/2
}}2 5 }} dx 1 }} dx
12x
12x
11x
1
1
5 2}} ln )1 2 x) 1 }} ln )1 1 x) 1 C
2
2
1
11x
5 }} ln }} 1 C
2
12x
1
4
5 }} ln )y 2 3) 1 }} ln )y 1 1) 1 C
7. 1 2 x 5 (1 2 x)(1 1 x)
2
5 (A 1 B)y 1 A
A 1 B 5 1 and A 5 4.
4
y14
23
E}
} dy 5 E}} dy 1 E}} dy
y
y 1y
y11
2
5 4 ln )y) 2 3 ln )y 1 1) 1 C
Section 8.4
11. t 3 1 t 2 2 2t 5 t(t 2 1 t 2 2) 5 t(t 1 2)(t 2 1)
A
1
B
C
}
} 5 }} 1 }} 1 }}
t
t 3 1 t 2 2 2t
t12
t21
1 5 A(t 1 2)(t 2 1) 1 B(t)(t 2 1) 1 C(t)(t 1 2)

5 A(t 2 1 t 2 2) 1 B(t 2 2 t) 1 C(t 2 1 2t)
5 (A 1 B 1 C)t 2 1 (A 2 B 1 2C)t 2 2A
5
x 2w
1w5xw1
ww5
15. x 2 1 x 1 1q5ww
2
5x
1 5x 1 5
}}}}}
25x 2 5
5x 1 5
5x 2
}
}552}
}
2
x 1x11
x2 1 x 1 1
5x dx
x11
E}
} 5 E5 dx 2 5E}} dx
x 1x11
x 1x11
x11
5 5x 2 5E}} dx
x 1x11
2

A 1 B 1 C 5 0, A 2 B 1 2C 5 0, and 22A 5 1.
1
1
1
2
6
3
21/2
dt
1/6
1/3
}
} 5 }} dt 1 }} dt 1 }} dt
t
t 3 1 t 2 2 2t
t12
t21
1
1
1
5 2}} ln )t) 1 }} ln )t 1 2) 1 }} ln )t 2 1) 1 C
2
6
3
A 5 2}}, B 5 }}, C 5 }}.
12. 2t 3 2 8t 5 2t(t 2 2 4) 5 2t(t 2 2)(t 1 2)
To evaluate the second integral, complete the square in the

denominator.
1
4
5 2A(t 2 2 4) 1 2B(t 2 1 2t) 1 2C(t 2 2 2t)

5 (2A 1 2B 1 2C)t 2 1 (4B 2 4C)t 2 8A
2A 1 2B 1 2C 5 0, 4B 2 4C 5 1, 28A 5 3
3
5
1
8
16
16
23/8
t13
5/16
1/16
}
} dt5 }} dt 1 }} dt 1 }} dt
t
2t 3 2 8t
t22
t12
3
5
1
5 2}} ln )t) 1 }} ln )t 2 2) 1 }} ln )t 1 2) 1 C
8
16
16
2x 1 1
The second integral was evaluated by using Formula 16

from the Brief Table of Integrals.
5x dx
E}
}
x 1x11
2
2x 1 1
5 A(x 2 1 2x 1 1) 1 B(x 2 2 1) 1 C(x 2 1)
5 (A 1 B)x 2 1 (2A 1 C)x 1 A 2 B 2 C

A 1 B 5 1, 2A 1 C 5 0, and A 2 B 2 C 5 0.
1
4
3
4
1
2
A 5 }}, B 5 }}, C 5 2}}.

x dx
E}}}
(x 2 1)(x 1 2x 1 1)
1/4
3/4
21/2
5 E}} dx 1 E}} dx 1 E}} dx
x21
x11
(x 1 1)
2
s 4 1 2s
2s 1 1
2s
1
}
} 5 s2 2 1 1 }
} 5 s2 2 1 1 }
}1}
}
s2 1 1
s2 1 1
s2 1 1
s2 1 1
4
s 1 2s
ds
2s ds
}
} ds 5 (s 2 2 1) ds 1 }
}1 }
}
s2 1 1
s2 1 1
s2 1 1
1
5 }}s 3 2 s 1 ln (s 2 1 1) 1 tan21 s 1 C
3
5 5x 2 }} ln (x 2 1 x 1 1) 2 }} tan21 }} 1 C
2
3w
3w
x 2 5 A(x 1 1)2 1 B(x 2 1)(x 1 1) 1 C(x 2 1)
s2 2 1
2
4
3
2
14. s 1 1qw
s w
+w0w
sw
+w0w
sw
1w2sw+
ww0
4
s}}}}}}}}}
+ s3 1 s 2+ s + 0
2s 2 1 2s + 0
2s 2 + s 2 1
}}}}}
2s 1 1
x2
A
B
C
5 }} 1 }} 1 }}2
}}}
2
(x 2 1)(x 1 2x 1 1)
x21
x11
(x 1 1)
s3
24s
}
}5s1}
}
s2 1 4
s2 1 4
s3
4s
}
} ds 5 s ds 2 }
} ds
s2 1 4
s2 1 4
1 2
5 }}s 2 2 ln (s 2 1 4) 1 C
2
x 1 1/2
16. (x 2 1)(x 2 1 2x 1 1) 5 (x 2 1)(x 1 1)2
s
13. s 2 1 4qw
s 3w
s 3w
1w4ws
3
s}}}
1 4s
24s
5 }} ln (x 2 1 x 1 1) 1 }} }} tan21 }}
2
2 w3
w3/2
1
1 2
5 }} ln (x 2 1 x 1 1) 1 }} tan21 }}
2
3w
3w
x11
E}
} dx
x 1x11
x11
5 E}} dx
(x 1 1/2) 1 3/4
x 1 1/2
1/2
5 E}} dx 1 E}} dx
(x 1 1/2) 1 3/4
(x 1 1/2) 1 3/4
dx
1
1
3
1
5 }} ln31x 1 }}2 1 }}4 1 }}E}}}
2
2
4
2 (x 1 1/2) 1 (3
w/2)
2
t 1 3 5 2A(t 2 2)(t 1 2) 1 2B(t)(t 1 2) 1 2C(t)(t 2 2)
1 2
3
1 }}
2
4
3
4
x 2 1 x 1 1 5 x 2 1 x 1 }} 1 }} 5 x 1 }}
A
t13
B
C
}
} 5 }} 1 }} 1 }}
t
2t 3 2 8t
t22
t12
A 5 2}}, B 5 }}, C 5 }}.
347
1
4
3
4
1
2(x 1 1)
5 }} ln )x 2 1) 1 }} ln )x 1 1) 1 }} 1 C
348
Section 8.4
17. (x 2 2 1)2 5 (x 1 1)2(x 2 1)2
21. x 3 2 1 5 (x 2 1)(x 2 1 x 1 1)
1
A
B
C
D
}
} 5 }} 1 }}2 1 }} 1 }}2
(x 2 2 1)2
x11
(x 1 1)
x21
(x 2 1)
x 2 2 2x 2 2
Bx 1 C
A
}
} 5 }} 1 }
}
x3 2 1
x21
x2 1 x 1 1
1 5 A(x 1 1)(x 2 1)2 1 B(x 2 1)2 1 C(x 1 1)2(x 2 1)
x2 2 2x 2 2 5 A(x 2 1 x 1 1) 1 (Bx 1 C)(x 2 1)
1 D(x 1 1)2
5 (A 1 B)x 2 1 (A 2 B 1 C)x 1 (A 2 C)
5 A(x 3 2 x 2 2 x 1 1) 1 B(x 2 2 2x 1 1)
1 C(x 3 1 x 2 2 x 2 1) 1 D(x 2 1 2x 1 1)
5 (A 1 C)x 1 (2A 1 B 1 C 1 D)x
3
A 1 B 5 1, A 2 B 1 C 5 22, and A 2 C 5 22.

1 (2A 2 2B 2 C 1 2D)x 1 (A 1 B 2 C 1 D)
A 5 21, B 5 2, C 5 1.
x 2 2x 2 2
2x 1 1
21
E}
} dx 5 E}} dx 1 E}} dx
x 21
x21
x 1x11
2
A 1 C 5 0, 2A 1 B 1 C 1 D 5 0,
5 2ln )x 2 1) 1 ln (x 1 x 1 1) 1 C
2
2A 2 2B 2 C 1 2D 5 0, and A 1 B 2 C 1 D 5 1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
dx
}
}
(x 2 2 1)2
1/4
1/4
21/4
1/4
5 }} dx 1 }}2 dx 1 }} dx 1 }}2 dx
x11
(x 1 1)
x21
(x 2 1)
1
1
1
1
5 }} ln )x 1 1) 2 }} 2 }} ln )x 2 1) 2 }} 1 C
4
4
4(x 1 1)
4(x 2 1)
A 5 }}, B 5 }}, C 5 2}}, D 5 }}.
22. x 3 1 1 5 (x 1 1)(x 2 2 x 1 1)
x 2 2 4x 1 4
Bx 1 C
A
}
} 5 }} 1 }
}
x3 1 1
x11
x2 2 x 1 1
x 2 2 4x 1 4 5 A(x 2 2 x 1 1) 1 (Bx 1 C)(x 1 1)

