1.

1 Dimension and Units

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING CALCULATION

The numerical values of two quantities may be added or

subtracted only if the units are the same.
On the other hand, numerical values and their
corresponding units may always be combined by
multiplication or division.

A measured or counted quantity has a numerical value

and a unit
unit..
A dimension is a property that can be measured, such as
length, time, mass, or temperature, or calculated by
multiplying or dividing other dimensions, such as
length/time (velocity), length3 (volume), or mass/length3
(density).
Physical variable Substantial variable
- Natural variable (not required unit,
dimensionless variable)

Example
Dimensionless group.
Re =

1.2 Conversion of units

Dimensional Homogeneity in Equation

1
M 1
2 2

4 h R0 Ri

A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of any

units having the appropriate dimension.
A particular velocity, for instance, may be expressed in
ft/s. miles/h, cm/yr or any other ratio of a length unit to a
time unit.
The numerical value of the velocity naturally depend on
the units chosen.
To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit to
its equivalent in terms of another unit, multiply the given
quantity by the conversion factor.
For example, to convert 36mg to its equivalent in grams;
grams;

System of units
Example:
Convert an acceleration of 1cm/s2 to its
equivalent in km/yr2.

Base units

Derived units

System of Units

Mass, length, time,

temperature

-multiplying and dividing

base or multiple units.
-As defined equivalent
of compound units

Multiple units
-defined as multiples or fraction of base units.

The System
System International dUnites
dUnites or SI for short has
gained widespread acceptance in the in the scientific
and engineering community. (refer table 2.32.3-1)
Prefixes are used in SI to indicates power of ten. (Table
2.3
2.3--1)
The CGS system is almost identical to SI, the principle
difference being that gram (g) and centimeter (cm) are
used instead of kilogram and meter as base unit for
mass and length. (table 2.32.3-1)
The base unit of American engineering system are the
foot (ft) for length, the poundpound-mass (Ibm) for mass and
second (s) for time

Example
Convert 23 Ibm . ft/min2 to its equivalent in
kg.cm/s2.

1.3(a) Force and Weight

According to Newtons second law of motion,

force is proportional to the product of mass and
acceleration (length/time2)
Natural force units are therefore kg.m
kg.m/s
/s2 (SI),
g.cm/s2 (CGS) and Ibm.ft/s
.ft/s2 (American eng.)
In the metric systems
systems,, the derived force units are
defined to equal the natural units:
1 newton (N) 1 kg.m
kg.m/s
/s2
1 dyne
1g.cm/s2

In the American eng. System, the derived force unitunitcalled a poundpound-force:

1 Ibf 32.174 Ibm.ft/s2

What is the dimensions for FORCE?

Example
Find the force in Newtons required to accelerate a mass
of 4.00 kg at a rate of 9.00 m/s2.
Find the force in Ibf required to accelerate a mass of 4.00
Ibm at a rate of 9.00 ft/s2.

The symbol gc is sometimes used to denote the

conversion factor from natural to derived force unit:

gc =

1 kg.m/s 2 32.174 Ib m .ft / s 2

=
1N
1Ib f

The weight of the object is the force exerted on the

object by gravitational attraction.
The weight, mass and free fall acceleration of the object
are related by equation below:

W = mg

The value of g at sea level and 45o latitude is given

below in each system of units:
g = 9.8066 m/s2
= 980.66 cm/s2
= 32.174 ft/s2

Example
Water has a density of 62.4Ibm/ft3. How much does
2.000ft3 of water weight:
a)
At sea level and 45o latitude
b)
In Denver, Colorado, where the latitude is 5374 ft and
the gravitational acceleration is 32.139 ft/s2

1.3 (b) Mass and Volume

Density of the substance is the mass perunit volume of

substance.

Specific volume of a substance is the volume occupied

by a unit mass of the substance. (Inverse
(Inverse of density)
density)

The density of a substance can be used as a conversion

factor to relate the mass and the volume of a quantity of
the substance.

and the volume of 6.20Ibm of CCl4 is

?

Activity

The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of the

density ref of a substance at a specific condition:
SG = / ref

For example:

The density of CCl4 is 1.595g/cm3 , the
mass of 20.0cm3 of CCl4 is therefore
?

The ref. most commonly used for solid s and liquids is

water at 4.0 C, which has the following density:
H2O (4 0C) = 1.000 g/cm3
= 1000 kg/m3
= 62.43 Ibm/ft3

What are the unit SG?

A liquid has SG of 0.50;
What is its density in g/cm3?
What is the Specific volume in cm3/g?
What is its density in Ibm/ft3?
What is the mass of 3.0 cm3 of this liquid?
What volume is occupied by 18g?



