High-Resolution Characterization of Contaminated Sites

High-Resolution Characterization of
Contaminated Sites using Innovative

In Situ Sensor and Direct Push
Methodologies
Dr. Michael Neuhaus
www.fugro.com
High Resolution
NAPL source zone formation
Remedial desk studies especially in-situ treatment design studies require detailed
knowledge of the subsurface structure and the contaminant distribution applying in-situ
investigation techniques is therefore substantial in order to gain detailed knowledge about
the source and plume architecture.
PROCEEDINGS, TOUGH Symposium 2006

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, May 1517,
2006
MODELLING NAPL SOURCE ZONE FORMATION IN STOCHATICALLY
HETEROGENEOUS LAYERED MEDIA A COMPARISON WITH
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
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In-Situ Sensing / Probing Technologies
CPT / EC Logging (geology)

- used for lithology and soil type investigation
MIP / LIF / XRF (contaminants)

- MIP (Membrane Interface Probe) - used for VOC detection (CHC, BTEX)
- LIF (Laser Induced Fluorescence e.g. ROST, UVOST, TarGOST)
- used for Hydrocarbon-NAPL detection (fuels, tars)
- XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) - used for heavy metal detection
Hydraulic Profiling (HPT = hydraulic index)

In-Situ Slug-Testing (hydraulic conductivity)
Injection of Substrates (in-situ remediation)
Direct-Push Soil Sampling (depth discrete liner sampling)
In-Situ Groundwater Sampling (depth discrete)
Direct Push Wells
www.fugro.com
HRSC Approach
Direct Sensing
In Situ Profiling
In situ testing +
sampling
K-value (slug testing)
Soil samples
Groundwater samples
Monitoring
Direct-Push Installations
1
2
3
4
Sensor Response:
Geology
Contamination
Hydraulics
Support-tool:
Designing,
performing,
controlling
Depth [m]
Effective target
oriented in-situ
remediation
4
www.fugro.com
CPT Rigs
www.fugro.com
CPT + Direct Push Rigs
GEOPROBE 6610DT
20t-Minicrawler
Stand-Alone-CPT-Rig (15 t)
Mobile Static and Dynamic Direct Push Rigs

www.fugro.com
Fugro CPT Rigs in China

www.fugro.com
MIP-CPT
(Membrane Interface Probe connected to CPT)
MIP Detectors
FID (Flame Ionization Detector)
Corg.
PID (Photo Ionization Detector)

Ionization Potential < 10,6 eV
DELCD (Dry Electrolytic Conductivity

Detector)
Organic Bonded Chlorine (VOCL)
www.fugro.com
MIP1
Cone Resistance [MPa] Friction Ratio [%]-Conductivity [mS/m*3,5]
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
0,0
DELCD [V]
0,2
0,4
0,6
PID [V]
0,8
1,0
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,5 0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0
1
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
MIP-CPT
Semi-quantitative VOC (Volatile Organic

Compounds) detection, primarily
VOCL (chlorinated solvents) and BTEX (aromatic
hydrocarbons), in both saturated and unsaturated
zone
Simultaneous logging of geological,

hydrogeological and chemical subsurface
properties
Digital data recording
Measurement range from 300 ppb NAPL
Precise 3D delineation of source and plume areas

supports on-site decision-making
Estimated VOCL-Concentration
in PCE-Equivalents
Soil Density and Consistency (interpreted)
Robertson CPT Soil Classification (modified)

100,0
100,0
10
12
11
10,0
7
6
5
1,0
4
1
0,1
0
10
10,0
Tiefe in m u. GOK
Cone Resistance in MPa
FID [V]
0,3
Depth in m bgs.
Depth in m bgs.
0
1
1,0
20
25
30
35
0,1
8
15
10
Friction Ratio in %
10
0,01
0,10
Friction Ratio in %
Legend (Colors in Cone Resistance Profile)
Legend (Colors in Friction Ratio Profile)

1 Sensitive, fine grained
2 Organic soils, peat
3 Clay
4 Clay to silty clay
5 Clayey silt to silty clay
1,00
DELCD [V]
very soft
very loose
soft
loose
firm
medium dense
stiff
dense
very stiff
very dense
hard
Legend (Colors in DELCD Profile)

