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on F-LMTD Chart and Thermal Efficiency in 1/2+ Shell & Tube Heat
Exchanger
H.SHOKOUHMAND*,M.NIKOO**
Mech. Eng. Group
University of Tehran
Iran
*Prof. of Mech. Eng
**M.S. Student of Mech. Eng
Abstract: - The existing F-LMTD charts have been obtained with assumption that overall heat transfer
coefficient (U) is constant. The limitation of LMTD correction factor (F T) in 1/2+ shell & tube heat exchanger
design, in order to prevent temperature cross, causes to select more surface area or more 1/2 + shell & tube. In the
present study, a numerical model of a 1/2 shell & tube heat exchanger, when heat transfer coefficients and
specific heats various along the heat exchanger, is presented. This model is applied to an example, in order to
find this effect on efficiency. Then the heat recovery problem in this heat exchanger with variable overall heat
transfer coefficient, when the temperature cross occurs, is investigated. It is shown that for fluids with strong
variation in dynamic viscosity, the thermal efficiency and temperature cross phenomena are cosiderably
influenced by variation of overall heat transfer coefficient .
Key-Words: - Heat exchanger, Overall Heat transfer coefficient, Temperature cross, Heat recovery
1 Introduction
1 P
R 1
1 RP
FT
.
R 1
2 P ( R 1 R 2 1)
ln
2 P ( R 1 R 2 1)
2
ln
(1)
C c T c ,i C c T c ,i 1
hc T c ,i hc T c ,i 1
T c ,i 1
Ai
2
2
T c ,i T c ,i 1 C c T c ,i Cc T c ,i 1
T c ,i
T m ,i
2
2
(2)
i=1...n
2 Numerical Model
The main assumptions made in the development of
this model are as follows:
The heat exchenger operates under steady state
conditions.
The velocity and temperature at the entrance of the
heat exchanger on each fluid side and pass are
uniform.
The fluid flow rate is uniformly distributed through
the exchanger on each fluid side.
The temperature of the shell and any pass fluids are
uniform over every cross section.
C c T c ,i C c T c ,i 1
hc T c ,i hc T c ,i 1
T c ,i
Ai
2
2
T c ,i T c ,i 1 C c T c ,i C c T c ,i 1
T c ,i 1
T m ,i
2
2
(3)
i=1...n
hc T
c ,i
h T
:
c ,i 1
. T
m ,i
c ,i
T
2
hh Th ,i hh Th ,i 1 Th ,i Th ,i 1
.
Tm ,i
2
2
C h Th ,i C h Th ,i 1
c ,i 1
N.
N.
(4)
i=1...n
Th ,i 1
2
hh Th ,i hh Th ,i 1
C h Th ,i C h Th ,i 1
Th ,i
Ai
Ai
hh Th ,i hh Th ,i 1
2
Th ,i 1
T m ,i
Th ,i
Th ,i Th ,i 1
T m ,i
2
(6A)
i=1...n
hc T c ,i hc T c ,i 1
T c ,i T c ,i 1
. T m ,i
2
2
C h Th ,i C h Th ,i 1
h T hh Th ,i 1 Th ,i Th ,i 1
h h ,i
.
Tm ,i
2
2
N.
(5)
N.
i=1...n
Th ,i
2
hh Th ,i hh Th ,i 1
Th ,i
Ai
Ai
hh Th ,i hh Th ,i 1
(6B)
C h Th ,i C h Th ,i 1
2
Th ,i 1
T m ,i
Th ,i Th ,i 1
T m ,i
2
i=1...n
Fig.4.Control volume and energy flows for the cold fluid in pass
Fig.5.Control volume and energy flows for the cold fluid in pass
Th ,i 1
U m . A
Cm ,min
NTU
(18)
U m . A
NTU
C m ,min
Cm
TIc,n= TIIc,n
(20)
(21)
(U .T ) true
Ui
hh ,i hc ,i
1
1
1
Ui
hh ,i hc ,i
The local heat transfer rates according to pass
and are as follows:
Th ,i Th ,i 1 T c ,i T c ,i 1
Q U .Ai (
)
2
2
(22)
(10)
(12)
(14)
Flow rate
U m 0 U ( x )dx
Kg/s
Inlet temp.
Shell side
oil
244.8
200
25
145
(15)
i 1
3 Example
U m 0 U ( x)dx
c , in
c , in
Th , in
(23)
(11)
Th , in
(13)
Qtrue Qi
Qtrue
A
T Th ,i 1 T c ,i T c ,i 1
Qi U i .Ai ( h ,i
)
2
2
Qi Qi Qi
1 L
C p ( x)dx
L 0
Cm ,min Q T
(7A)
(7B)
(8)
(19)
Item
Unit
TubeID,Pitch,Angle
mm
(16)
(17)
No. of
passes
25.4x31.75x30
460
18.208
Shell ID
mm
787
Tc,out
57.97
55.51
4.43
62.5
60.37
3.5
U cons tan t . A
Cm ,min
(24)
Pcons tan t
T
Tc ,in
c ,out ,cons tan t
Th ,in Tc ,in
Conclusion 5
(25)
References:
[1] A.P.Colburn,Mean temperature difference and
heat transfer coefficient in liquid heat
exchanger,Ind.Engng.Chem,Vol.25,pp.873-877
(1933).
[2] R.K.Shah,and D.P.Sekulic,Nonuniform overall
heat transfer coefficients in conventional heat
exchanger design theory-revisited, J.of Heat
Transfer. Vol.120, pp.520-525 (1998).
[3] D.Butterworth,A calculation method for shell
and tube heat exchangers in which the overall
coefficient various along the length,Conference
on Advances in Thermal and Mechanical
NTU c ,true
A.U true
Cc
(26)