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1727-1734
The lean hydrogen-air-mixture combustion model described in this paper accounts for nonadiabatic, axisymmetric, buoyant flame propagation in a sphere or a cylinder. Turbulent burning
velocity effects and heat losses associated with fan-stirred mixtures, equipment obstructions,
and/or a water spray in the vessel are explicitly included in the model. Flame quenching
and post-combustion cooldown are also modeled. Calculated results are compared with data
from a variety of experiments conducted in vessels ranging in volume from 5 to 2,000 m3.
Comparisons with pressure data recorded during the accidental hydrogen deflagration in the
Three Mite Island Unit 2 reactor building are also presented. Results indicate that peak
pressures and burn times can be simulated quite well in many cases without using any arbitrarily adjusted parameter values. In other cases, such as the intermediate-scale cylindrical
vessel tests, the nominal flame surface area had to be increased by a factor of 2-3 to achieve
good agreement.
current model. The detailed discussion of the model
can be found in Ref. 4.
Introduction
Model Description
As in most phenomenological deflagration models,
the following assumptions are invoked. Burnt and
unburnt gases, each with uniform temperature and
composition, are assumed to beseparated by a continuous flame surface. Pressure is instantaneously
uniform throughout the compartment since flame
speeds in these lean mixtures are small compared
to sound speeds. The energy equations for the unburnt and burnt gases, respectively, are:*
d
dVu
9
dt (M,,uu) + .~lh,, + P T + Qco = 0,
d
(1)
_ dVi,
*Variable definitions are given in the nomenclature at the end of the text.
1727
1728
EXPLOSIONS/DETONATIONS
dM~
dM.
. . . . . . .
dt
dt
puSTAF.
(4)
ddt(Mav)=
Ma
f
/
a)
pbv )
~'.
PuSuJ
u l e a a r d propagation
t4
t$
t6
(5)
(7)
(6)
(8)
Heat Losses
b)
dc.mward props|stion
(9)
~?n(l + B)
B
Burning Velocity
(11)
(12)
where ee is the length scale of the energy dissipating eddies and is taken from Ref. 17.
The value of USpray is calculated as one tenth of
the characteristic local spray droplet velocity at the
flame front as computed from the same empirical
velocity distributions used in the spray or fog heat
transfer algorithm. The rms flame-induced turbulent velocity fluctuation, u~'IT, is based on the unburned gas velocity, vu, at the flame surface. The
isentropic compression relationship used for vu is:
V, dP
vu = - ~/uAFP dt
(lo)
1729
(13)
ST(T) = STAbexp
E TAD-- T]
2R TADT J '
(14)
A value of 16 kcal/mote is taken for the overall activation energy of the hydrogen-air combustion reaction as was recommended by Fenn and Calcote. is
Flame Extinction
1730
EXPLOSIONS/DETONATIONS
m
e_l/2
Combustion ends either when this criterion is satisfied (incomplete combustion) or when all the hydrogen is consumed. When quenching occurs, the
burnt and unburnt gases are assumed to mix instantly (conserving species mass and energy) and the
subsequent cooldown period is calculated for this
mixture.
The preceding set of algebraic and ordinary differential equations is solved via numerical integration based on the trapezoidal method. A time step
of 10 milliseconds was found to provide equivalent
.results to the more sophisticated predictor-corrector integration algorithm. Required CPU times are
typically of the Order of 10 s on an IBM 4341 computer.
Comparisons with Data
Model calculations have been compared with
premixed deflagration data obtained in spherical and
cylindrical vessels of various dimensions as summarized in Table I. Vessel volumes span a range of
four orders of magnitude. Hydrogen concentrations
range from 5 to 12 vol. % and steam concentrations
from 0 to 30%. These mixture composition ranges
are applicable to nuclear reactor containment degraded core accident scenarios. All calculations, unless otherwise noted, were performed without using any adjustable parameters, i.e., with CA set equal
to unity.