1.4 Effect of Temperature on Liquid Density

Example

Temperature and pressure do not have large influences on the

densities of solids and liquids.
Fact mercury in thermometer rises or fall with changing
temperature.
This showed that the effect of temperature on liquid density is
measurable.
Eq:

225 kg of mercury was found to occupy 0.560 ft3 at 20oC.

a) What volume would the mercury occupy at 100oC?
b) Supposed the mercury is contained in a cylinder having
the diameter of 0.021 ft. What change in height would be
observed as the mercury is heated from 20oC to
100oC?(Given: volume of mercury, V = D2H / 4)

V(T) = V0 (1 + 0.18182 x 10-3T + 0.0078 x 10-6T2)

Where V(T) is the volume of a given mass of mercury at temperature
T(oC)
and Vo is the volume of the same mass of mercury at 0oC

1.5 Chemical Composition

A gramgram-mole (g(g-mole, or mol in SI units) of a species is

the amount of that species whose mass in grams is
numerically equal to its molecular weight.

Other types of moles : (kg(kg-moles or kmol

kmol,, Ib
Ib--moles, tontonmoles) are similarly defined.

Example: CO has molecular weight of 28;

1 mol of CO therefore contains 28g
1 Ib
Ib--mole of CO therefore contains 28 Ibm
1 tonton-mole of CO therefore contains 28 tons

If the molecular weight of a substance is M, then there

are M kg/kmol, M g/mol and M Ibm/Ib
/Ib--mole of this
substances.
Example;
34 kg of ammonia (NH3 : M = 17) is equivalent to 2.0
kmol NH3
4.0 IbIb-moles of ammonia (NH3 : M = 17) is equivalent to
68 Ibm NH3

Conversion Between Mass and Moles

Mass and Mole Fractions and Average Molecular

Weight

How many of each of the following are contained in

100g of CO2 (M=44.01)?

a)

g)

Mol CO2
Ib
Ib--moles CO2
Mol C
Mol O
Mol O2
Gram, g O
Gram, g O2

h)

Molecules of CO2

b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Process streams occasionally contain one substance,

but more often they consist of mixtures of liquids or
gases, or solutions of one or more solutes in a liquid
solvent.
The following terms may be used to define the
composition of a mixture of substances, including a
species A.

Conversions Using Mass and Mole

Fractions

Example
A solution contains 15% Y by mass (xY = 0.15) and 20
mole% B (YB = 0.20).
Calculate the mass of Y in 175 kg of the solution.
Calculate the mass flow rate of Y in a stream of solution
flowing at a rate of 53 Ibm/h.
Calculate the molar flow rate of B in a stream flowing at
a rate of 1000 mol/min.
Calculate the total solution flow rate that corresponds to
a molar flow rate of 28 kmol B/s.
Calculate the mass of the solution that contains 300 Ibm
of Y.

The molecular weight of a species can be used to relate

the mass flow rate of a continuous stream of this species
to the corresponding molar flow rate.

Example
CO2 flows through a pipelines at a rate of 100 kg/h,
calculate the molar flow rate of the CO2 .
If the output stream from a chemical reactor contains CO2
flowing at a rate of 850 IbIb-mole/min, calculate the mass
flow rate of the CO2 .

Conversion from a Composition by Mass to

1.4 Standard Condition and ideal gas

a Molar Composition

A mixture of gases has the following composition by

mass:
O2
16%
CO
4.0%
CO2
17%
N2
63%

What is the molar composition?

STP or standard temperature and pressure is a

standard set of conditions for experimental
measurements, to enable comparison to be
made between set of data.
In industry and commerce, it is necessary to
define the standard reference conditions of
temperature and pressure when expressing a
gas volume or a volumetric flow rate because
the volume of a gas varies with the temperature
and pressure of the gas.

Ideal gas

Standard temperature is defined as zero degree Celsius

(0 oC), which translates to 32 degree Fahrenheit (32 0F)
or 273.15 degree Kelvin (273.15 0K)
This is essentially the freezing point of pure water at sea
level, in air at standard pressure.
While standard condition of pressure for expressing gas
volumes is 101.325 kPa (1 atm
atm).
).

How do we describe an ideal gas?

An ideal gas is considered to be a "point mass".
A point mass is a particle so small
small,, its mass is
very nearly zero.
This means an ideal gas particle has virtually no
volume.
Collisions between ideal Gases are "elastic".
This means that no attractive or repulsive forces
are involved during collisions.
Also, the kinetic energy of the gas molecules
remains constant since these interparticle forces
are lacking.