5 (A 1 B)x 2 1 (2A 1 B 1 C)x 1 (A 1 C)
A 1 B 5 1, 2A 1 B 1 C 5 24, and A 1 C 5 4.
18. x 2 1 5x 2 6 5 (x 1 6)(x 2 1)
A 5 3, B 5 22, C 5 1.
x14
A
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
x 2 1 5x 2 6
x16
x21
x 2 4x 1 4
3
22x 1 1
E}
} dx 5 E}} dx 1 E}} dx
x 11
x11
x 2x11
2
x 1 4 5 A(x 2 1) 1 B(x 1 6)
5 3 ln )x 1 1) 2 ln (x 2 2 x 1 1) 1 C
5 (A 1 B)x 1 (2A 1 6B)

3x 2 2 2x 1 12
(x 1 4)
A 1 B 5 1 and 2A 1 6B 5 4.
3x 2 2 2x 1 12 5 (Ax 1 B)(x 2 1 4) 1 (Cx 1 D)

5 Ax 3 1 Bx 2 1 (4A 1 C)x 1 4B 1 D

2
5
7
7
x14
2/7
5/7
dx 5 }} dx 1 }} dx
}
}
x 2 1 5x 2 6
x16
x21
2
5
5 }} ln )x 1 6) 1 }} ln )x 2 1) 1 C
7
7
A 5 }}, B 5 }}.
2 dr
2 dr
E}
} 5 E}} 5 2 tan
r 2 2r 1 2
(r 2 1) 1 1
2
21
(r 2 1) 1 C
20. Complete the square in the denominator.

r 2 2 4r 1 5 5 r 2 2 4r 1 4 1 1 5 (r 2 2)2 1 1
3 dr
3 dr
E}
} 5 E}} 5 3 tan
r 2 4r 1 5
(r 2 2) 1 1
2
21
A 5 0, B 5 3, 4A 1 C 5 22, and 4B 1 D 5 12
3x 2 2x 1 12
3
22x
E}}
dx 5 E}} dx 1 E}} dx
(x 1 4)
x 14
(x 1 4)
2
r 2 2r 1 2 5 r 2 2r 1 1 1 1 5 (r 2 1) 1 1
2
A 5 0, B 5 3, C 5 22, D 5 0.
19. Complete the square in the denominator.

2
Cx 1 D
(x 1 4)
Ax 1 B
x 14
23. }
5}
2 }
2
2 }1}
2 }
2
(r 2 2) 1 C
3
1
x
5 }} tan21 }} 1 }
}1C
2
2
x2 1 4
The first integral was evaluated by using Formula 16 from

the Brief Table of Integrals.
Section 8.4
x 3 1 2x 2 1 2
(x 1 1)
Cx 1 D
(x 1 1)
Ax 1 B
(x 1 1)
24. }
5}
2 }
2
2 }1}
2 }
2
27.
x 3 1 2x 2 1 2 5 (Ax 1 B)(x 2 1 1) 1 (Cx 1 D)
349
1
}
} dy 5 e x dx
y2 2 y
1
}} dy 5 e x dx 5 e x 1 C
y(y 2 1)
A
1
B
}} 5 }} 1 }}
y
y(y 2 1)
y21
5 Ax 3 1 Bx 2 1 (A 1 C)x 1 (B 1 D)
1 5 A(y 2 1) 1 B(y)

A 5 1, B 5 2, A 1 C 5 0, B 1 D 5 2
5 (A 1 B)y 2 A
A 5 1, B 5 2, C 5 21, D 5 0.
A 1 B 5 0 and 2A 5 1
x 1 2x 1 2
E}
} dx
(x 1 1)
2x
x12
5 E}} dx 1 E}} dx
x 11
(x 1 1)
2
x
x
5 E}} dx 1 E}} dx2 E}} dx
x 11
x 11
(x 1 1)
1
2
1
2(x 1 1)
5 }} ln (x 2 1 1) 1 2 tan21 x 1 }
2}1C
1
25. u 1 1qu
ww
+w
1
u}}
11
21
u2
}
2 } du 5
u 11
1
(y 1 1)
1
}}2 dy 5 sin u du
(y 1 1)
1
2}} 5 2cos u 1 C
y11
p
Substitute x 5 }}, y 5 0.
2
The solution to the initial value problem is

1
y11
2}} 5 2cos u 2 1
u2
1
}
}512}
}
u2 1 1
u2 1 1
0
2ln 2 1 0 5 1 1 C or C 5 21 2 ln 2
21 5 0 1 C or C 5 21
1
ww1
26. u 1 1quww+
2
u}}
11
21
Substitute x 5 0, y 5 2.
28. }}2 dy 5 sin u du
5 1 2 ln 2
2ln )y) 1 ln )y 2 1) 5 e x 1 C
2ln )y) 1 ln )y 2 1) 5 e x 2 1 2 ln 2.
1
E E}
} du
u11
5 u 2 ln )u 1 1)
34 3
4
5 2ln )y) 1 ln )y 2 1) 1 C2
u
1
}} 5 1 2 }}
u11
u11
1
1
u
du 2
}} du 5
0 u11
0
1
1
1
E}
} dy 5 E2}} dy 1 E}} dy
y
y(y 2 1)
y21
du 2
2
1
}
} du
u2 1 1
2
3 4 2 3tan u4
5 u
1
cos u 1 1
1
y 5 }} 2 1
cos u 1 1
y 1 1 5 }}
21
5 2 2 tan21 2
dx
x 2 3x 1 2
29. dy 5 }
}
2
x 2 2 3x 1 2 5 (x 2 2)(x 2 1)
1
A
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
x 2 2 3x 1 2
x22
x21
1 5 A(x 2 1) 1 B(x 2 2)
1 5 (A 1 B)x 2 A 2 2B
A 1 B 5 0, 2A 2 2B 5 1
dx
dx
dx
Edy 5 E}
} 5 E}} 2 E}}
x 2 3x 1 2
x22
x21
2
y 5 ln )x 2 2) 2 ln )x 2 1) 1 C
0 5 0 2 ln 2 1 C or C 5 ln 2
y 5 ln )x 2 2) 2 ln )x 2 1) 1 ln 2
350
30.
Section 8.4
ds
dt
}} 5 }
}
2s 1 2
t 2 1 2t
1 ds
1
ds
}} 5 }} }} 5 }} ln )s 1 1) 1 C1
2 s11
2
2s 1 2
32. (a) Complete the square in the denominator.
x 2 2 2x 1 2 5 (x 2 2 2x 1 1) 1 1
t 2 1 2t 5 t(t 1 2)
5 (x 2 1)2 1 1
A
1
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
t
t 2 1 2t
t12
5 1 1 (x 2 1)2
1 5 A(t 1 2) 1 Bt
Let u 5 x 2 1 so du 5 dx and then use Formula 17
1 5 (A 1 B)t 1 2A
with x 5 u and a 5 1.
dx
du
E}
} 5 E}}
(x 2 2x 1 2)
(1 1 u )
A 1 B 5 0 and 2A 5 1
1
2
1
2

1/2
dt
1/2
E}
} 5 E}} dt 2 E}} dt
t
t 1 2t
t12
2
1
1
5 }} ln )t) 2 }} ln )t 1 2) 1 C2
2
2
1
1
1
}} ln )s 1 1) 5 }} ln )t) 2 }} ln )t 1 2) 1 C3
2
2
2
x
d
dx 2a (a 1 x )
ln 2 5 0 2 ln 3 1 C or C 5 ln 2 1 ln 3 5 ln 6
1
2a
1 (a 2 1 x 2) 2 x(2x)]
1
1/a
5 }}2 }}
1 }}3 }}2
(a 2 1 x 2)2
2a
2a 1 1 (x/a)
a2 2 x2
a2
1
5}
} 1 }}4 }
}
2a 2(a 2 1 x 2)2
2a a 2 1 x 2
3
4
3
4
9
33. Volume 5 E p1}}2 dx 5 9p E
3x 2 x
2a 2
1
1
5 }}2 }
} 5}
}
2a (a 2 1 x 2)2
(a 2 1 x 2)2
2.5
0.5
) t 16t 2 )
6t
)s 1 1) 5 )}}).
t12
ln )s 1 1) 5 ln }}
1
a2 2 x2
1
5 }}2 }
}1}
}
2a (a 2 1 x 2)2
a2 1 x2
2.5
ln )s 1 1) 5 ln )t) 2 ln )t 1 2) 1 ln 6
x
a
21
(b) }} }
}} 1 C
2 2}
2 1 }}
3 tan
ln )s 1 1) 5 ln )t) 2 ln )t 1 2) 1 C
Substitute t 5 1, s 5 1.
2 2
1
u
5 }}
1 }} tan21 u 1 C
2
2(1 1 u 2)
x21
1
5}
1 }} tan21 (x 2 1) 1 C
}
2
2(x 2 2 2x 1 2)
0.5
dx
}}2
3x 2 x
3x 2 x 2 5 x(3 2 x)
A
1
B
}}2 5 }} 1 }}
x
3x 2 x
32x
1 5 A(3 2 x) 1 Bx
31. (a) Complete the square in the denominator.
5 (2A 1 B)x 1 3A
5 1 4x 2 x 25 5 2 (x 2 2 4x)
5 9 2 (x 2 2 4x 1 4)
5 9 2 (x 2 2)2
2A 1 B 5 0 and 3A 5 1
1
3
1
3
Let u 5 x 2 2 so du 5 dx, and then use Formula 18
Solving the system simultaneously yields A 5 }}, B 5 }}.
with x 5 u and a 5 3.
9p
2.5
dx
du
E}
} 5 E}}
5 1 4x 2 x
92u
2
0.5
)
)
)
)
1
u13
6
u23
1
x11
5 }} ln }} 1 C
6
x25
5 }} ln }} 1 C
d 1
dx 2a
) xx 12 aa )
1 d
5 }} }} ln )x 1 a) 2 ln )x 2 a)
2a dx
1
1
1
5 }} }} 2 }}
2a x 1 a
x2a
1
x2a
x1a
5 }} }} 2 }}
2a (x 1 a)(x 2 a)
(x 1 a)(x 2 a)
1
1
5 2}
}5}
}
x2 2 a2
a2 2 x2
2.5
2.5
0.5
0.5
2.5
2.5
0.5
0.5
5 3p ln 25 5 6p ln 5
dx
dx
}
1E }x} 1 E }
3 2 x2
5 3p13ln )x)4 1 32ln )3 2 x)4 2
dx
}}2 5 3p
3x 2 x
5 3p(ln 2.5 2 ln 0.5 2 ln 0.5 1 ln 2.5)
(b) }} }} ln }} 1 C
1
3
Section 8.4
34. Volume 5
p
2
3 (x 1 1)(2 2 x) 4
25 2 t 2 5 25 2 25 sin 2 u 5 25 cos 2 u
E2w5ww2wtw dt 5 E5 )cos u) (5 cos u) du