Calculated and measured pressure-time curves
for three tests conducted in the 2.3 m diameter
/\
/\~
/ //V\
i "
15z s t , . o
....... , ......
H y d r o g e n - 8I
" ~
:e:Ps:r:teU re 98 aBa TM
.\
II
~.
30z s t e , .
a
2
8
lll/s
1|
12
14
le
|8
AECL
Bureau of Mines
EPRI/NRC/EG&G
Sandia
EPRI/Acurex
TMI
TABLE I
Summary of the vessel dimensions used in combustion tests
Organization
Dry e2/^~,
(15)
STAD
Reference
Vessel
shape
Diameter
(m)
Height
(m)
Volume
(m3)
20
21
22
23
24
1
Sphere
Sphere
Sphere
Cylinder
Cylinder
Cylinder
2.29
3.66
15.85
1.22
2.1
35.6
2.29
3.66
15.85
6.3
25.7
2,085.
4.27
5.2
57.6
5.0
18.0
57,300.
400
#
|
_8200
~X)~\r
FMRC-EPRIModel
10
111
12
Hydrogen Cor+centretlon(Volume %)
FIG. 3. Observed (circles) and predicted coneentration effect on hydrogen burn for AECL experiments (P0 = 98 kPa, To = 373 ~ no steam, bottom ignition).
40o
Im
~.~\~
FMRC-EPRi
1 M~
ta
--
1731
15% Steam
Fan On
Central Ignition
'f \ \
Hydrogen = 7%
Temperature = 373"E
Pressure - 98 IcPa
\./-k
~.....
ignlt~o~
+
8
I
5
1
6
i
7
I
8
I
9
10
Hydrogen Concentration (Volume %)
11
12
,I
12
,4
,8
,8
211
TIMEAFTERIIITION =)
1 7 3 2
EXPLOSIONS/DETONATIONS
SEL'~I(~
-Z;.2
-i
-12.2
E.I
17.4
AFTER l l ~ l T l 6 g
,i?.ii
12.|
T/.I
~P..I
I~,1
lIP/* II
"-~::
-
C~ILA~
(C75-4)
SpraYs Came On
Comparisons between the calculated and measured pressure and burn fraction data have pro&S
-.
~-~',~l
5ECOl~
'
AFTER 1349
",:~
"
1~"
"l~s
"
"1~
"
"1~ I
H O t l ~ ON ~ 3 / 2 9 / 7 9
~ = ~ . ~ . ~
-
.................. t ~ l E (CA.Z. I n , m F ~ l l m
'~
~'.. ~
gl
Ikl.~u ~
Ntm* ~ D
ILl
&!
NEVADA
8 ~* H y d r o g e n
,,.s oom
alB
.....x
I~
i/,
m
111
31
a
TI~
~II
' Im
(SEC{~[~)
"1
+m
IW
1. I.
.~+dg
E!
AI
1 7 3 2
EXPLOSIONS/DETONATIONS
SEL'~I(~
-Z;.2
-i
-12.2
E.I
17.4
AFTER l l ~ l T l 6 g
,i?.ii
12.|
T/.I
~P..I
I~,1
lIP/* II
"-~::
-
C~ILA~
(C75-4)
SpraYs Came On
Comparisons between the calculated and measured pressure and burn fraction data have pro&S
-.
~-~',~l
5ECOl~
'
AFTER 1349
",:~
"
1~"
"l~s
"
"1~
"
"1~ I
H O t l ~ ON ~ 3 / 2 9 / 7 9
~ = ~ . ~ . ~
-
.................. t ~ l E (CA.Z. I n , m F ~ l l m
'~
~'.. ~
gl
Ikl.~u ~
Ntm* ~ D
ILl
&!
NEVADA
8 ~* H y d r o g e n
,,.s oom
alB
.....x
I~
i/,
m
111
31
a
TI~
~II
' Im
(SEC{~[~)
"1
+m
IW
1. I.
.~+dg
E!
AI
1734
EXPLOSIONS/DETONATIONS