ACADEMIC REFERENCING

Guidance for students

CONTENTS WITH QUICK LINKS

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Presentation .............................................................................................................................................. 1
In text citations ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Example ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Footnotes ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Appendices ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Sample entries: ..........................................................................................................................................3
Books...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Edited collection ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Translated edition ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Chapter in collection ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Journal article ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
A book by a corporate author (e.g. an organisation or a government department) ................................. 4
Play ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Production/Art work ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Poem ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Newspaper ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
An act of parliament ............................................................................................................................................ 4
A Green/White paper ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Film/TV/Radio. ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Lectures ................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Interviews .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Website .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Example of a bibliography at the end of an assignment:............................................................................... 6

Introduction
These guidelines should be followed for all relevant written work submitted at Central, including
portfolios, presentations, writing within films, for example. It is implicit within most assessment
criteria that work follows these conventions and will be marked accordingly.

Presentation

Work should be word-processed (except sections of portfolios).

Number all pages.
Margins should be wide enough for markers comments.
Lines should be double spaced (or single and a half spaced) if it is percentage weighted work.
Footnotes should be numbered numerically and placed at the bottom of the page.
Assignments should be easily accessible to the reader in terms of binding and covers.
The final page should be a Bibliography which includes full bibliographic reference to the
sources used and cited in the essay.
The School uses the Harvard method of citation for bibliographic references. Please use this
method in all written work, using the guidelines below.
If you are using Zotero there is a specific style option for Central on the Learning Skills Media
page.

In text citations

When written, all titles of books, plays, journals, films, TV programmes etc. should be italicised
(not in " " marks).
Quotations of more than 3 lines should be indented (left and right see below) and followed
by an indication of their source: authors last name, date of publication and page
number/s. Quotation marks are not used for these indented quotations that are more than
three lines. Indented quotations are always single spaced..
Quotations of less than three lines should be incorporated into the flow of the text and you do
put these inside quotation marks.
Use square brackets [ ] to indicate your insertions into the quotation. Three full stops ... shows
part of the original text has been omitted by you. It is not necessary to use three dots at the
beginning of a quote.
Give the author's last name, the date of the publication and the page reference after each and
every quotation, except in the case of plays where line references will do.
Put the date after each author referred to in brackets ( ), describing the
publication date of the source, except in the sole case of Shakespeare plays when the title
alone will suffice.
If you are citing a quotation within another text, your reference would read, for
example: (Hall in Giddens 1990: 54). The Hall text would not appear in the
bibliography.
If you are citing an idea or concept rather than an exact quotation, the reference should be
included (see Inglis citation in the example below).
Referencing a website in the text should follow the systems laid down for
referencing a text e.g. (Burka 1993). It is sometimes not possible to put a page
reference.
When providing an intext citation for new media, you should include a title and date in
brackets. Eg. (NCIS Based on the TV series, 2011)
If you are using a lecturer or theorists ideas, these should be referenced in the same way a
text is. If you are using a quotation that a lecturer has used, you should cite it as (Quilter
2006: 324 in Cookson: 10.4.07) where Cookson is the lecturer/theorist.
Always use the date of publication of the edition of the text that you are actually using.

The following example includes quotations of over and under three lines and a citation of a
concept.

Example
Greiner (1955) makes tentative comparisons between film-making and other subjects. She is
clearly anxious about the status of popular media in the context of the curriculum, despite her
confidence in the educational value of such activities:
The preliminary stages [in composing a story] should be carefully
worked out steps and have a considerable bearing on the study
and practice of English and Art. The subsequent stages should take
into account these steps. (Greiner 1955: 7-8)
Later she attempts to argue that films are in some way equivalent (as discursive forms, we might
say) to drama, the novel, poetry, television and radio.

Juxtaposing this argument, there are others who would not agree: The film stands alone as an art
form (Quilter 2006: 256). Perhaps here we are seeing the shift in thinking that is symbolic of a
postmodern critique of film (Inglis 2002: 67-72).
Please remember that text citations are included in the word count.

