SHEET

REINFORCEMENT

1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

1
Name:

Class:

Label the levels of organization. Then complete

the sentence: write highest, lowest, higher, lower.

The

level of organization is the organism; the

level of organization is the cell. Tissues are a

organs, but organ systems are a

24

Date:

level than
level than organs.

BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

SHEET

REINFORCEMENT

2
Name:

1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Class:

Date:

Write the name of each cell: eukaryotic or prokaryotic.

Then label its parts.

cell

cell

BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

25

SHEET

REINFORCEMENT

3
Name:
1

26

1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Class:

Date:

Label the organ systems. For each organ system,

label one or two main organs.

BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

SHEET

REINFORCEMENT
AND EXTENSION

1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Name:

Class:

SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS
The origin of eukaryotic cells

Complete the summary.

a. All living things are organized into 
of organization.
b. The cell is the 

unit, the

unit

of all living things. 

organisms

are made up of one cell. 

organisms are made up of many cells.
c. Cells can be 
or 

The Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET) was developed by

biologist Lynn Margulis. According to this theory, eukaryotic
cells evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells between 2 and
1.5 billion years ago. The original prokaryotic cell lost its cell
wall and became larger. As a result, the surface of the cell
membrane increased, improving phagocytic capacity. In later
stages, a pronucleus formed. These cells could ingest other
smaller, free-living aerobic or photosynthetic prokaryotes and
form symbiotic relationships with them.

such as bacteria,
such as those in human beings.

a. The prokaryotic cell loses

its cell wall.

Eukaryotic cells have three structures: 




b. The surface of the membrane

increases and inner membranes
are formed.

d. A tissue is a group of 


c. A pronucleus is formed.
Endosymbiosis with spirochete
bacteria could be the origin of
flagella.

that work together

to perform a specific function. There are four types:



d. Association with an aerobic

prokaryote could be the origin
of mitochondria.


e. A group of different tissues that work together to perform
a specific function is called an 
f. An 

Date:

e. Association with a
photosynthetic prokaryote could
be the origin of chloroplasts.

.
is a group

of organs that work together to carry out one or more

functions.

According to the SET theory, successive symbiotic associations

explain the presence of cell organelles such as mitochondria
and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.

g. The organ systems involved in nutrition are the:




What do these terms mean: pronucleus, phagocytic,

aerobic and symbiotic?

What does the SET theory try to explain?

Explain why this theory is called the Serial

Endosymbiosis Theory.

Search for information on SET. Explain why two

prokaryotic organisms were part of the first symbiotic
association.




h. The organ systems involved in interaction are the:






i. The organ systems involved in reproduction are the



systems.

BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

27

SHEET

REINFORCEMENT

1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

5
Name:

Class:

Date:

SUMMARY
Levels of organization
In order of increasing complexity, the different levels into which matter is organized are:



The chemical composition of living things

Biomolecules can be inorganic, such as 


or organic, such as


Examples of organic biomolecules are: 

The structure of human cells
All eukaryotic cells have three structures:
A cell membrane: 

Cytoplasm: 

Nucleus: 
The main organelles are: 


Tissue
The four types of tissue are:
Epithelial: 
Connective: 

Muscle: 
Nervous: 
Organs and organ systems
Organs are structures made up of 


Organ systems consist of 



Examples of organ systems 



28

BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

SHEET

REINFORCEMENT

1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND TRANSPLANTS

In multicellular organisms, the zygote and the cells

produced during early cell divisions are embryonic
stem cells: they can form complete new organisms.
These embryonic stem cells can develop into different
types of cells.

Muscle cell

Neuron

There are approximately 200 types of cells in the

human body. During cell differentiation, cells acquire
the appropriate morphological and chemical
characteristics to perform specific functions.

Epithelial cell

Blood cell

Connective cell

ACTIVITIES
1

Answer the questions.

a. Explain what embryonic stem cells are.
b. When a cell specializes to carry out different functions, it
loses its ability to become a new organism. Explain why
this happens.

Describe the characteristics of each of the cells above.

Find out the function of each cell.

Make correlations between the morphological and

physiological characteristics of each cell and the cell's
function.

Why was Japanese professor Shinya Yamanaka awarded

the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2012?
a. What are iPS stem cells?
b. W
 hy are these cells important?

Explain the meaning of the following: Mature cells can

be reprogrammed to become pluripotent cells.

COOPERATIVE PROJECT

Organ donation campaign

Task: Prepare posters on organ donation.
Work in groups of five. Divide up the work in your
group.
Group A: Who can be a donor? Which organs can be
donated? Why is umbilical cord blood donated?
What is living organ donation?

Group C: How are organ donations and transplants

handled in Spain? What is a donor card and what is
it for? Do organ donors receive any benefits?
Group D: Report on innovative transplant solutions,
for example: stem cells and regenerative medicine,
kidney paired transplants, a registry of intended
kidney donorrecipient pairs.

Group B: What are the criteria for organ and tissue

transplants? What side effects does the patient
experience? Why does rejection occur?

BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

29

SHEET

EXTENSION

1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

EARLY OBSERVATIONS OF MICROSCOPIC LIVING THINGS

PROJECT OBJECTIVE
Find out who was the first person to
observe microscopic organisms.