5 25Ecos u du
1 1 cos 2u
5 25E}} du
2
2
x 5 A(2 2 x) 1 B(x 1 1)
5 (2A 1 B)x 1 (2A 1 B)

1
3
12
Use Figure 8.18(b) from the text with a 5 5 and x 5 t to
2wt 2w 5 5)cos u).

get 2w5ww
4p
4p ln 2
5 }}(2ln 2 1 2 ln 2) 5 }}
3
3
p
2
p
2
35. y 5 3 tan u, dy 5 3 sec2 u du, 2}} , u , }}

9 1 y 2 5 9 1 9 tan2 u 5 9 sec2 u
dy
3 sec u
E}
} 5 E}} du
1wy w
)3 sec u)
9ww
5 Esec u du
2
7
2
4x 2 2 49 5 49 sec 2 u 2 49 5 49 tan 2 u
5 ln )sec u 1 tan u) 1 C1
9ww
1wy 2w
y
5 ln }} 1 }} 1 C1
3
E }12} sec u du
1
2
5 }} ln )sec u 1 tan u) 1 C1
5 ln )9ww
1wy 2w 1 y) 2 ln 3 1 C1
)
)
)
4wxw2w
w
1
2x
2w49
5 }} ln }} 1 }} 1 C1
2
5 ln )9ww
1wy 2w 1 y) 1 C
1
2
)
wwwww
)
1
2
5 }} ln 2x 1 4ww
x 2w
2w49w 2 }} ln 7 1 C1
Use Formula 88 for sec u du with x 5 u and a 5 1. Use
1
2
Figure 8.18(a) from the text with a 5 3 to get
9ww
1wy 2w 5 3 )sec u).
p
2
7
2
37. x 5 }} sec u, dx 5 }} sec u tan u du, 0 # u , }}
7/2 sec u tan u du

dx
E}
} 5 E}}
)7 tan u)
2w
4ww
x w
49
w
25
2
2
2 5
5
5
ww
25
tw
25
2wt 2w
21 t
5 }} sin }} 1 }} 1 C
2
5
2
25
2
w5ww
25
25 t 2
t
2wt2w
5 }} sin21 }} 1 }} }} }} 1 C
x dx
}}
(x 1 1)(2 2 x)
2dx
2 dx
} 1 E }}
1E }
x11
2 2 x2
4p
5 }}132ln )x 1 1)4 1 322 ln )2 2 x)4 2
3
4p
3
5 }}
25 sin 2u
4
5 }}u 1 }} sin u cos u 1 C
2
3
Solving the system simultaneously yields A 5 2}}, B 5 }}.
25u
2
5 }} 1 }} 1 C
2A 1 B 5 1 and 2A 1 B 5 0
4p
p
2
36. t 5 5 sin u, dt 5 5 cos u du, 2}} # u # }}
2px }} dx
x dx
}}
0 (x 1 1)(2 2 x)
x
A
B
}} 5 }} 1 }}
(x 1 1)(2 2 x)
x11
22x
5 4p
351
5 }} ln 2x 1
4x 2 2 49 1 C
7
2
Use Figure 8.18(c) from the text with a 5 }} to get
!x2}4} 5 }2} tan u.

2
49
352
Section 8.4
p
2
p
2
p
2
38. x 5 tan u, dx 5 sec 2 u du, 2}} , u , }}
40. x 5 sec u, dx 5 sec u tan u du, 0 # u , }}

x 2 2 1 5 sec 2 u 2 1 5 tan 2 u
x 2 1 1 5 tan 2 u 1 1 5 sec 2 u
2 dx
2 sec u tan u du
E}
} 5 E}}
sec u )tan u)
2w1
x xww
2 du
5 E}}
sec u
5 E2 cos u du
5 E11 1 cos 2u2 du
dx
sec u du
E}
} 5 E }}
ta
n u )sec u)
x xww
1w
1
sec u du
5 E }}
tan u
cos u
5 E }} du
sin u
5 E (sin u) cos u du
2
22
5 2(sin u)
21
1
2
5 u 1 }} sin 2u 1 C
1C
5 u 1 sin u cos u 1 C
5 2csc u 1 C
xw2w
2w1 1
5 sec21 x 1 }} }} 1 C
1ww
1wx 2w
5 2}} 1 C
21
5 sec
Use Figure 8.18(a) from the text with a 5 1 to get
w
x 2w
2w1
1x2
x 1 }}
1C
2
x
w1w
1wx 2w
csc u 5 }}.
p
2
41. z 5 4 sin u, dz 5 4 cos u du, 0 , u , }}
p
2
p
2
39. x 5 sin u, dx 5 cos u du, 2}} , u , }}
16 2 z 2 5 16 2 16 sin 2 u 5 16 cos 2 u
1w6ww
2wz w
E}
} dz
z
)4 cos u) (4 cos u) du
5 E}}
4 sin u
4 cos u
5 E }} du
sin u
4 2 4 sin u
5 E }} du
sin u
5 E (4 csc u 2 4 sin u) du
1 2 x 2 5 1 2 sin 2 u 5 cos 2 u
sin u cos u du
x dx
E}
} 5 E }}
)cos u)
1ww
2wx w
5 E sin u du
5E (1 2 cos u) sin u du
3
1
3
5 2cos u 1 }} cos 3 u 1 C
1
3
5 cos u 21 1 }} cos 2 u 1 C
1
2wx w 21 1 }} (1 2 x 2) 1 C
5 1ww
3
2
x 2w
1w
2w
1w
2wx2w
2wx 2w
5 2}} 2 }} 1 C
3
3
Use Figure 18.8(b) from the text with a 5 1

2wx 2w 5 cos u.
to get 1ww
5 24 ln )csc u 1 cot u) 1 4 cos u 1 C
)z
) 1 4 2
z
ww
4 1 1w6
2wz w
2wz w 1 C
5 24 ln )}}) 1 1w6ww
z
1w6ww
1w6ww
4
2wz 2w
2wz 2w
5 24 ln }} 1 }} 1 4 }} 1 C
2
Use Formula 89 with a 5 1 and x 5 u. Use Figure 8.18(b)

from the text with a 5 4 to get
1w6ww
1w6ww
4
2wz 2w
2wz 2w
csc u 5 }}, cot u 5 }} and cos u 5 }}.
)z)
)z)
p
2
p
2
42. w 5 2 sin u, dw 5 2 cos u du, 2}} , u , }}

4 2 w 2 5 4 2 4 sin 2 u 5 4 cos 2 u
8 dw
8(2 cos u) du
E}
} 5 E }}
4 sin u )2 cos u)
2w
w w4w
ww
5 E 2 csc u du
2
5 22 cot u 1 C
22w4w
2w
w w2
5 }} 1 C
w
Use Figure 8.18(b) from the text with a 5 2 and x 5 w to

w4w
w w2
2w
get cot u 5 }}.
w
Section 8.4
45. For x $ 0, y $ 0 on [0, 3]
dx
43. dy 5 }}
2w9
xw2w
p
x 5 3 sec u, dx 5 3 sec u tan u du, 0 , u , }}
2
x 2 9 5 9 sec u 2 9 5 9 tan u
2
Area 5
w9w
2wx 2w
}} dx
3
9 2 x 2 5 9 2 9 sin 2 u 5 9 cos 2 u
3 )cos u)
E }
} 3 cos u du
3
5 E 3 cos u du
1 1 cos 2u
5 3E }} du
2
u
sin 2u
5 3 }} 1 }}
32 4 4
w9w
2wx 2w
}} dx 5
3
46. Volume 5
dx 5 4p
dx
}}
(1 1 x 2)2
p
4
x 5 tan u, dx 5 sec 2 u du, 0 # u # }} (since 0 , x , 1)
p
2
p
2
E
5E
5E
dx
5
}}
(1 1 x 2)2
x 5 tan u, dx 5 sec 2 u du, 2}} , u , }}