10 - 50 mg/l
0,3 - 1,0 mg/l
50 - 100 mg/l
1 - 10 mg/l
> 100 mg/l
6 Sandy silt to clayey silt

7 Silty sand to sandy silt
8 Sand to silty sand
9 Coarse to medium sand
10 Gravel to gravelly sand
11 Very stiff, fine grained
12 Very stiff sand to clayey sand
Soil types 11 und 12 are heavily overconsolidated or cemented.
Project:
Test Location:
MIP1
Client:
X-Coord.:
Contractor:
Y-Coord.:
Processed by:
Level:
Test Date:
Depth:
FUGRO CONSULT GMBH

In-Situ Technologies
Ehlbeek 15 A
D-30938 Burgwedel
Tel. +49 5139 9894-0, Fax +49 5139 895709
www.fugro.com
LIF-CPT
(Laser Induced Fluorescence, ROST or UVOST connected to CPT)
ROST
(Rapid Optical Screening Tool)
Nd-YAG-Laser/Dye-Laser
Excitation 290 nm
Emission Wavelengths
340 - 390 - 440 - 490 nm
New LIF sensor
TarGOST
(Tar-Specific Green Optical Screening
Tool)
Green laser especially and solely

designed for Tar DNAPL (Coal Tar,
Creosote etc.)
UVOST
(UltraViolet Optical Screening Tool)
Excimer Laser
Excitation 308 nm
Emission Wavelengths
350 - 400 - 450 - 500 nm
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Vertical Scale 1:80
ROST1
10
20
30
40
50
60
Friction Ratio in %
70
ROST Fluorescence in %
10
10
100
150
200
250
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16

100.0
ROST-CPT
Semi-quantitative detection of hydrocarbons

(POL) like fuels, crude oil and tar products in
both vadose and saturated zone
Simultaneous logging of geological and

chemical subsurface properties
Waveform product identification
Digital data recording
Precise 3D delineation of NAPL source zones

supports on-site decision-making
ROST Wavelength Shift
100.0
2.0
10
12
11
10.0
7
6
5
1.0
4
1
0.1
0
1.0
10.0
Wavelength Shift
50
Depth in m bgs.
Depth in m bgs.
1.0
-2.0
0.1
8
10
0.0
-1.0
Friction Ratio in %
0.00
10
3.00

3 Clay
6.00
9.00
12.00
15.00
Depth in m bgs.
Friction Ratio in %
Legend (Colors in ROST Fluorescence Profile)
very soft
very loose
soft
loose
firm
medium dense
stiff
dense
very stiff
very dense
hard
Heavy Oil Fraction
Medium to Light Oil Fraction
Heavy to Medium Oil Fraction
Light to Medium Oil Fraction
Medium to Heavy Oil Fraction
Light Oil Fraction

Project:
Test Location:
Client:
X-Coord.:
Contractor:
Y-Coord.:
Processed by:
Level:
Test Date:
Depth:
FUGRO CONSULT GMBH

Ehlbeek 15 A
D-30938 Burgwedel
Tel. +49 5139 9894-0, Fax +49 5139 895709
www.fugro.com
Vertical Scale 1:80
ROST1
0.004
10
20
30
40
50
60
Friction Ratio in %
70
10
10
0.0035
50
100
150
200
250
Depth in m bgs.
Depth in m bgs.
0.003
0.0025
pV

0
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
50
100
150
200
250
0.3
300
ns
0.25
Background
0.2
pV
0.15
0.1
0.16
0.05
0.14
0.12
50
100
150
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
pV
200
250
300
ns
0.1
0.08
Kerosene
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
ns
0.008
Kerosene
0.007
0.006
pV
0.005
0.004
0.003
1
0.002
0.9
0.001
0.8
0.7
16
16
pV
0.6
50
100
0.5
150
200
250
300
ns
0.4
0.3
Weathered or degraded
Kerosene
0.2
Kerosene Source Zone
0 .1
0
0
50
100
150
2 00
2 50
300
ns

