COUNTERS

Good Morning Mr. Sasongko and good morning my friends. My name is Silvia Nike
Fadlila, and today I will to tell you about Counters. So listen carefully.
Counter means enumerator, meaning or application of counter bias circuit is used for
chopping / calculate either the count is up (counter up) or counts down (counter down). For
applications in the field usually used on conveyor to the level of industry or other
applications, the hardware was counter can be used for any sensor but rather to the sensor
outputs in the form of label digital voltage such as, push button, switch proximity but not
mean it can not be used on the voltage analog as temperature, pressure and other, only
slightly less than the maximum.

Type and Characteristic Counters.

1. Synchronous Counter
Synchronous counter has a triggering of the same clock source and composition of flipflop are parallel. In syncronous counter itself there are differences in the placement or
manipulation that essentially cause different

gate delay time is called the carry

propagation delay.
Application of the counter in the form of application is good IC chip IC TTL, or CMOS,
among other things: (TTL) 7490, 7493, 74 190, 74 191, 74 192, 74 193, (CMOS)
4017,4029,4042, and others.
In the Sync Counter, clock sources provided on each input clock of the flip-flop
constituent, so that if there is a change in the pulse of the source, then the changes will be
to trigger the whole flip-flop together.
2. Asynchronous counter
As mentioned in the previous section Asynchronous counter is composed of flip-flops that
are connected in series and depends on the previous flip-flop, then spread to the flip-flop
its MSB. That's why Asynchronous counter is often referred to as the ripple-through
counter. A Counter Asynchronous (Ripple) consists of a series of flip-flop configured by
connecting the output from one to the other. The next an input signal is mounted on the

first FF Clock will change position when climbing output (Edge) correct the required
detected.
The output is then trigger the next input clock when the rock is supposed to. In this way a
signal on the input will (triggering the next input) from the FF to the next so that the signal
was tip end of the row. Remember that FF T can divide the input signal by a factor of 2
(two). So Counter can count from 0 to 2 "= 1 (with n equal to the number of flip-flop in
the row).
3. Ring counter
A ring counter is a Shift Register (a cascade connection of flip-flops) with the output of
the last one connected to the input of the first, that is, in a ring. Typically, a pattern
consisting of a single bit is circulated so the state repeats every n clock cycles if n flipflops are used.It can be used as a cycle counter of n states. If the output of a shift register
is fed back to the input. a ring counter results. The data pattern contained within the shift
register will recirculate as long as clock pulses are applied. For example, the data pattern
will repeat every four clock pulses in the figure below. However, we must load a data
pattern. All 0's or all 1's doesn't count.
4. Johnson counter
A Johnson counter (or switchtail ring counter, twisted-ring counter, walking-ring counter,
or Moebius counter) is a modified ring counter, where the output from the last stage is
inverted and fed back as input to the first stage. The register cycles through a sequence of
bit-patterns, whose length is equal to twice the length of the shift register, continuing
indefinitely. These counters find specialist applications, including those similar to the
decade counter, digital-to-analog conversion, etc. They can be implemented easily using
D- or JK-type flip-flops. The switch-tail ring counter, also know as the Johnson counter,
overcomes some of the limitations of the ring counter. Like a ring counter a Johnson
counter is a shift register feed back on its' self. It requires half the stages of a comparable
ring counter for a given division ratio. If the complement output of a ring counter is fed
back to the input instead of the true output, a Johnson counter results. The difference
between a ring counter and a Johnson counter is which output of the last stage is fed back
(Q or Q'). Carefully compare the feedback connection below to the previous ring counter.

Function of Counters

Counter used for various arithmetic operations, a frequency divider, calculating the
distance (odometer), speed (speedometer), whose development is used extensively in
computing

applications

in

scientific

instruments,

industrial

control,

computer,

communications equipment, and so on.