x 2 1 1 5 tan 2 u 1 1 5 sec 2 u
dx
E}
}
(x 1 1)
sec u du
5 E }}
)sec u)
5 E cos u du
2
p
4
When x 5 0, u 5 0 and when x 5 1, u 5 }}.
44. (x 2 1 1)2 }} 5 w
x 2w
1w1
y 5
2
E p1}
}
11x 2
1 1 x 2 5 1 1 tan 2 u 5 sec 2 u
w
x 2w
9
x
2w
y 5 ln }} 1 }} .
dy
dx
dx
dy 5 }
}
(x 2 1 1)3/2
p/2
3p
4
5
4
ln 3 5 ln }} 1 }} 1 C or C 5 0
3
3
p/2
5 }} < 2.356
Substitute x 5 5, y 5 ln 3.
)3
0
p/2
w
x 2w
x
2w9
5 ln }} 1 }} 1 C
p/2
5 ln )sec u 1 tan u) 1 C
3
p
2
When x 5 0, u 5 0 and when x 5 3, u 5 }}.
)3
p
2
x 5 3 sin u, dx 5 3 cos u du, 0 # u # }}
dx
E}
}
2w9
w
x w
3 sec u tan u du
5 E }}
)3 tan u)
5 E sec u du
y5
353
3/2
5 sin u 1 C
x
5 }} 1 C
1w1
xw2w
15C
p/4
0
p/4
0
p/4
sec 2 u
du
}}
sec 4 u
cos 2 u du
1 1 cos 2u
}} du
2
p/4
1
sin 2u
5 }}u 1 }}
2
4
0
p
1
5 }} 1 }}
8
4
p
1
p
Volume 5 4p }} 1 }} 5 p }} 1 1 < 8.076
8
4
2
0
2 1
dx
1
x(1000 2 x)
250
A
1
B
}} 5 }} 1 }}
x
x(1000 2 x)
1000 2 x
47. (a) }} 5 }} dt
1 5 A(1000 2 x) 1 Bx
5 (2A 1 B)x 1 1000A

x
y 5 }} 1 1.
1w1
xw2w
Equating the coefficients and solving for A and B gives

1
1
1000
1000
(1/1000) dx
(1/1000) dx
dx
}} 5 }} 1 }}
x
1000 2 x
x(1000 2 x)
1
1
5 }} ln x 2 }} ln (1000 2 x) 1 C1
1000
1000
1
x
5 }} ln }} 1 C1
1000
1000 2 x
1
x
t
}} ln }} 5 }} 1 C2
1000
1000 2 x
250
x
ln }} 5 4t 1 C
1000 2 x
x
}} 5 e 4t1C 5 Ae 4t
1000 2 x
A 5 }}, B 5 }}
354
Section 8.4
x
2
47. continued
When t 5 0, x 5 2.
sin x
1 1 cos x
(b) From part (a), z 5 }}
2
1
}} 5 A or A 5 }}
998
499
z(1 1 cos x) 5 sin x
x
1
}} 5 }}e4t
1000 2 x
499
1000
x
x 5 }}e4t 2 }}e 4t
499
499
1000e 4t
e 4t
x 1 1 } } 5 }}
499
499
1000e 4t
x 5 }}
499 1 e 4t
1000
or x 5 }}
1 1 499e 24t
z 2(1 1 cos x)2 5 sin 2 x

z 2(1 1 cos x)2 5 1 2 cos 2 x
z 2(1 1 cos x)2 2 (1 2 cos x)(1 1 cos x) 5 0

(1 1 cos x)(z 2 1 z 2cos x 2 1 1 cos x) 5 0
1 1 cos x 5 0
1
499
e24t 5 }}
1 2 z2
11z
cos x 5 }}2
1 2 z2
11z
(c) From part (b), cos x 5 }}2
1
499
t 5 2}} ln }} < 1.553
sin 2 x 5 1 2 cos 2 x
Half the population will have heard the rumor in about

1.553 days.
(1 2 z 2)2
(1 1 z )
5 1 2 }}
2 2
dx
1
(c) }} 5 }} x(1000 2 x)
dt
250
dx
}} will be greatest when y 5 x(1000 2 x) is greatest.
dt
(1 1 z 2)2 2 (1 2 z 2)2
(1 1 z )
5 }}}
2 2
This occurs when x 5 500 which occurs when
1 1 2z 2 1 z 4 2 1 1 2z 2 2 z 4
(1 1 z )
5 }}}}
2 2
t < 1.553 as shown in part (b).
4z 2
(1 1 z )
5 }}
2 2
dy
2x
48. }} 5 2}}2
dx
12x
2z
11z
sin x 5 6}}2
!12
22x 2
dx
12x
1 1 }}2
2z
11z
Only sin x 5 }}2 makes sense in this case.
x412x211
}}
(1 2 x 2)2
) x1 21x1 )
2
5 }}2 dx
x
2
(d) z 5 tan }}
x2 1 1
x 21
12 22
1
x
dz 5 }}11 1 tan }}2 dx
2
2
1
2
5 2}
2 } dx for 0 # x # }}
Arc length 5
x 11
E 12}
} dx
x 2 12
1/2
1
2
dz 5 }}(1 1 z 2) dx
2 dz
11z
dx 5 }}2
x2 1 1
2
x 21
x 21
2
A
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
x2 2 1
x21
x11
2}
2 } 5 21 2 }
2 }
where A 5 1 and B 5 21
x 11
1
1
E 12}
} dx 5 E
} 1 }} dx
121 2 }
x 2 12
x21
x 1 12
5 2x 2 ln )x 2 1) 1 ln )x 1 1)
3
4
0
2
2
dz 5 }} sec 2 }} dx
1
x 2 2 1 qw
x 2w
1w1
2
x}}
21
2
1/2
(z 2 1 1) cos x 5 1 2 z 2
cos x 5 21 does not make sense in this case.
1 1 499e24t 5 2
1
4
or
cos x 5 21
1000
(b) 500 5 }}
1 1 499e24t
ds 5
sin x
1 1 cos x
49. (a) From the figure, tan }} 5 }}.
1/2
1/2
1
2
1
2
3
2
5 2}} 2 ln }} 1 ln }}
1
2
5 ln 3 2 }}
Chapter 8 Review
50.
Chapter 8 Review Exercises
2 dz
}}2
11z
dx
}} 5 }}
2z
1 1 sin x
1 1 }}2
(pp. 454455)
11z
1 2 }}
1 1 2t
t 2 ln (1 1 2t)
1. lim }}
5
lim
5 ` for t02 and
}}
2t
t2
t0
t0
2 dz
E}
}
z 1 2z 1 1
2 dz
2
E}
} 5 2}} 1 C
(z 1 1)
z11
2` for t01
The limit does not exist.
5 2}}
1C
x
tan }} 1 1
51.
dx
E}
}5E
1 2 cos x
x0

f (x) 5 x1/(12x)
ln x
12x
ln x
1/x
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 21
x1 1 2 x
x1 21
ln f (x) 5 }}
tan }}
2
3
5
x cos x 1 sin x
sin x
2x sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x
5 lim }}} 5 2
cos x
x0
x sin x
x0 1 2 cos x
dz
}}2
z
1
z
52.
3 sec2 3t
t0 5 sec 5t
3. lim }} 5 lim }}
2
2 dz
}}2
11z
}}2
12z
1 2 }}2
11z
5 2}} 1 C 5 2}
1C
x
du
}} 5
1 2 sin u
tan 3t
t0 tan 5t
2. lim }} 5 lim }}
5 }}
2
2 dz
}}2
11z
}}
2z
1 2 }}2
11z
2 dz
E}
}
z 2 2z 1 1
2 dz
E}
}
(z 2 1)
1
e
lim x1/(12x) 5 lim eln f (x) 5 e21 5 }}
x1
x1

f (x) 5 x1/x
ln x
x
ln f (x) 5 }}
ln x
x
1/x
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 0
x`
x` 1
ln f (x)
lim x1/x 5 lim e
2
z21
5 2}} 1 C
x`
x`
5 e0 5 1
5 2}}
1C
u
tan }} 2 1
5 }}
1C
u
1 2 tan }}
2 dz
}}2
11z
53.
dt
E}
} 5 E }}}
12z
2z
1 1 sin t 1 cos t
1 1 }} 1 }}
2
11z
3 x
x
f (x) 5 1 1 }}
11z
dz
E}
}
z11
5 ln )z 1 1) 1 C
t
5 ln )tan }} 1 1) 1 C
2
ln 1 1 }}
x
3
ln f (x) 5 x ln 1 1 }} 5 }}
1
x
}}
3
ln 1 1 }}
x
lim }}
1
x`
}}
x
3 x
x
1
x`
23/x 2
}}
1 1 3/x
5 lim }
x` 2}1}
x2
3x
5 lim }} 5 3
x` x 1 3
lim 1 1 }} 5 lim eln f (x) 5 e3

x`
cos r
7. lim }} 5 0 since )cos r) # 1 and ln r` as r`.

r` ln r
8. lim
up/2
p
2
p
2
u 2 }}
u 2 }} sec u 5 lim } 5 lim }} 5 21

up/2 cos u
up/2 2sin u
355
356
Chapter 8 Review
ln x 2 x 1 1
1
1
9. lim }} 2 }} 5 lim }}
(x 2 1) ln x
x1 x 2 1
ln x
x1
f (x)
x` g(x)
1
}} 2 1
x
5 lim }}
x
2
1
x1 }}
1 ln x
x
f (x)
x` g(x)
12x
21
1
2
x1 1 1 x/x 1 ln x
x` g(x)
x` tan
p
21
x`
10. The limit leads to the indeterminate form ` .