100.0
0.008
0.007
100.0
7
6
1.0
4
1
1
0.003
0.002
0.0045
-2.0
0.1
8
10
Friction Ratio in %
0.001
0.0035
0.00
10
3.00

9.00
12.00
15.00
very soft
0.003
0.0025
soft
loose
firm
stiff
dense
very stiff
very dense
hard
50
100
150
200
2 50
3 00
ns
0.002
0.0015
very loose
medium dense
3 Clay
6.00
Depth in m bgs.
Friction Ratio in %
0.004
0.005
-1.0
0.004
0.1
1.0
0.0
pV
0.005
1.0
10.0
pV
11
Wavelength Shift
12
9
10.0
0.006
2.0
10
Kerosene LNAPL
Heavy Oil Fraction
0.001
0.0005
Light Oil Fraction
Dissolved Fraction
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
ns

Project:
Background
Test Location:
Client:
X-Coord.:
Contractor:
Y-Coord.:
Processed by:
Level:
Test Date:
Depth:
FUGRO CONSULT GMBH

Ehlbeek 15 A
D-30938 Burgwedel
Tel. +49 5139 9894-0, Fax +49 5139 895709
www.fugro.com
Vertical Scale 1:160
Vertical Scale 1:160
B2
A9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Friction Ratio in %
70
10
10
20
40
60
80
pV
0.1
6
7
0.05
8
9
0
0
10
50
60
70
10
10
20
40
60
80
100
10
10
0.15
40
0
1
30
50
10
100
150
200
250
300
ns
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
Creosote (red)
24
0.045
25
0.04
26
26
26
27
0.035
27
27
27
28
0.03
28
28
28
29
0.025
29
pV
26
30
30
0.02
31
Depth in m bgs.
0.2
20
10
Friction Ratio in %
0
1
0
1
0.25
100
Depth in m bgs.
0
1
Depth in m bgs.
0.3
Depth in m bgs.
31
0.015
32
32
0.01
0.005
0
0
1.0
4
1
0.1
0
1.0
10.0
1.0
10
Friction Ratio in %
0.0
-1.0

very soft
18.00
24.00
30.00

12
11
8
7
6
5
1.0
2
2
1.0
10.0
1.0
10
firm
stiff
Heavy Oil Fraction
Light Oil Fraction
3 Clay
dense
very stiff
very dense
hard
0.00
10
6.00
12.00
18.00
24.00
Depth in m bgs.
Friction Ratio in %
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
0.1
8
Friction Ratio in %
very soft
very loose
soft
loose
firm
medium dense
stiff
dense
very stiff
very dense
hard

Heavy Oil Fraction
Light Oil Fraction

9
10.0

soft
loose
medium dense
2.0
Depth in m bgs.
very loose
3 Clay
12.00
100.0
10
1
6.00
Friction Ratio in %
100.0
0.1
0.00
10
-2.0
0.1
8
Downgradient
300
250
Wavelength Shift
11
12
8
200
Dissolved
Fraction (blue)
2.0
150
100.0
10
10.0
100
ns

100.0
50
Wavelength Shift
Source Zone
Project:

Test Location:
Client:
X-Coord.:
Contractor:
Y-Coord.:
Processed by:
Level:
Test Date:
Depth:
FUGRO CONSULT GMBH

Ehlbeek 15 A
D-30938 Burgwedel
Tel. +49 5139 9894-0, Fax +49 5139 895709

Project:
Test Location:
Client:
X-Coord.:
Contractor:
Y-Coord.:
Processed by:
Level:
Test Date:
Depth:
Creosote DNAPL Investigation (ROSTTM) with Waveform Interpretation
FUGRO CONSULT GMBH

Ehlbeek 15 A
D-30938 Burgwedel
Tel. +49 5139 9894-0, Fax +49 5139 895709
www.fugro.com
XRF-CPT Cone Development
Probe Design
ED-XRF Sensor
(Energy Dispersive
X-Ray
Fluorescence)
XRF Window
XRF
Continuous Logging
of Heavy Metal
Concentration and
Lithology vs. Depth
Calibrated against
certified SRM
standards
CPT
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XRF-CPT Cone Development
XRF assembly with

optical compartment
XRF Cone with boron carbide window
Lead coated calibration box
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XRF-CPT Field Test
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XRF-CPT Field Test Results
Vertical Scale 1:50
Test 1
Cone Resistance [MPa]
10
20
30
40
50
60
Friction Ratio [%]