Problems Dealing With The Ideal Gas Law

Molar volumes for an ideal gas at standard

condition are:
1 gmol = 22.4 liter
1 kgmol = 22.4 m3
1 Ibmol = 359 ft3

The most common used value for R when dealing with

gases is 0.0821 L.
L. atm/mol
atm/mol.. K. This unit requires that
volume to be expressed in liters, pressure to be
expressed in atmospheres, and temperature to be
expressed in Kelvin.
Keep in mind is that temperature will always be
expressed in the Kelvin scale when dealing with any of
the gas laws.

For a gas, pressure, volume, temperature and the moles

of gas are all related by the following equation:

PV = nRT
Where
P = pressure
V = volume
n = moles of gas
R = ideal gas law constant
T = temperature

The units of pressure, volume and temperature are

dictated by the ideal gas law constant, R.

Example
Suppose you have 1.00 mol of a gas at 0oC, occupying a
container which is 500 mL in size. What is the pressure
of this gas in atmospheres?

To solve this problem, consider that moles,

temperature, volume and the ideal gas law constant,
R, are known.
Pressure is the only unknown variable.
Recall that R will dictate the units.
The temperature is given in Celsius. This must be
converted to the Kelvin scale. To convert Celsius to
Kelvin, add 273 to the Celsius temperature:

Now we are ready to insert the known values into the

ideal gas law:
P(0.500 L) =

Solve for pressure by dividing both sides of the equation

by the volume, 0.500 L:

K = oC + 273 = 0oC + 273 = 273 K

Also, the volume must be in liters, not milliliters.
Convert as follows:

P=

1L
500 ml x
= 0.500 L
1000ml

Exercises
1.

2.

3.

Find the volume of 2.50 mol of gas which is at 730 mm

Hg of pressure, and at a temperature of 127 oC.

Solve for the Celsius temperature of 0.600 mol of a

gas at a pressure of 40000 torr, and a volume of 160
mL.

(1.00 mol) (0.0821 L.atm)(273 K)

mol.K

(1.00 mol) (0.0821 L.atm)(273 K)

= 44.8 atm
(0.500 L) mol.K

The ideal gas law may also be used to investigate the

behavior of a gas when pressure, volume, the moles of
gas and/or temperature are changed.
Boyle's Law

Avogadro's Law

Empirical Gas Laws

Charles' Law

Find how many moles of gas are present when the gas
is occupying a volume of 5.00 L at a pressure of 10.0
atmospheres and a temperature of 310 K.
Guy-Lussac Law

10

1.

Boyle's Law
The relationship between pressure and volume while
holding moles and temperature constant is called
Boyle's Law.
Let's derive this law. Assign subscripts to pressure and
volume to indicate two different pressures and
volumes:

Example
Suppose you had gas in a 15.0 L container at 5.00
atmospheres pressure, and the volume is decreased to
0.500 L. What is the new pressure in the container?

P1V1 = nRT
P2V2 = nRT

Since both pressures and volumes are equal to nRT

nRT,,
they are equal to each other:
P1V1 = P2V2 = nRT (Boyle's Law)

2.

Charles' Law
The relationship between volume and temperature
while holding moles and pressure constant is called
Charles' Law.

Example
Suppose you had 25.0 L of gas at 0 oC, and you raised
the temperature to 100 oC. What is the new volume of
the gas?

V1 V2 nR
=
=
T1 T2
P

11

3. Guy
Guy--Lussac Law
Case where pressure and temperature are varied and
the moles and volume are held constant.

P1 P2 nR
=
=
T1 T2 V

4. Avogadro's Law
This law deals with the relationship between the volume
and moles of a gas at constant pressure and
temperature.

Example
Suppose you have a gas at 30.0 atm pressure and 100
oC and the temperature is changed to 400 oC. What is
the new pressure of the gas?

Example
Suppose you were given that 8.00 moles of a gas
occupies a volume of 4.00L at a constant pressure and
temperature. What volume of gas would 16.0 moles of
this gas occupy at the same temperature and pressure?

V1 V2 RT
=
=
n1 n 2
P

12

1.5 Stoichiometry

Exercise
Suppose you had a gas at 15.0 atm pressure, at a
volume of 25.0 L and a temperature of 300 K. What
would the volume of the gas be at standard temperature
and pressure?
If only moles are held constant, solve for the unknown
quantity.

a) Balancing Equations

Step 1

Write the unbalanced equation.
equation. Organize the formulas in
the pattern of an equation with plus signs and an arrow.
Use correct formulas.

Step 2

Adjust the coefficients to get equal numbers of each kind
of atom on both sides of the arrow.