0
x 5 }} and lim x 5 `
2
x`
f grows faster than g.

f (x)
x` g(x)
csc21 x
1/x
x`
20. lim }} 5 lim }}
1 x
f (x) 5 1 1 }}
x
2}}
xxw2w
2w
1
1
ln (1 1 1/x)
ln f (x) 5 x ln 1 1 }} 5 }}
x
1/x
21/x 2
}}
1 1 1/x
ln (1 1 1/x)
1/x
5 lim }}
1
x0
21/x
x0
2}}
x`
x
x11
x2
lim }} 5 lim1 }
2 5 lim1 }} 5 0
f (x)
19. lim }} 5 lim }2}

1 5 ` since
lim tan
lim
ex
x` 100
x/100
x` xe
5 lim }} 5 2}}
x01
x` 1 2 1/x
18. lim }} 5 lim }2

}
x 5 lim }} 5 `
x1
x01
x` x 1 1/x
f grows at the same rate as g.
5 lim }}
x 2 1 1 x ln x
17. lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim }}2 5 1
5 lim }}
x` x
2w1
w2w
x2
}
}
x
2
1
x` !
1
5 lim !}
}
5 1
1/x
1
2
x`
5 lim
1 x
1 1 }} 5 lim1 eln f (x) 5 e0 5 1
x
x0
f (u) 5 (tan u)u
f (x)
x` g(x)
ln (tan u)
1/u
sec2 u
}}
tan u
ln (tan u)
lim }} 5 lim1 }
1/u
x01
x0 2}1}
u2
5 lim x ln x 2 log2x
x`
5 lim xln x 2 (ln x)/ln 2

x`
5 lim x (ln x)(1 2 1/ln 2)
u
sin u cos u
2
5 lim1 2}}
x0
xln x
x` x
21. lim }} 5 lim }

lo}
g 2x
ln f (u) 5 u ln (tan u) 5 }}
x`
1 (ln x)(1/ln 2 2 1)
12
x` x
5 lim }}
22u
x0 2sin u 1 cos u
5 lim1 }
50
2 }
2
50
1
ln 2
Note that 1 2 }} , 0 since ln 2 , 1.

f grows slower than g.
lim (tan u) 5 lim1 e
x01
ln f (u)
x0
1u2
1
5e 51
0
sin t
t
cos t
2t
12. lim u 2 sin }} 5 lim1}}

2 5 lim1 }} 5 `
u`
t0
x 3 2 3x 2 1 1
x` 2x 1 x 2 3
t0
3x 2 2 6x
x` 4x 1 1
6x 2 6
4
13. lim }}
5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 `
2
6x 2 1
x` 4x 2 3x
3x 2 2 x 1 1
x` x 2 x 1 2
x`
6
x` 12x 2 6x
14. lim }
5 lim }
}
4
3
3 }
2 5 lim }
2} 5 0
f (x)
x` g(x)
x` 5x
f (x)
x` g(x)
32x
x` 2
2x
x` 3
2 x
12
x` 3
2
3
22. lim }} 5 lim }2}x 5 lim }}x 5 lim }} 5 0 since }} , 1.
1
5
15. lim }} 5 lim }} 5 }}

log2 x
(ln x)/(ln 2)
ln 3
f (x)
16. lim }} 5 lim }}
5 lim }} 5 }}
ln 2
g
(
x
)
x`
x` log3 x
x` (ln x)/(ln 3)

ln 2x
f (x)
ln x 1 ln 2
2 ln x
1/x
1
2
23. lim }} 5 lim }}2 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 }}

x` g(x)
x` ln x
x`

f (x)
x` g(x)
10x 3 1 2x 2
e
30x2 1 4x
}}
ex
60x 1 4
}}
ex
60
}}x 5 0
e
24. lim }} 5 lim }}

x
x`
5 lim
x`
5 lim
x`
5 lim
x`
x` 2/x
Chapter 8 Review
tan21 (1/x)
1/x
x`
f (x)
x` g(x)
25. lim }} 5 lim }}
1
}}4
x
x` x 1 1
x` }1} 1 }1}
2
4
5 lim }}
22
True
2x
x`
34. lim } 5 lim }

2 }50 # 1
1
}}2 (2x22)
1 1 (1/x)
1
}}4
x
5 lim }
35. lim }
2 }50
1
5 lim }}2 5 1
x` 1 1 (1/x)
x` x 1 1
x` }1} 1 }1}
2
4
True
1
}}
ln x
x
50
36. lim }} 5 lim }
x` x 1 1
x` 1
sin21 (1/x)
(1/x )
x`
f (x)
x` g(x)
26. lim }} 5 lim }}

2
True
1
}}(2x 22)
w1w
2w(1
w/x
w2w)
5 lim }}
23
22x
x`
5 lim }} 5 `
x` 21
ww
2w(1
w/x
ww
)2
2sin x 2 1
x0 e 2 1
(ln 2)(cos x)2sin x

e
x0
27. (a) lim f (x) 5 lim }

5 ln 2
x
x } 5 lim }}
x0
x0
True
sec21 x
1
x`
p
2
p
2
38. lim }} 5 }} # }}
True
)3 cos u)
9ww
2wx 2w
ln x
x0 1/x
1/x
5 lim1 }}2
x0 21/x
5 lim1 }}
5 lim1 (2x) 5 0
E du
5u1C
x0
(b) Define f (0) 5 0.
x
5 sin21 }} 1 C
3
x2
x 4 5 lim 1 1 1 5 1 # 1
29. lim }
}}2
1
x
x`
x`
}}2
x
51#1
3 cos u du
x
E }d}
5 E }}
28. (a) lim1 f (x) 5 lim1 x ln x
1
1
}} 1 }}
1
}}
x
}
1
}}
x
p
p
39. x 5 3 sin u, dx 5 3 cos u du, 2}} # u # }}
2
2
(b) Define f (0) 5 ln 2.
x0
ln 2x
37. lim }} 5 lim
x` ln x
x`
dx
}} 5 lim2
9ww
2wx 2w b3
dx
}}
2wx 2w
w9w
True
30.
1
1
}}2 1 }}4
x
x
lim }
1
x`
}}4
x
b3
5 lim (x 2 1 1) 5 `
x`
b3
31. lim }} 5 lim } 5 1 0

x` 1 1 }1}
False
32.
1
}}
x
l
nx
ln (ln x)
lim }} 5 lim }
1
l
n
x
x`
x` }}
x
True
tan21 x
1
x`
p
2
p
2
33. lim }} 5 }} # }}
True
b
3
b
0
p
2
5 lim2 sin21 }} 5 }}
False
x` x 1 ln x
x
3
5 lim2 sin21 }}
5 lim }} 5 0
x` ln x
357
358
Chapter 8 Review
40. u 5 ln x
dv 5 dx
1
x
v5x
du 5 }} dx
b0
b0
where A 5 21, B 5 1.
b0
2 dx
}} 5 lim
x(x 2 2) b`
ln b
}}
1/b
1/b
}}2
21/b
5 21 2 lim1
b0
5 21 2 lim1
b0
21
0
21
21
dy
}2}
y /3
22/3
dy
dy
1
}2}
y /3
dy
5 lim
}2}
y /3 b02
21
5 lim2 3y1/3
b0
dy
5 lim1
}2}
y /3
b0
b`
21
E
E
42.
22
21
22
b
21
21
22
21
22
21
du
5 lim
}}
(u 1 1)3/5 b211
22
b`
1
4
22
v 5 2e2x
du 5 2x dx
2 2x
dv 5 e2x dx
45. u 5 x 2
Ex e
5
5
5
}} 2 }}(b 1 1)2/5 5 }}
2
2
2
5
5
du
5 2}} 1 }} 5 0
}}
2
2
(u 1 1)3/5
3
4
5 ln }} 1 ln 3 1 1 5 ln }} 1 1
du
}}
(u 1 1)3/5
32
b`
b21
3x 2 1
}
} dx
x 2(4x 2 1)
1
4
1
E 12}
} 1 }} 1 }} dx
x
4x 2 1
x 2
1
5 lim 32ln )4x 2 1) 1 ln )x) 2 }}4
x
1
b
5 lim 1ln }} 2 }} 1 ln 3 1 12
b
4b 2 1
du
}}
(u 1 1)3/5
5
5
5
}}(b 1 1)2/5 2 }} 5 2}}
2
2
2
5 lim 1 }}(u 1 1)2/5

5 lim 1
3x 2 1
}
} dx 5 lim
4x 3 2 x 2
b`
du
}}
(u 1 1)3/5
32
3
b21
5 lim 2
b21
3x 2 1
}
} dx 5 lim
4x 3 2 x 2
b`
where A 5 24, B 5 1, C 5 1
b21
5 (A 1 4B)x 2 1 (2B 1 4C)x 2 C
du
1
}}
(u 1 1)3/5
du
5 lim
}}
(u 1 1)3/5 b212
dy
531356
}2}
y /3
3x 2 1 5 Ax 2 1 Bx(4x 2 1) 1 C(4x 2 1)
b0
du
5
}}
(u 1 1)3/5
3x 2 1
B
A
C
}
} 5 }} 1 }} 1 }}2
x
x 2(4x 2 1)
4x 2 1
x
5 lim 2 }}(u 1 1)2/5
44.
5 lim1 [3 2 3b1/3] 5 3
1
x22
x
y22/3 dy
b0
b12
1
5 lim ln }} 2 ln }} 5 ln 3
b
3
b`
5 lim1 3y1/3
5 lim ln }}
5 lim2 [3b1/3 1 3] 5 3
b0
3
b`
b0
dy
5
}2}
y /3
1
E 12}1x} 1 }
} dx
x 2 22
5 lim 2ln )x) 1 ln )x 1 2)
5 21 2 lim1 (2b) 5 21
1
2 dx
}}
x(x 2 2)
5 lim1 (21 2 b ln b 1 b)
E
E
5 lim1 x ln x 2 x
41.
2 5 A(x 2 2) 1 Bx 5 (A 1 B)x 2 2A
2 dx
}
} 5 lim
x 2 2 2x b`
A
2
B
}} 5 }} 1 }}
x
x(x 2 2)
x22
Eln x dx 5 x ln x 2 E dx 5 x ln x 2 x 1 C
E ln x dx 5 lim E ln x dx
0
43.
dx 5 2x 2e2x 1 2x e2x dx
u 5 2x
dv 5 e2x dx
du 5 2 dx
v 5 2e2x
Ex e
2 2x
dx
5 2x 2e2x 2 2x e2x 1 2e2x dx