70 0
Zinc [mg/kg]
8
10
15000
30000
45000
Lead [mg/kg]
60000
75000
200
400
600
800
1000
0
6654
110
28315
15464
6450
184
1971
55
1576
32
2006
39
1594
47
1989
58
3745
70
3664
57
3404
40
5904
56
6844
42
7005
36
15142
56
23951
22
25279
43
Depth in m bgl.
Depth in m bgl.
Fairly good correlation of

Zinc and Lead with
analytical lab results from
aqua regia digestion
40951
5
44851
56702
5
22
31412
20917
6
10736
2816
1441
3395
7
97
155
62
7
31
95
8
233
690
1662
1163
9
623
347
279
329
10
291
10
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XRF Cone
Detectable Elements and Operation Modes
Typically atomic number 22 (Ti) 92 (U)

Most common metals on contaminated sites:
Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Hg and Pb. Chromium difficult to measure due to low
energy, Cd difficult due to high background (window, sample scatter etc.)
Detection limits typically between 20 150 ppm, except Cr and Cd
Modes of operation:
- CPT and XRF separate push (XRF pushed with GMF casing)
- XRF-CPT combined push
- Discontinuous measurements every 30 cm (unless otherwise advised by clients)
- Data acquisition (counting) time 3 5 min. per depth in average (depending on
required detection limits)
Daily production ca. 20 - 40 m (e.g. 2 - 4 locations to 10 m depth)
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MIP-CPT-HPT: Hydraulic Profiling and VOC Detection in one push

HPT
Water injection
MIP-CPT-HPT
cone
HPT
Hydraulic
Membrane
Pump (CF)
Pressure
transducer
- HPT = Hydraulic
Filter
- EC = Lithology + Salinity
- MIP = Contaminants
- Heater + Thermocouple
- CPT = Lithology
- Dynamic Pore Pressure
Constant water flow (200 1000 ml/min)
Pressure transducer inside probe
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MIP-CPT-HPT: Hydraulic Profiling and VOC Detection in one push
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MIP-CPT-HPT: Results
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MIP-CPT-HPT: Calibration
Validation of HPT-data by depth-discrete testing
In-Situ Slug Testing
Conversion of relative Q/P values in K-values
TASK-Demonstrationsstandort Voigtlnder
1,00E-04
y = 3E-05Ln(x) + 1E-05
2
K (m/s)
R = 0,8783
1,00E-05
1,00E-06
0
10
12
14
16
18
Q/p (ml/min/kPa)
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MIP-CPT-HPT: Results
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Direct Push Groundwater Sampling

a)
b)
c)
Sampling interval up to 1 m
Average depth 20-30 m
Cost effective
Ungesttigte Bodenzone
Hydropunch
(depth discrete sampling)
1.5 Rods
Verrohrung
Volume not limited

Supports direct sensing data
60-90m per day
Top-Down or Bottom-Up
Wassergesttigte Bodenzone
Small machines
Screen
Filter
Rammspitze
Lost Tip
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Direct Push Groundwater Sampling
Instruments for P-C Parameter
Bypass
Flow-Trough Cell
Groundwatertable
1.5 Rods
Screen (Wire wound, Geoprobe

0.1 mm slot,
stainless steel)
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Direct Push Soil Sampling
Continuous or discontinuous coring

To verify data from indirect logging (EC / MIP)
High quality depth discrete samples no cross contamination
Small diameter
Specifications:
Geoprobe Macro-Core (Diameter of core = 38 mm)
Geoprobe Dual-Tube (Diameter of core = 32 / 47 mm)
Length of liner = 4 foot (1.2 m)
Example: Prove of high permeable layer above clay aquitard (identified by HPT)
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Direct Push Soil Sampling
Dual--Tube System
Dual
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Direct-Push Monitoring Wells
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2.25 rods (casing) for 1 wells - standard depth 20-40 m