This is the determination of component in a chemical

reaction when given the quantity of another component.
To work such problems one must have a balanced
equation before one start.
During the chemical/biochemical reaction, two quantities
are conserved:
total mass
total mass of reactants =
total mass of products
number of atoms of each element
the number
of C,H and O atoms in the reactants = the number
of C, H and O atoms, respectively, in the products.

Example
Step 1
Write the unbalanced equation.
equation.
ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + HCl(aq)
Step 2
Adjust the coefficients to get equal numbers of each kind
of atom on both sides of the arrow.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)
ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g)

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b)

Exercises
1.

NaOH(aq)+ H3PO4(aq)

2.

Al(s) + O2

Na3PO4(aq) + H2O

Using chemical equations in calculation

What the coefficient in an equation below shows us?

3NaOH(aq) + H3PO4(aq)

Al2O3

Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O

Coefficients give us stoichiometric equivalencies

between substances in a given reaction.

Example
How many moles of sodium phosphate, Na3PO4, can be
made from 0.240 mol of NaOH by the following reaction?
3NaOH(aq) + H3PO4(aq)

Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O

Stoichiometric mass calculations

Use formula
mass of A to convert
to moles

Gram of
substance A

Use ratio of coefficient

to convert moles
of A to moles of B

Moles of
substance A

Use formula
mass of B to convert
to gram

Moles of
substance B

Gram of
substanceB

14

Example
When calcium carbonate is strongly heated it
decomposes by the following reaction:
CaCO3(s)

CaO(s) + CO2

Exercises
1. One of the most spectacular reactions of aluminum, the
thermite reaction, is with iron oxide, Fe2O3 ,by which
metallic iron is made. So much heat is generated that the
iron forms in the liquid state. The equation is

A chemistry student want to prepare 150g of CaO in

order to test a particular recipe as new mixture. How
gram of CaCO3 should be used, assuming that all will be

A certain welding operation, used over and over,

requires that each time at least 86.0 g of Fe be
produced. What is the minimum mass in grams of Fe2O3
that must be used for each operation? (Do a chain
calculation). Calculate also how many grams of
aluminum are needed.

converted?

Limiting Reactant and Excess Reactant

2.

The overall reaction for microbial conversion of

glucose to LL-glutamic acid is:

Limiting reactant is the reactant present in the smallest

stoichiometric amount.
amount. While other reactant may be
present in smaller absolute quantities, at the time when
the last molecule of the limiting reactant is
consumed,residual amount of all reactants except the
limiting reactant will be present in the reactant mixture.
mixture.

Excess reactant is a reactant present in the amount in

excess of that required to combine with all of the limiting
reactant. It follow that an excess reactant is one
reactant.
remaining in the reaction mixture once all the limiting
reactant is consumed.
consumed. The percentage excess is
calculated using the amount of excess material relative
to the quantity required for complete consumption of the
limiting reactant
reactant::

C6H12O6 + NH3 + 3/2 O2

C5H9NO4 + CO2 + 3H2O.
(glucose)
(glutamic acid)
What mass of oxygen is required to produce 15 g
glutamic acid?

15

Terms of reaction
moles present moles required to react
completely with the lim iting reac tan t

% excess =
moles required to react

completely with the lim iting reac tan t

or

mass present mass required to react

completely with the lim iting reac tan t

% excess =
mass required to react

completely with the lim iting reac tan t

3.

a)
b)

Summary

Incomplete reaction and yield

Depending on culture conditions, glucose can be
catabolised by yeast to produce ethanol and carbon
dioxide, or can be diverted into other biosynthetic
reactions. An inoculum of yeast is added to a solution
containing 10 g l-1 glucose.After some time only 1 g l1glucose remains while the concentration of ethanol is
3.2 g l-1. Determine:
The fractional conversion of glucose to ethanol
The yield of ethanol from glucose

Conversion is the fraction or percentage of a reactant

converted into products.
Degree of completion is usually the fraction or
percentage of the limiting reactant converted into
products.
Selectivity is the amount of a particular product formed
as a fraction of the amount that would have been formed
if all the feed material had been converted to that
product.
Yield is the ratio of mass or moles of product formed to
the mass or moles of reactant consumed.

understand dimensionality and be able to convert units

understand the terms mole, molecular weight, density,
specific gravity, temperature and pressure, know various
ways of expressing concentration of solutions and
mix-tures, and be able to work simple problems involving
these concepts;
be able to apply the ideal gas law;
understand reaction terms such as limiting reactant,
excess reactant, conversion, degree of completion,
selectivity and yield, and be able to apply stoichiometric
principles to reaction problems.

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END
THANK YOU

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