5 2x 2e2x 2 2x e2x 2 2 e2x 1 C
E x e dx
5 lim 2x e 2 2x e 2 2 e
3
4
b
2b
2
5 lim 32}} 2 }} 2 }} 1 24 5 2
e
e
e
x 2e2x dx 5 lim
2 2x
b` 0
2 2x
b`
b`
2x
b
0
2x
Chapter 8 Review
46. u 5 x
dv 5 e 3x dx
du 5 dx
Ex e
E
3x
1
3
has infinite discontinuities at t 5 0 and t 5 1.
1
1
3
3
1
1
5 }}x e3x 2 }} e3x 1 C
3
9
dx 5 }}x e3x 2 }} e3x dx
2`
Note that the integral must be broken up since the integrand
v 5 }}e 3x
xe
3x
dx 5 lim
xe
b2` b
3x
21
b2`
4t 3 1 t 2 1
t (t 2 1)(t 1 1)
b0
dx
2}} 2 }}b e 3b 1 }} e 3b 5 2}}
1
3
B
t
C
t21
21
4t 3 1 t 2 1
}
} dt
2
t (t 2 1)(t 2 1 1)
3 t t 11
4
1
(b 2 1)
5 lim 32}} 1 ln }} 1 tan
b
b 11
p
b 2 1 2 ln 2 1 }}4 5 `
4
(t 2 1)2
1
9
21
t
5 lim2 2}} 1 ln }
2 } 1 tan
A
t
4t 3 1 t 2 1
}
} dt
t 2(t 2 1)(t 2 1 1)
5 lim2
1
1
5 lim }}x e 3x 2 }} e 3x
9
b2` 3
5 lim
b0
1
9
1
9
Dt 1 E
t 11
1 Ct (t 1 1) 1 (Dt 1 E)t (t 2 1)
2
5 (A 1 C 1 D)t 4 1 (2A 1 B 2 D 1 E)t 3
48.
2`
4 dx
}
}5
x 2 1 16
2`
2`
b2` b
21 x
b2`
b` 0
x
4
5 lim tan21 }}
b`
A 5 0, B 5 1, C 5 2, D 5 22, E 5 1.
3
2`
(t 2 1)2
t 11
1
t
21
t1C
5 2}} 1 ln }
2 } 1 tan
E
4t 1 t 2 1
4t 1 t 2 1
}} dt 1 E }} dt
t (t 2 1)(t 1 1)
t (t 2 1)(t 1 1)
4t 1 t 2 1
4t 1 t 2 1
}} dt 1 E }} dt
t (t 2 1)(t 1 1)
t (t 2 1)(t 1 1)
4t 3 1 t 2 1
}
} dt 1
2
t (t 2 1)(t 2 1 1)
1/2
21
1/2
3 4
b`
5 lim ln b
b`
5 lim ln u
4t 3 1 t 2 1
}
} dt
2
t (t 2 1)(t 2 1 1)
1
u
2 ww
uww
11
1
f (u)
lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim 1 1 }}2 5 1
u
u
u` g(u)
u`
u`
`
`
1
g(u) du 5
Since
}} du
1
1 u
b
1
5 lim
}} du
1
u
b`
g(u) 5 }}. Both are positive continuous functions on [1, `).
4t 3 1 t 2 1
}
} dt
2
t (t 2 1)(t 2 1 1)
4 dx
p
p
}
} 5 }} 1 }} 5 p
2
2
x 2 1 16
49. Use the limit comparison test with f(u) 5 }} and

uw2w1
ww1
1
5 2}} 1 2 ln )t 2 1) 2 ln )t 2 1 1) 1 tan21 t 1 C
t
2`
b`
E
1E
1E
21
4t 1 t 2 1
E}
} dt
t (t 2 1)(t 1 1)
dt
22t 1 1
2 dt
5 E}} 1 E}} 1 E}} dt
t
t 11
t21
dt
1 dt
2 dt
2t dt
5 E}} 1 E}} 2 E }} 1 E}}
t
t21
t 11
t 11
3
4
b
p
5 lim 1tan }}2 5 }}
4
2
21
3tan }4}4
b
p
5 lim 12tan }}2 5 }}
4
2
4 dx
4 dx
E}
} 5 lim E }}
x 1 16
x 1 16
0
2`
4 dx
}
}
x 2 1 16
21
A 2 B 1 C 2 E 5 0, 2A 1 B 5 1 and 2B 5 21.
21
b2`
A 1 C 1 D 5 0, 2A 1 B 2 D 1 E 5 4,
4 dx
x
E}
} 5 tan }} 1 C using Formula 16 with a 5 4
x 1 16
4
4 dx
4 dx
E }
} 5 lim E }}
x 1 16
x 1 16
5 lim
4 dx
}
}1
x 2 1 16
1 (A 2 B 1 C 2 E)t 2 1 (2A 1 B)t 2 B
21
Since this limit diverges, the given integral diverges.
4t 3 1 t 2 1 5 At(t 2 1)(t 2 1 1) 1 B(t 2 1)(t 2 1 1)

2 2
21
b02
47. }
5 }} 1 }}2 1 }} 1 }
}
2
2
2 }
359
5 `,
we know that
g(u) du diverges and so
f (u) du
diverges. This means that the given integral diverges.
360
Chapter 8 Review
50. Evaluate e2x cos x dx using integration by parts.

u 5 cos x
dv 5 e2x dx
du 5 2sin x dx
v 5 2e2x
Ee
2x
cos x dx 5 2e
2x
Evaluate sin x e
cos x 2 sin x e
dv 5 e2x dx
du 5 cos x dx
v 5 2e2x
Esin x e
2x
Ee
2x
2x
dx
dx using integration by parts.
u 5 sin x
2x
dx 5 2e
sin x 1 e
2x
cos x dx 5 e
sin x 2 e
2x
2x
2x
2`
0
2`
2u
e2x sin x 2 e2x cos x b
3
40
2
e sin b 2 e cos b
1
5 lim 3}}} 1 }}4
2
2
2b
2x
2x
2x
b2` b
3tan e 4b
p
p
5 lim 1}} 2 tan e 2 5 }}
4
4
dx
5 lim E }}
e 1e
21
x 0
21
dx
}
}
e x 1 e2x
2x
b` 0
3
5 lim 1tan
40
b
5 lim tan21 e x
b`
b`
p
2
2x
2b
2`
b2`
cos x 1 C1
5 lim }}}
b`
2x
b2`
p
4
21
p
4
e b 2 }}
p
4
5 }} 2 }} 5 }}
b` 0
2x
ex 1 C
2x
21
e sin x 2 e cos x
Ee cos x dx 5 }}}
1C
2
E e cos u du 5 lim E e cos x dx
2x
21
2 e
du
dx
E}
} 5 E}} 5 tan u 1 C 5 tan
e 1e
u 11
dx
dx
dx
E }
} 5 E }} 1 E }}
e 1e
e 1e
e 1e
dx
dx
E }
} 5 lim E }}
e 1e
e 1e
cos x dx
2x
E (ee) d1x 1
dx
(e 1 1)
5 lim
cos x dx 5 2e2x cos x 1 e2x sin x 2 e 2x cos x dx
2x
Ee
Let u 5 e x, du 5 e x dx
2x
E e 1dxe
53. }
5 }
x }
2x 5 }
2x 2}
x
x 2}
Since these two integrals converge, the given integral

converges.
b`
54. The integral has an infinite discontinuity at x 5 0.
1
2
5 }}
Note that we cannot use a comparison test since
e2x cos x , 0 for some values on [0, `).
1
ln z
51. 0 # }} # }} on [e, `)
z
z
`
b
dz
dz
b
}} 5 lim
}} 5 lim ln )z) 5 lim (ln b 2 1) 5 `
z
e b`
e
b` e z
b`
`
1
Since this integral diverges,
}} dz diverges, so the given
e z
3 4
E
integral diverges.
2`
dx
}
}5
x 2(1 1 e x )
21
1
1
4x
dx
}
}1
x 2(1 1 e x )
dx
}
}1
x 2(1 1 e x )
dx
}
}
2
(1 1 e x )
21 x
`
dx
}
}
x 2(1 1 e x )
1
x (1 1 e )
x
0 # }}2 # }
}
2
x on (0, 1] since 1 1 e # 4 on (0, 1].
E }4dx}x 5 lim 32}41}x 41b 5 lim 32}14} 1 }41}b 4 5 `

dx
Since this integral diverges, E }} diverges, so the
x (1 1 e )
1
dx
}}2 5 lim
4x
b01
b01
b01
given integral diverges.