3,25 rods (casing) for 2 wells - standard depth 10-30 m
Filter gaze (60m) or sand filters provide a mean against clogging
Bentonite seal can be placed above the filter if required
Multilevel installation (nested wells) or sampling (double packer
sampling system)
No soil cuttings - no waste disposal required
Cost effective
www.fugro.com

CMT wells
3-channel by Direct Push feasable
Screens of variable length
Installation:
Geoprobe standard rods, 2,25 OD
Expandable tip
Grout plug above screen
Well development limited (small foot-valve pump)
Sampling:
Low flow sampling
Small size foot-valve pump required
Peristaltic pump
Filter pack
0,4 - 1,0 m
Bentonite
min. 1,0 m
Samplingport
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Why High Resolution Site Characterization?
Point data
Develop 3-D models by spatial interpolation of data

Deterministic/Geostatistic approach
Creating cross sections and 3-D images from block models:
Vertical Cross Sections
Isomaps
Spatial Distribution models
Block Diagrams
Fence Diagrams
Calculation of contaminant mass and volume in the source area

Special tasks
Estimation of mass discharge and flux distribution in the plume

Estimation of investigation efficiency
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Spatial distribution models
Contamination
Lithology
1,00E-04
K (m/s)
y = 3E-05Ln(x) + 1E-05
R2 = 0,8812
1,00E-05
Hydraulics
1,00E-06
0
10
12
Q/p (ml/min/kPa)
K -values
www.fugro.com
Cross sections - Distribution of LIF Signals
A H41
H27
H53
H51
H15
H37 A
Legend
60.0
60.0
Integral Fluorescence
0-5
10 - 25
55.0
55.0
5 - 10
2D Overview
25 - 50
H37
H 16
H 01
H 19
H18
H 17
H 20
H14
H 13
H 11
H 09
H38
50 - 75
H 07
H08
H06
H 21
H51
H 39
H52
H 05
H22
H35
H 34
H49
H 50
H40
H 33
H 32
H 53
75 - 100
H 47
H45
H 03
H 04
H48
H 54
H 46
H 02
H15
H 12
H 10
H 23
H 31
H 24
H29
H30
H44
H27
H 28
H 26
H 25
H43
H 41
Wavelength shift
H 42
Legend
H27
H53
H51
H15
-1.1 - -1.0
55.0
-1.0 - -0.5
-1.1 to -1.0
H37
background
-1.0 to -0.5
Light compounds
-0.5 - 0.1
-0.5 bis 0.1

Light to middle weight
compounds
0.1 - 0.5
0.1 bis 0.5

Middle weight to heavy
compounds
0.5 - 1.0
0.5 bis 1.0

Heavy compounds
55.0
60.0
H41
60.0
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2D-Overview: Distribution of maximum over depth

LIF Integral Flurescence
H37
H18
Legend (%):
H16
H01
H19
H23
H17
H47
H02
H20
H12
H10
H45
H15
H14
H13
0-5
H03
H11
5 - 10
H09
H38
H07
H08
H05
H06
H04
10 - 25
H35
H21
H39
H51
H52
H48
25 - 50
H54
H46
H34
H22
H49
H50
H40
50 - 75
H33
H32
H53
75 - 100
H31
H24
H29
H30
H44
H27
H28
H26
H25
H43
H41
H42
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3D- Contamination Model

Distribution of LIF Fluorescence > 5 %
20 times vertical exaggeration
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Mass Calculation
3D- Architecture of the contaminant body
Vedere bidimensionala de sus
Volume: 70000 m3
Volume: 85000 m3
Vedere tridimensionala
Threshold:
2000 mg/kg
Threshold:
500 mg/kg
Volume: 35000 m3
Threshold: 10000 mg/kg
Volume: 12000 m3
Threshold:
25000 mg/kg
Volume: 1000 m3
Threshold: 50000 mg/kg
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Mass oriented In-Situ

Situ Remediation
Mass Calculation
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% of the entire volume of contaminant body
45% of the volume contain 90% of the contaminant mass