Footnotes
As a general rule, put important matters into the text and omit related items.
Footnotes are the place to explain:

research problems;
conflicts in the testimony of experts;
matters of importance that are not central to your discussion;
credit to people and sources not mentioned in the text;
other pertinent tangential matters.

They are not the place to put the reference. This is done in the main body of the text (as
demonstrated in the example above). Footnotes are single spaced.
Please remember that footnotes are included in the word count.
Endnotes are never used within the Harvard method of referencing.

Appendices
You may wish to use appendices. This is the place for lengthy additional information that is not
immediately pertinent to your argument but supports your work. For example:

transcripts of sections of interviews;

DVDs, art work or equivalent that accompany the assignment;
summaries of a line of thought that you have referred to. To describe it in detail in your essay
may be an unhelpful use of word count but you could choose to describe it in an appendix;
extracts from important documents;
examples of questionnaires used.

Appendices should be labelled A, B, and so on. They can be single spaced.

Please remember that appendices are not included in the word count.

Bibliography
This should be laid out alphabetically by authors last name (and not in sections as it is here). The basic
format is: author, date, title, place of publication, publisher. This will vary with, for example,
website references (see below).

Sample entries:
Books
Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge, Polity.
Edited collection
Hirschop, K. & Shepherd, D. (eds.) (1989) Bakhtin and Cultural Theory, Manchester, Manchester
University Press.

Translated edition
Boal, A. (1992) Games for Actors and Non-Actors, (trans. A. Jackson) London,
Routledge.
Chapter in collection
Kirshenblat-Gimblett, B. (2002) Performance Studies in Bial, H. (ed.) The
Performance Studies Reader, London and New York, Routledge: 43-55.
[The page numbers are for the whole chapter.]
Journal article
Bigum, C. & Green, B. (1993) Aliens in the Classroom, Australian Journal of
Education, Vol. 37, No. 2: 119-141.
[Where a journal article is accessed online, add the website reference after the full journal reference
indicating that you accessed it online and add the date accessed. See website reference below for
date accessed information.]
A book by a corporate author (e.g. an organisation or a government department)
National Campaign for the Arts (1998) Theatre in crisis: the plight of regional theatre, London, National
Campaign for the Arts.
Play
Shakespeare, W. (1953) Macbeth. Shakespeare: Twenty three plays and the
sonnets, T.M. Parrott (ed.), New York, Scribners.
Production/Art work
Royal Shakespeare Company (2007) Antony and Cleopatra, (W. Shakespeare)
Novello Theatre, London, 14.2.07.
Slater, E. The Made Bed, Tate Gallery, London, Jan-April, 2005.
Poem
Eliot, T.S. (1952) The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock, The Complete Poems and
Plays, New York, Harcourt.
Newspaper
Walters, D. (1991) Redefining Art from the Heart of Africa, Christian Science
Monitor, 22.7.91: 10-11.
Or
Fight Against Root Causes of Violence, Editorial, USA Today, 23.7.91: 10
An act of parliament
Great Britain (2004) Childrens Act 2004. Chapter 31 London, HMSO.
A Green/White paper
Department for Education and Skills (2003) The future of higher education, Cm 5735.
London, HMSO.
Film/TV/Radio.
Warner Bros. (1991) Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves.
The Commanders: Douglas MacArthur, New York, NBC-TV, 17.3.75.