e2t
52. 0 # }} # e2t on [1, `)
wt
2t
dt 5 lim
b` 1
2t
dt
3 41
1
1
5 lim 12e 1 }}2 5 }}
e
e
5 lim 2e2t
b`
55. x 2 2 7x 1 12 5 (x 2 4)(x 2 3)
2x 1 1
A
B
}
} 5 }} 1 }}
x 2 2 7x 1 12
x24
x23
2x 1 1 5 A(x 2 3) 1 B(x 2 4)
5 (A 1 B)x 2 3A 2 4B
2b
b`

A 1 B 5 2 and 23A 2 4B 5 1.
27 dx
2x 1 1
9 dx
E}
} dx 5 E}} 1 E}}
x23
x 2 7x 1 12
x24
2
5 9 ln )x 2 4) 2 7 ln )x 2 3) 1 C
Chapter 8 Review
8
x (x 1 2)
A
x12
B
x
C
x
D
x
56. }
3 } 5 }} 1 }} 1 }}
2 1 }}
3
8 5 Ax 3 1 Bx 2(x 1 2) 1 Cx(x 1 2) 1 D(x 1 2)
5 (A 1 B)x 3 1 (2B 1 C)x 2 1 (2C 1 D)x 1 2D
A 1 B 5 0, 2B 1 C 5 0, 2C 1 D 5 0, and 2D 5 8
1
x 3w
1w0w
x2w
1wxw
1w1
59. x 3 2 xqw
3
x}}}}}}}
1 0x2 2 x + 0
x11
x11
x3 1 1
x11
x11
}
}511}
}511}
} 5 1 1 }}
x(x 2 1)(x 1 1)
x3 2 x
x3 2 x
x(x 2 2 1)
A
x11
B
C
}} 5 }} 1 }} 1 }}
x
x(x 2 1)(x 1 1)
x21
x11
x 1 1 5 A(x 2 1)(x 1 1) 1 Bx(x 1 1) 1 Cx(x 2 1)
5 (A 1 B 1 C)x 2 1 (B 2 C)x 2 A
A 5 21, B 5 1, C 5 22, D 5 4
dx
22 dx
4 dx
8 dx
2dx
E}
} 5 E}} 1 E}} 1 E}} 1 E}}
x
x
x
x (x 1 2)
x12
3
2
x
361
2
x
5 2ln )x 1 2) 1 ln )x) 1 }} 2 }}2 1 C

A 1 B 1 C 5 0, B 2 C 5 1, and 2A 5 1.
57. t 3 1 t 5 t(t 2 1 1)
A 5 21, B 5 1, C 5 0
3t 2 1 4t 1 4
A
Bt 1 C
}
} 5 }} 1 }
}
t
t2 1 1
t3 1 t
x 11
dx
dx
E}
} dx 5 Edx 2 E}} 1 E}}
x 2x
x
x21
3
3t 2 1 4t 1 4 5 A(t 2 1 1) 1 (Bt 1 C)t
5 x 2 ln )x) 1 ln )x 2 1) 1 C
5 (A 1 B)t 2 1 Ct 1 A
x
60. x 2 1 4x 1 3qw
x 3w
1w4w
x 2w
1w
0xw
3
x}}}}}
1 4x 2 1 3x
23x

A 1 B 5 3, C 5 4 and A 5 4.
A 5 4, B 5 21, C 5 4
3t 1 4t 1 4
4 dt
2t 1 4
E}
} dt 5 E}} 1 E}} dt
t
t 11
t 1t
4 dt
t dt
4 dt
5 E}} 2 E}} 1 E}}
t
t 11
t 11
2
1
2
5 4 ln )t) 2 }} ln (t 2 1 1) 1 4 tan21 t 1 C
At 1 B
Ct 1 D
1
}
}5}
}1}
}
t2 1 1
t2 1 3
(t 2 1 1)(t 2 1 3)

A 1 C 5 0, B 1 D 5 0, 3A 1 C 5 0, and 3B 1 D 5 1
1
2
A 5 0, B 5 }}, C 5 0, D 5 2}}
1/2
1/2
dt
E}
} 5 E}} dt 2 E}} dt
(t 1 3)(t 1 1)
t 11
t 13
2
3
2
x 1 4x
3/2
9/2
E}
} dx 5 Ex dx 1 E}} dx 2 E}} dx
x 1 4x 1 3
x11
x13
3
5 (A 1 C)t 3 1 (B 1 D)t 2 1 (3A 1 C)t 1 3B 1 D
23x 5 (A 1 B)x 1 3A 1 B
9
2
1 5 (At 1 B)(t 2 1 3) 1 (Ct 1 D)(t 2 1 1)
23x 5 A(x 1 3) 1 B(x 1 1)
A 1 B 5 23, 3A 1 B 5 0
58. t 4 1 4t 2 1 3 5 (t 2 1 3)(t 2 1 1)
1
2
x 3 1 4x 2
23x
23x
}
}5x1}
} 5 x 1 }}
2
x 1 4x 1 3
x 2 1 4x 1 3
(x 1 1)(x 1 3)
23x
A
B
}} 5 }} 1 }}
(x 1 1)(x 1 3)
x11
x13
1
1
t
5 }} tan21 t 2 }} tan21 }} 1 C
2
2w3
w3
Evaluate the integrals using Formula 16, with x 5 t, a 5 1

in the first integral and a 5 3w in the second.
x2
2
3
2
9
2
5 }} 1 }} ln )x 1 1) 2 }} ln )x 1 3) 1 C
362
Chapter 8 Review
1
3
dy
y(500 2 y)
A
1
B
}} 5 }} 1 }}
y
y(500 2 y)
500 2 y
61. }} 5 0.002 dx
p
2
1 1 9y 2 5 1 1 tan2 u 5 sec2 u
3 dy
sec u du
E}
} 5 E}}
1w
9w
)sec u)
1ww
y
5 Esec u du
2
1 5 A(500 2 y) 1 By
5 (B 2 A)y 1 500A
1
500
p
2
1
3
63. y 5 }} tan u, dy 5 }} sec2 u du, 2}} , u , }}
1
500
where A 5 }}, B 5 }}.
5 ln )sec u 1 tan u) 1 C
1/500
dy
1/500
E}
} 5 E}} dy 1 E}} dy
y
y(500 2 y)
500 2 y
5 ln )1ww
1w9w
y 2 1 3y) 1 C
1
500
1
500
5 }} ln )y) 2 }} ln )500 2 y) 1 C1
1
y
5 }} ln }} 1 C1
500
500 2 y
1
y
}} ln }} 1 C1 5 0.002x 1 C2
500
500 2 y
y
ln }} 5 x 1 C
500 2 y
1
3
p
2
1
3
p
2
64. t 5 }} sin u, dt 5 }} cos u du, 2}} # u # }}

1 2 9t 2 5 1 2 sin2 u 5 cos2 u
2
u
sin 2u
6
12
u
sin u cos u
5 }} 1 }} 1 C
6
6
sin21 3t
3tw
1w
9w
t2
2w
5 }} 1 }} 1 C
6
6
1
1
5 }} sin21 3t 1 }}t1ww
2w9w
t2 1 C
6
2
1
Use Figure 8.18(b) with a 5 }} and x 5 t.
3
5 }} 1 }} 1 C
20
1
}} 5 ke0 or k 5 }}
480
24
y
1
}} 5 }} e x
500 2 y
24
24y 5 500e x 2 yex

(e x 1 24)y 5 500e x
500 e x
e 1 24
y5}
x }
3
5
p
2
3
5
65. x 5 }} sec u, dx 5 }} sec u tan u, 0 # u , }}
500
y 5 }}
1 1 24 e2x
25x 2 2 9 5 9 sec2 u 2 9 5 9 tan2 u
dy
dx
62. }
} 5 }}
y2 1 1
x11
dy
dx
}
} 5 }}
y2 1 1
x11
3 sec u tan u du
5 dx
E}
} 5 E }}
3 )tan u)
2w9
2w5ww
x w
5 Esec u du
2
tan21 y 1 C1 5 ln )x 1 1) 1 C2
tan21 y 5 ln )x 1 1) 1 C
5 ln )sec u 1 tan u) 1 C1
p
Substitute x 5 0, y 5 }}
4
p
tan21 }} 5 C
4
)3
2w5wxw2w
5x
2w9
5 ln }} 1 }} 1 C1
p
4
p
y 5 tan ln )x 1 1) 1 tan21 }}
4
tan21 y 5 ln )x 1 1) 1 tan21 }}
1
3
Use Figure 8.18(a) from the text with a 5 }}.
E1ww2w9wt dt 5 E)cos u)1}13} cos u2 du

1
5 E}} cos u du
3
1 1 cos 2u
5 E}} du
6
y
}} 5 ke x
500 2 y
Integrate by using Formula 88 with a 5 1 and x 5 u.
5 ln (5x 1 2w5ww
x 2w
2w
9) 1 C
Integrate by using Formula 88 with a 5 1 and x 5 u.
3
5
Use Figure 8.18(c) with a 5 }}.
Chapter 8 Review
p
2
68. For x $ 0, y $ 0 on [0, `).
p
2
E xe
Evaluate Exe
66. x 5 sin u, dx 5 cos u du, 2}} # u # }}
Area 5
2x
4 sin u cos u
4x dx
E}
} 5 E}} du
(1 2 x )
)cos u)
4(1 2 cos u)
5 E}} du
cos u
5 E(4 sec u 2 4) du
2
2 3/2
xe2x dx
dx by using integration by parts.
u5x
dv 5 e2x dx
du 5 dx
v 5 2e2x
Exe
b` 0
2x
1 2 x 2 5 cos2 u
dx 5 lim
2x
dx 5 2xe2x 1 e2x dx 5 2xe2x 2 e2x 1 C
Area 5 lim 2xe2x 2 e2x

b`
5 4 tan u 2 4u 1 C
5 lim [2be
2b
b`
4x
5 }} 2 4 sin21 x 1 C
2wx 2w
w1w
2b
2e
b
0
1 1]
5 2lim }}b 1 1
b` e
Use Figure 8.18(b) with a 5 1.
5 2lim }}b 1 1 5 1
b` e
67. For x $ 0, y $ 0 on (0, 1].