Leeuwenhoek microscope

Hooke microscope

Binocular microscope

Compound
microscope

PROCEDURE
Recommended research topics:

Prepare the poster:

Earliest forms of magnification up to the 16th century.

Zacharias Jansen, the person and his contributions.

Do research to complete the sentences.

1608 Zacharias Jansen built
1611 Kepler suggested a way to
1665 Robert Hooke observed
1674 Leeuwenhoek reported his discovery of
Later, he observed
1828 William Nicol invented
1838 Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell
theory, which stated
1849 Quekett published
1876 Abb showed how to
1881 Retzius described many animal
Ramon y Cajal and other histologists developed

Present your information in chronological order

as a timeline.

Robert Hooke and his observations.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the person and his
contributions.
Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abb, their contributions and
collaboration.
Modern microscopes.
Research sources:
Key words for various websites: history of the
microscope, names of scientists, animalcule, optical
microscope, simple optical microscope, compound
optical microscope, The Royal Society of London.
Kruif, P. de. 2002. Microbe hunters, 3rd edition. Mariner
Books, 2002.

30

Development time: one week.

Organization: groups of five students.

Presentation: poster approximately 1.2 m by 2 m,

with historical and cultural timelines and explanations.

BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

SHEET

EXTENSION

1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

INTERPRETATION OF TISSUE SECTIONS

Osseous or bone tissue. The basic unit called the osteon is visible in a transverse
section. In the centre of each osteon is the Haversian or central canal. Concentric
layers of bone matrix surround the canal. The osteocytes within the bone matrix are
organized around the central canal. Osteocytes have cytoplasmic extensions that
connect them to other osteocytes to obtain nutrients. Osteocytes are enclosed in small
cavities within the mineralized bone matrix.
Adipose tissue. Adipose cells (adipocytes) are spherical when isolated, but polygonal
when close together. They vary in size from about 50 to 150 microns. The nucleus
appears flat and is not always visible because it is pushed to one side of the cell by the
large vacuole of lipids (fats). A thin outer layer surrounds each cell. The extracellular
matrix is made up of reticular fibres (type III collagen).

Smooth muscle tissue. Long fibres (cells) are visible. The cytoplasm is abundant and
pink. Many cells have no visible nucleus. When visible, nuclei are elongated and
centrally located.

Skeletal muscle tissue. A longitudinal section shows long parallel fibres (cells) and
alternating light and dark bands (striations). During embryonic development, each
skeletal muscle cell is formed by the fusion of many stem cells. In adults, skeletal
muscle fibres (cells) are actually syncytia containing many nuclei. Each cell is
surrounded by an outer layer: a cell membrane (sarcolemma). The cytoplasm of a
muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm.
Cardiac muscle tissue. Cells appear elliptical in a transverse section. In a longitudinal
section, the branching fibres (cells) and nuclei are visible. Cells have a central nucleus.
Between cells there are thick fibrocollagenous membranes. Desmosomes are
structures that hold the cells together.

Nervous tissue (cerebral cortex). Neuron cell bodies are visible including some
axons and dentrites. Neurons vary in size and shape according to their function. In
most of the cerebral cortex, there are six layers with different types of cells. Capillaries
are abundant. The darkly stained circles are the nuclei of glial cells; oligodendrocytes
are the most visible. The background is a network of neuronal and glial cell processes
(axons and dendrites).

ACTIVITIES
1

Make a fact file for four types of tissues:

a. Name of tissue.
b. Subtypes of these tissues.
c. Name of the principal cells in the tissue.
d. Function of the tissue in the human body.

BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

e. Ability to regenerate or not after a destructive process.

f. The type of tumor that is produced when there is
uncontrolled cell division.
g. Non-cellular elements, if any, that form part of the
tissue.

31

ASSESSMENT

Name:

Class:

Date:

Read and write prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells:

a. They are the largest and most complex cells.

b. Their genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm. 

c. The only organelles they contain are ribosomes.

d. They have a nucleus and a nucleolus.

e. They contain mitochondria.

f. Bacterial cells.

Make pairs of related concepts: use these words. Explain why they are related.
Glucose Protein DNA Polysaccharide RNA Amino acids Glycerol Fatty acid





Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. Are the following reactions anabolic or catabolic?
a. amino acids + energy proteins
b. glucose inorganic molecules + energy






Label the diagram and answer the questions.

a. What type of cell is it?

b. Which two organelles are visible?

c. What are the membranes like?

d. What is the difference between chromatin and
chromosomes?


32

BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Name:

Class:

Date:

What is the relationship between the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles?




Complete the table.

Cells

Tissue and type

Tissue function

Red blood cells

Osteocytes
Neurons
Chondrocytes

What are the differences between tissues and organs? And between organs and organ systems? Give examples.




Write the parts of the body where each tissue is found.

Endothelium

Epidermis

Connective

Smooth muscle

Nervous

Cartilaginous

Name the organ systems involved in nutrition. Name two parts or organs in each system and their function.





10

Identify the following micrographs and describe what you see. What type of microscope was used
for each observation?
a.

b.


BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3. Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educacin, S. L.

33