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Mass Flux Calculation
Mass Discharge / Spatial Distribution of Mass Fluxes

HPT03
HPT04
HPT05
HPT06
HPT07
HPT08
HPT09
HPT10
HPT11
75.0
HPT02
75.0
HPT01
70.0
65.0
60.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
GWStand
55.0
55.0
TonOK
Legend Mass Flux

(mg/d/Zelle):
0-1
1 - 20
10.0
50.0
50.0
20 - 50
X
50 - 100
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
100 - 250
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
250 - 500
500 - 750
750 - 1,000
1,000 - 1,250
1,250 - 1,500
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Distribution of CHC Mass Flux
Mass Flux 5.1 g/d
03
Mass Flux 64.3 g/d
Mass Flux 10.0 g/d
Mass Flux 9.3 g/d
37
7 14
14 35
35 70
70 107
107 140
140 178
Total Flux: 88.7 g/d
178 214
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Mass flux based In-Situ

Situ Remediation
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
90/10 US rule of thumb
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
90 % of the mass discharge flow through 15 % of the area

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In-Situ Substrate Injection

Injection of nZVI for in-situ remediation of CHC sites
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Permanganate
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Smart Injection of all kind of in-situ remediation substrates performed:

Depth discrete Injection (volume, flow, pressure) depending on HRSC data (eg MIP+HPT)
- Permanganate
- Peroxide
- HRC
- Vegetable Oil
- Molasses
- nZVI
- EHC
Direct-Push Approach
Top-Down
Bottom up
Max. depth 30-40 m
Pressure activated probes
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Thank you
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High-Resolution Characterization of Contaminated Sites

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High-Resolution Characterization of Contaminated Sites

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High-Resolution Characterization of

Contaminated Sites using Innovative

PROCEEDINGS, TOUGH Symposium 2006

In-Situ Sensing / Probing Technologies

CPT / EC Logging (geology)

MIP / LIF / XRF (contaminants)

- XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) - used for heavy metal detection

Hydraulic Profiling (HPT = hydraulic index)

CPT + Direct Push Rigs

Mobile Static and Dynamic Direct Push Rigs

Fugro CPT Rigs in China

PID (Photo Ionization Detector)

DELCD (Dry Electrolytic Conductivity

Semi-quantitative VOC (Volatile Organic

Simultaneous logging of geological,

Digital data recording

Measurement range from 300 ppb NAPL

Precise 3D delineation of source and plume areas

Soil Density and Consistency (interpreted)

Robertson CPT Soil Classification (modified)

Cone Resistance in MPa

Cone Resistance in MPa

Legend (Colors in Friction Ratio Profile)

Legend (Colors in DELCD Profile)

> 100 mg/l

6 Sandy silt to clayey silt

FUGRO CONSULT GMBH

Green laser especially and solely

Vertical Scale 1:80

Soil Density and Consistency (interpreted)

Robertson CPT Soil Classification (modified)

Semi-quantitative detection of hydrocarbons

Simultaneous logging of geological and

Waveform product identification

Digital data recording

Precise 3D delineation of NAPL source zones

ROST Wavelength Shift

Cone Resistance in MPa

Cone Resistance in MPa

Legend (Colors in Cone Resistance Profile)

Legend (Colors in Friction Ratio Profile)

Legend (Colors in ROST Fluorescence Profile)

Heavy Oil Fraction

Medium to Light Oil Fraction

Heavy to Medium Oil Fraction

Light to Medium Oil Fraction

Medium to Heavy Oil Fraction

Light Oil Fraction

6 Sandy silt to clayey silt

FUGRO CONSULT GMBH

Vertical Scale 1:80

Cone Resistance in MPa

Kerosene Source Zone

Soil Density and Consistency (interpreted)

Robertson CPT Soil Classification (modified)

Legend (Colors in Cone Resistance Profile)

1 Sensitive, fine grained

Legend (Colors in ROST Fluorescence Profile)

Legend (Colors in Friction Ratio Profile)

Cone Resistance in MPa

ROST Wavelength Shift

Heavy Oil Fraction

Medium to Light Oil Fraction

Heavy to Medium Oil Fraction