Volume 5
p(2ln x)2 dx
5p
(ln x) dx
E (ln x)
b0
(ln x)2 dx
dx by using integration by parts.
u 5 (ln x)2
dv 5 dx
2 ln x
du 5 }} dx
x
v5x
E (ln x)
Evaluate 2 ln x dx by using integration by parts.

u 5 2 ln x
dv 5 dx
2
du 5 }} dx
x
v5x
E2 ln x dx 5 2x ln x 2 E2 dx 5 2x ln x 2 2x 1 C
E(ln x) dx 5 x (ln x) 2 2x ln x 1 2x 1 C
2
Area 5 p lim1 x(ln x)2 2 2x ln x 1 2x

b0
1
b
5 p lim1 [2 2 b(ln b) 1 2b ln b 2 2b]

2
b0
p(ln b)2
p ln b
1/b
1/b
b0
b0
2p(ln b)(1/b)
p/b
5 2p 2 lim1 }}
1 2 lim1 }}2
21/b2
b0
b0 21/b
5 2p 2 lim1 }} 1 2 lim1 }}
2p(ln b)
21/b
5 2p 2 lim1 }} 1 2 lim1 (2pb)

b0
Substitute x 5 0, t 5 0
dx 5 x (ln x) 2 2 ln x dx
2
dx
}}2 5 k dt
(a 2 x)
dx
}}2 5 k dt 5 kt 1 C1
(a 2 x)
1
}} 1 C2 5 kt 1 C1
a2x
1
}} 5 kt 1 C
a2x
5 p lim1
Evaluate
dx
dt
69. (a) }} 5 k(a 2 x)2
b0
2p/b
5 2p 2 lim1 }}
2 1 2p 2 lim1 2pb 5 2p
b0 1/b
b0
1
}} 5 C
a
1
1
}} 5 kt 1 }}
a
a2x
1
}} 5 a 2 x
kt 1 1/a
1
x 5 a 2 }}
kt 1 1/a
363
364
Section 9.1
69. continued
dx
(b) }} 5 k dt
(a 2 x)(b 2 x)
dx
}} 5 k dt 5 kt 1 C1
(a 2 x)(b 2 x)
1
A
B
}} 5 }} 1 }}
(a 2 x)(b 2 x)
a2x
b2x
1 5 A(b 2 x) 1 B(a 2 x)

2A 2 B 5 0 and bA 1 aB 5 1
1
a2b
A 5 2}}, B 5 }}
21/(a 2 b)
1/(a 2 b)
dx
E}
} 5 E}} dx 1 E}} dx
a2x
b2x
(a 2 x)(b 2 x)
ln )a 2 x)
a2b
ln )b 2 x)
a2b
5 }} 2 }} 1 C2
1
a2b
) ab 22 xx )
5 }} ln }} 1 C2
)
)
a2x
1
}} ln }} 1 C2 5 kt 1 C1
b2x
a2b
a2x
ln }} 5 (a 2 b)kt 1 C
b2x
a2x
}} 5 De(a2b)kt
b2x
Section 9.1 Power Series (pp. 457468)

Exploration 1
Power Series for Other Functions
1. 1 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 3 1 1 (2x)n 1 .
2. x 2 x 2 1 x 3 2 x 4 1 1 (21)nx n11 1 .
5 (2A 2 B)x 1 bA 1 aB
1
a2b
Chapter 9
Infinite Series
3. 1 1 2x 1 4x 2 1 8x 3 1 1 (2x)n 1 .
4. 1 2 (x 2 1) 1 (x 2 1)2 2 (x 2 1)3 1
1 (21)n(x 2 1)n 1 .
5. }} 2 }}(x 2 1) 1 }}(x 2 1)2 2 }}(x 2 1)3 1

1
3
1
3
1 n
1 32
1
3
1 2}} (x 2 1)n 1 .
This geometric series converges for 21 , x 2 1 , 1,
which is equivalent to 0 , x , 2. The interval of convergence is (0, 2).
A Power Series for tan21 x
Exploration 2
1. 1 2 x 2 1 x 4 2 x 6 1 1 (21)nx 2n 1 .
1
E}
} dt
11t
5 E (1 2 t 1 t
2. tan21 x 5
0
x
2 t 6 1 1 (21)nt 2n 1 ) dt
t3
t5
t7
t 2n11
3
5
7
2n 1 1
x3
x5
x7
x2n11
5 x 2 }} 1 }} 2 }} 1 1 (21)n}} .
3
5
7
2n 1 1
5 t 2 }} 1 }} 2 }} 1 1 (21)n}} 1
Substitute t 5 0, x 5 0.
a
}} 5 D
b
a2x
a
}} 5 }}e(a2b)kt
b2x
b
1
3
3. The graphs of the first four partial sums appear to be converging on the interval (21, 1).
ab 2 bx 5 abe (a2b)kt 2 axe (a2b)kt

x(ae (a2b)kt 2 b) 5 ab(e (a2b)kt 2 1)
ab(e (a2b)kt 2 1)
ae
2b
x 5 }}
(a2b)kt
[25, 5] by [23, 3]
4. When x 5 1, the series becomes

e bkt
Multiply the rational expression by }b}
.
e kt
akt
bkt
ab(e 2 e )
x 5 }}
ae akt 2 be bkt
(21)n
2n 1 1
1 2 }} 1 }} 2 }} 1 1 }} 1 .
1
3
1
5
1
7
This series does appear to converge. The terms are getting

smaller, and because they alternate in sign they cause the
partial sums to oscillate above and below a limit. The two
calculator statements shown below will cause the successive partial sums to appear on the calculator each time the
ENTER button is pushed. The partial sums will appear to
be approaching a limit of p/4 (which is
tan21(1)), although very slowly.

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322

48. Use the intersect function on a graphing calculator to

. The graphs of y and y clearly show

determine that the curves intersect at x 5 61.8933. A shell

has radius x and height 312x 2 }}. The volume, which

is calculated using the right half of the area, is

2p(x) 312x 2 }} dx, which using NINT

evaluates to < 9.7717.

49. (a) y 5 2}}(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 5 2 }}x 2

Quick Review 8.1

A shell has radius 4 2 x and height 5 2 }}x 2. The total

1 1 ( f 9(x))2 5 }}2 1 }} f 9(x) 1 ( f 9(x))2, and

51. y9 5 sec x, so the area is

2. The two graphs suggest that lim }}1 5 lim }1}.

which using NINT evaluates to < 5.02.

As x01, x1/(ln x) approaches 2.7183.

which using NINT evaluates to < 3.84.

50. Since }} 5 }} 1 f 9(x) must equal 1ww

From the graph, the limit appears to be 1. The limit leads to

[0, 500] by [0, 3]

lim 1 1 }} 5 lim1 f (x) 5 lim1 e ln f (x) 5 e0 5 1.

[0, 1000] by [0, 1]

From the graph, the limit appears to be about 0.714.

Section 8.1 Exercises

From the graph, the limit appears to be }}.

The graph supports the answer.

From the graph, the limit appears to be 5.

The graph supports the answer.

7. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1`.

Let ln f (x) 5 ln(e x 1 x)1/x 5 }}.

lim1 }} 5 lim1 } 5 lim1 }

f (t) 60.1884 60.0167 60.0017

lim (e x 1 x)1/x 5 lim1 f (x) 5 lim1 e ln f (x) 5 e 2

12. Let f (t) 5 }} 2 }} 5 }}.

Estimate the limit to be 0.

[0, 5] by [0, 10]

13. Let f (x) 5 (1 1 x)1/x.

f (x) 1.2710 1.0472 1.0069 1.0009 1.0001

[25, 25] by [21, 2]

lim (1 1 x)1/x 5 lim f (x) 5 lim e ln f (x) 5 e 0 5 1

The graph supports the answer.

14. Let f (x) 5 }

f (x) 1.1513 0.2303 0.0345 0.00461 0.00058

Estimate the limit to be 0.

f (x) 20.5429 20.6525 20.6652 20.6665 20.6667

(b) lim }} 5 lim }} 5 lim }} 5 }} 5 0

f (x) 0.1585 0.1666 0.1667 0.1667 0.1667

Estimate the limit to be 2}}.

Estimate the limit to be }}.

15. lim }} 5lim }} 5 (2)(0) cos (0)2 5 0

f (u) 20.1865 0.7589 0.7501 0.7500 0.7500

Estimate the limit to be }}.

11. Let f (u) 5 }}.

16. lim }} 5 lim }}

18. lim }} 5 lim }}

1}2} 2 y2 cos y 1 (21) sin y

1}2} 2 }2}2 cos }2} 1 (21) sin }2}

25. lim1 (csc x 2 cot x 1 cos x)

1 2 cos x 1 cos x sin x

sin x 1 cos x cos x 2 sin x sin x

26. lim (ln 2x 2 ln (x 1 1)) 5 lim ln }}

Let f (x) 5 }}.

33. The limit leads to the indeterminate form `0.