The Workings of Counters

Up / Down Counter is the development of a synchronous counter which combines the
functions of up counter and down counter in a series with a control to determine the
counting is done. With a range of up / down counter counting process on a journey
counting can be changed directly from the position output data will be the count up or
count down. To build an Up / Down Counter necessary synchronous counter and control
circuit coupled Up or Down processes to be carried out.
The process of counting up (count up) will occur if the input lines Up / Down was
given logic HIGH and will do the countdown (count down) if the input lines up / down is
given input LOW. In a systematic series of up / down counter is a combination between up
counter and down counter coupled with the switch system using digital logic gate NAND
(in general) as a selector.
Up counter part of a series of up / down counter above seems clearly separated after
input lines up / down given input logic HIGH. So obvious arrangement synchronous 4-bit
up counter at a series of up / down counter above. Then the down counter can also be seen
clearly separated after input of up / down given input logic LOW.

Application Counters In the Life

Counter is a countdown clock period the amount it receives, but it also serves as a
frequency divider.
The working principle Counter at digital clock is:

1. Seconds
Seconds on the clock unit has a unit of 10 bits (0-9), because the use of counter mode
unit seconds 10 (divider 10). Using JK 4 counter input. Binary value 10 set as 0000,
so that in a matter of seconds to 10 units on the digital clock will start again from 0

(zero). Thus the input that produces a value of 1 is connected to the NAND gate, and
the results are put into Clear. Then the results of the last input will be checked in as
the clock at tens of seconds in the Digital Clock. and then like that. b. Dozens
Seconds on the digital clock has dozens of as much as 6 bits (0-5), because in tens of
seconds using the counter mode 6 (divider 6). Counter using JK 3 input, or to equalize
could also counter JK 4 inputs. 6 binary values are set as 0000 in order to count to 6
tens seconds on the digital clock will re-count is 0 (zero).
2. Minutes
a. Unit, Similarly, the principle of working with units of seconds on the digital clock.
The difference to the clock in the unit of minutes obtained from the results of the last
input to tens of seconds.
b. Dozens, Tens of minutes also have the same working principle with dozens of the
second digital clock. But, for Clock obtained from the last input on the digital clock
minute unit.
3. Hours
a. Unit, Unit hour using Counter Mode 4, because at the time the value of the unit 4 will
back be set at 0 (zero). Together with the minutes and seconds. Binary of 4 is 0100.
So that needs to be set to 0 (zero) only one input only. Then the results will also be
incorporated into CLR (clear). Results of the last input, will be used as the value
Clock on dozens of hours.
b. Dozens
Dozens of hours using the Counter mode 2. Because the time value of 2 will be
calculated back from a binary 0. 2 is 0010, and in setting only input 1 only. And the
results are worth 1 connected input to the NAND gate and the result is put into the
CLR (Clear).

COUNTERS
Type and Characteristic Counters
1. Synchronous Counter
Truth Table Up / Down Counter synchronous 3-bit

Synchronous counter has a triggering of the

same clock source and composition of flipflop are parallel.

Up series of 3-bit Synchronous Counter

Up a series of 3-bit Asynchronous Counter

In

syncronous

counter

itself

there

are

differences in the placement or manipulation

that essentially cause different

gate delay

time is called the carry propagation delay.

Down a series of 3-bit Asynchronous Counter

In the Sync Counter, clock sources provided on

each input clock of the flip-flop constituent, so that
if there is a change in the pulse of the source, then
the changes will be to trigger the whole flip-flop
together.

2.

Asyncronous counter

3. Ring Counter

A ring counter is a Shift Register (a cascade connection of flip-flops) with the output of the last one connected to
the input of the first, that is, in a ring. Typically, a pattern consisting of a single bit is circulated so the state
repeats every n clock cycles if n flip-flops are used

4. Johnson Counter
A Johnson counter (or switchtail ring
counter,
twisted-ring
counter,
walking-ring counter, or Moebius

counter) is a modified ring counter,

where the output from the last stage
is inverted and fed back as input to
the first stage.

The Workings of Counters

Up / Down Counter is the

development of a synchronous
counter which combines the
functions of up counter and down
counter in a series with a control to
determine the counting is done.

With a range of up / down counter counting process

on a journey counting can be changed directly from
the position output data will be the count up or count
down. To build an Up / Down Counter necessary
synchronous counter and control circuit coupled Up
or Down processes to be carried out.

Application Counters In the Life