Answer of question No-05 (Page 500 to 501 and 496 to 495)

Perhaps most important, developed countries, which currently consume over 70% of the
earths resources, can directly contribute to global environmental improvement through their
own efforts to (1) reduce harmful emissions, including greenhouse gases, (2) undertake R&D
to develop green technologies and pollution control for themselves and for developing
countries, and (3) alter their own environmentally harmful patterns of demand.

Emission Controls
Beyond responsible consumption, perhaps the greatest contribution that the developed
world can make to the global environment will be through a clear demonstration of
their own commitment to a cleaner environment. Because they remain the main
polluters of air and sea, developed countries must lead the way to global changes in

current and future patterns of production.

Research and Development
The high-income countries must also take a leadership role in research and
development efforts. Growing public support for stricter environmental regulation in
the industrialized world is likely to lead to the development of both cheaper emissions
abatement technologies and cleaner (or greener) production processes.
However, it is not necessary for developing countries to reproduce environmental
debacles endured during the onset of industrialization in the developed world. Making
cheaper, cleaner abatement technologies accessible to developing countries can help
limit a principal source of global emission, the rapid industrialization of the

developing world.
Import Restrictions
Through its importation of products that are associated with environmentally
unsustainable production, the developed world has an indirect but important impact
on the global environment. International treaties to limit the destruction of endangered
resources will have little effect if wealthy nations continue to provide lucrative
markets for the sale of such goods. Import restrictions are an effective way of
reducing undesired international trade.

Impact of pricing policy

The most obvious area for reform is probably government pricing policy, including subsidies,
which can exacerbate resource shortages or encourage unsustainable methods of production.
Often programs that were ostensibly designed to reduce hardships for the very poor have had
little impact on poverty and have worsened existing inequalities. High-income households

have frequently been the predominant beneficiaries of environmentally damaging energy,

water, and agricultural subsidies.

Answer of question No-09 (Page 477 to 479 and 491 to 493)

Environmental challenges in developing countries caused by poverty include health hazards
created by lack of access to clean water and sanitation, indoor air pollution from biomass
stoves, and deforestation and severe soil degradation all most common where households
lack economic alternatives to unsustainable patterns of living. The principal health and
productivity consequences of environmental damage include water pollution and scarcity, air
pollution, solid and hazardous wastes, soil degradation, deforestation, loss of biodiversity and
global warmingcaused climate change. An environmental problem shared by both the urban
and the rural poor is the prevalence of unhealthy conditions created by the lack of clean water
and sanitation.
This in turn contributes greatly to the spread of infectious diseases. Environmental
degradation that begins on a local scale can quickly escalate into a regional problem.
. The enormous economic costs resulting from lost productivity and expensive medical care
represent a drag on economic development. Chronic ill health is both a consequence and a
cause of poverty.
Because the political and economic costs of preserving the rain forests are often masked or
ambiguous, maintaining a forest may appear to be an almost costless venture.
Developing nations can implement and continuously improve early warning systems to
anticipate environmental emergencies; promote reforestation; restore natural ecosystem
barriers such as mangroves; improve micro insurance programs; and construct storm shelters,
flood barriers, and protected roads and bridges. To protect forest cover, it maybe effective to
employ the poor as guardians of these resources. Living on site, they are more likely than
absentee owners to pay attention to poaching and illegal logging. In many countries, more
government transparency and accountability are also needed. The health and economic costs
associated with these conditions are enormous.

Answer of question from video

Yes weve made dramatic improvements in feeding the world, with current crop yields much
higher than in previous generations. But the environmental degradation and the overuse of
fossil fuels has created a false panacea whereby weve thought that we can solve all of our
problems with more technology, rather than using sustainable practices and more intelligent
utilization of existing resources.
The biggest technological innovations in aquaculture and fishing has in the last half century
led to a near total breakdown of all saltwater fisheries worldwide. Rather than enhance
stocks and provide for greater resource management, it has led to the exact opposite.
Technology hasnt made life easier for the fish, it has made life easier for the fisherman. Mile
long seine nets, city-sized drag lines, sonar fish-finders and commercial harvesting boats the
size of the Titanic have reduced our stocks to the point where many are approaching total
collapse. This creates a cascade effect, where people who have invested huge sums of money
in infrastructure to harvest the more expensive table fish now find themselves with rusting
boats, crews that spend more time unemployed than active, and banks anxiously awaiting
mortgage payments.
Sustainability requires rethinking how much of a specific natural resource we can harvest
before we exhaust that population, either for our future needs or for wildlife. Human
population can not continue to grow indefinitely unless we decide to live lives that have less
and less impact on the environment.
We need to use technology to improve the environment first, or else there is no sustainability.
And as history has shown, repairing the commons is never a major priority because there are
always bigger mouths to feed.