Wyndham, J. (1957) The Midwich Cuckoos, (adapted by D. Rebellato) BBC Radio 4,

10.12.03.
Game
NCIS Based on the TV series [game, Xbox] Creat. N.k. UK Ubisoft, 3000, 42196, 2011
Lectures
Brown, R. (2005) The Pleasures of Silence, Lecture, CSSD, 8.1.05.
User-Generated Online Content:
Pina Bausch Caf Muller [user-generated content, online] (2011)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEQGYs3d5Ys (accessed 21.07.2013)
Podcast
Why dont dogs eat us? James OBriens Mystery Hour [audio podcast online](2013) LBC, UK
http://www.apple.com/uk/itunes (accessed 30/06/2013)
Interviews
Teale, P. (2001) Interview discussing women directors in contemporary theatre,
17.10.01 (see transcript, Appendix B).
Thesis/dissertation
Abbey, K. (2005) To know or not to know: an investigation into the transpersonal
aspect of the therapeutic relationship, Unpublished MA dissertation, Central School of Speech and
Drama.
Website
Citing online resources can be particularly tricky. You need to try to give the sameinformation as with
any other source, although it may not be given on the website;
plus you need to give a couple of additional things.
As with all bibliographic references, you are identifying the precise location for a
reader. You must identify the exact location within the site, so give the full url (the address of the
exact page you are citing) after the title of the page or article. As web pages change frequently, you
also need to include the date you accessed the page, at the end of your citation. In example one, the
date of the creation of the webpage is not available; the access date is all that could be given.
Example one:
Wood, D. The history of the Embassy Theatre, www.cssd.ac.uk/Education/history
(accessed 26.07.04).
Where possible you should give the date of publication of the page, (as opposed to
the date on which you accessed it) which you should insert between the title of the
article and the url, as in example two. And where possible you should give the title of the overall work
(which may be the name of the website) after the name of the page or article you are citing. Give this
in italics as if it was the title of a book, as in example two.
Example two:
Burka, L. P. A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions, MUD History, 1993,
http://www.utopia.com/talent/lpb/muddex/essay(accessed 02.08.96).

You will often find that an online resource does not give the name of its author. When this is the case
you should look for an authoring organisation, as in example three.
Example three:
The University of Nottingham Centre for English Language Education (2005) Study
Skills, Virtual Self Access Centre, http://vsac.cele.nottingham.ac.uk/study/ (accessed 12.07.05)
Online-only programme (e.g. Netflix):
King Lear [Theatre Production, online] (ND) http://www.digitaltheatreplus.com/productions/king-lear
(accessed 26.05.2013)
Online-only play
Godber, J. Lucky Sods
http://www.dramaonlinelibrary.com/playwrights/john-godber-iid-12349 (accessed 28.05.2013)
Example of a bibliography at the end of an assignment:
Auge, M. (1995) Non-Places, Oxford, Blackwell Verso.
Chaudhuri, U. (1994) There Must Be a Lot of Fish in That Lake: Towards an
Ecological Theatre, Theatre, Vol. 25: 23-31.
Derrida, J. (1996) Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression, (trans. E. Prenowitz)
Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Foucault, M. (1986) Of Other Places, Diacritics, Vol. 16: 22-27.
Kaye, N. (2000) Site Specifics: Performance, Place and Documentation, London,
Routledge.
Kershaw, B. (2000) The Theatrical Biosphere and Ecologies of Performance, NTQ,
Vol. 62: 122-130
Mason, B. (1992) Street Theatre and Other Outdoor Performances, London,
Routledge.
Open University (1999) Reading the Landscape, Programme D103, BBC, 15th
February.
Read, A. Estate: Performance, Architecture, Location, www.e-state.org.uk, (accessed
3.9.04).
Rushdie, S. (1992) Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 1981-1991, New
York, Viking Penguin.
Schechner, R. (2002) Performance Studies: An Introduction, London, Routledge.
Thomson, P. (2002). Theatre and Research, Researching Drama and Theatre in

Education conference paper, University of Exeter, 10th April.

Please remember that the bibliography is not included in the word count.

THESE GUIDELINES CANNOT COVER EVERY EVENTUALITY. PLEASE ADAPT

THIS GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR ITEMS NOT COVERED ABOVE, REMAINING
CONSISTENT THROUGHOUT YOUR ASSIGNMENT. THESE CONVENTIONS
TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER ANY OTHERS FOR THE DURATION OF YOUR
DEGREE.