GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 17

CHAPTER # 1

HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEM

1) Define nervous system

The organ system in our body that carries messages from
one part of the body to another part and coordinates
body functions is called nervous system.
2) What is CNS?
CNS means central nervous system that includes brain
and spinal cord.
3) What is PNS?
PNS means peripheral nervous system that includes a
network of nerves connecting the central system to whole
body.
4) Define Neuron or Nerve Cell.
Neuron or nerve cell is the basic structure and functional
unit of the nervous system. All parts of the nervous
system are made up of neurons.
5) Define Nerve impulses.
Neurons carry messages in the form of electro-chemical
waves called nerve impulses.
6) Define cell body.
The part of neuron containing nucleus and most of the
cytoplasm is called cell body.
7) Define Dendrites.
A fine projection of the cell body that receives messages is
called dendrites.
8) What is Axon?
A long projection of the cell body that conducts messages
away from the cell body is called axon.
9) Define Nerve.
It is an enclosed, cable like bundle of axons present side
by side in a common sheath. Nerve conveys messages
carried by the individual neurons from one body part to
another.
10) How many types of neurons are there?
There are three types of neurons on the basis of
functions.
I.
II.
III.

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Inter neurons

1. Sensory neurons
It carries nerve impulses from sense organs (ears, eyes,
skin, tongue, nose etc) to the central nervous system
(CNS).
2. Motor Neurons
It carries nerve impulses from central nervous system
(CNS) to effectors (muscles and glands), i.e. the parts
which respond.

3. Inter neurons
These are present in CNS. They form a link between
sensory and motor neurons.
11) Write the names of main parts of the followings
1. Forebrain
It consists of three main parts
I.
II.
III.

Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

2. Hindbrain
It consists of three main parts
I.
II.
III.

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

3. Neuron
It consists of three main parts
I.
II.
III.

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

4. Nephron
It consists of two main parts
I.
II.

Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule

12) Write the function of the followings

1. Forebrain
It is the largest part of the brain. It consists of three main
parts
I.
II.
III.

Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Cerebrum is the topmost and the largest part of the brain.

It controls many actions like thinking, feelings, emotions,
seeing, hearing, perceptions, memory, speech, decision
making, etc.
Inside cerebrum there is a small structure called
thalamus. It controls many sensory functions.
Hypothalamus lies at the base of thalamus. It controls
body temperature, hunger and thirst.

2. Hindbrain
It consists of three main parts
I.
II.
III.

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum lies under the back part of cerebrum. It acts

as a controller for maintaining balance and accurate
movements.
Pons is oval structure and present beneath the midbrain.
It controls many function like sleeping, swallowing,
equilibrium and taste etc.

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Medulla oblongata is connected with the spinal cord. It
controls heartbeat, breathing and digestion etc. it also
keeps working when rest of brain goes to sleep.
3. Neuron or Nerve Cell
Neuron or nerve cell is the basic structure and
functional unit of the nervous system. All parts of the
nervous system are made up of neurons. It consists of
three main parts
I.
II.
III.

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

I.
Cell body
The part of neuron containing nucleus and most of the
cytoplasm is called cell body.
II.
Dendrites
A fine projection of the cell body that receives messages is
called dendrites.
III.
Axon
A long projection of the cell body that conducts messages
away from the cell body is called axon. Terminal ends of
the axons transmit the messages to the next cells.

nervous system. All parts sheath. Nerve conveys

of the nervous system are messages carried by the
made up of neurons.
individual neurons from
one body part to another.
Voluntary actions

Involuntary actions

The body actions which are

performed under conscious
control. These actions are
done after thinking.
e.g.
speaking,
eating,
reading, walking, running,
etc

The body actions which are

performed without thinking
over them under conscious
control
are
called
involuntary actions.
e.g.
Heartbeat, blood
circulation, blinking of eyes
etc.

Kidneys

Lungs

Human body has two dark

brown, bean shaped kidneys
in the abdominal region. The
main function is removing
waste material from the
body in the form of urine.

Lungs are present in the

thorax cavity in pair form.
Lungs make oxygenated
blood and remove carbon
dioxide from the blood.

Lithotripsy

Dialysis

It is the bombardment of
shock waves on the stones
from outsides. Shock waves
break the stones into small
pieces which are passed out
of the body in the form of
urine.

Clearing of blood by artificial

methods is called dialysis. It
is done by dialyzer.

15) Explain central nervous system.

CNS acts as a control Centre of the whole nervous system.
It contains brain and spinal cord.

4. Nephron
It is the functional unit of kidneys. It consists of two main
parts
I.
Renal corpuscle
II.
Renal tubule
These are the tubules where urine is formed. There are
over one million nephrons in each kidney.
13) Skin is considered as excretory organ. Why?
Because some extra salts are also removed through skin
during perspiration.
14) Differentiate between
Receptors

Effectors

The special organ tissue

which detect any change
in environment is called
receptors.

The parts respond after

receiving nerve impulses
through motor neurons is
called effectors.

Neuron

Nerve

Neuron or nerve cell is the It is an enclosed cable like

basic
structure
and bundle of axons present
functional unit of the side by side in a common

Brain
Human brain is enclosed in a bony skull called cranium. It
divided into following parts.
1. Forebrain
It is the largest part of the brain. It consists of three main
parts
I.
II.
III.

Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Cerebrum is the topmost and the largest part of the brain.

It controls many actions like thinking, feelings, emotions,
seeing, hearing, perceptions, memory, speech, decision
making, etc.
Inside cerebrum there is a small structure called
thalamus. It controls many sensory functions.
Hypothalamus lies at the base of thalamus. It controls
body temperature, hunger and thirst.
2. Midbrain
It is a small part of the brain that is present below
cerebrum. It receives information from sense organs and
sends messages to concerned part.

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3. Hindbrain
It consists of three main parts
I.
II.
III.

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum lies under the back part of cerebrum. It acts

as a controller for maintaining balance and accurate
movements.
Pons is oval structure and present beneath the midbrain.
It controls many function like sleeping, swallowing,
equilibrium and taste etc.
Medulla oblongata is connected with the spinal cord. It
controls heartbeat, breathing and digestion etc. it also
keeps working when rest of brain goes to sleep.

2. Renal medulla and renal pyramids

Renal medulla is the middle regions which is divided into
conical masses called renal pyramids.
3. Renal pelvis
It is the inner area where urine is drained. The urine from
renal pelvis moves into ureter.
19) Describe structure of nephron
It is the functional unit of kidneys. It consists of two main
parts
I.
Renal corpuscle
II.
Renal tubule
These are the tubules where urine is formed. There are
over one million nephrons in each kidney.

4. Spinal Cord
It is an extension of medulla oblongata. It runs backwards
inside the backbone up to its lower end.
It creates a link between brain and different body parts. It
also controls some reflex actions and some other
involuntary actions.
16) Describe peripheral nervous system (PNS).
PNS includes a network of nerves connecting the central
system to whole body.
The nerves which arise from brain are called cranial
nerves. The nerves which arise from spinal cord are called
spinal nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31
pairs of spinal nerves in human body.
17) Describe the main parts of excretory system in man.
It consists of one pair of kidneys and associated structure.
i.e. two ureter, a urinary bladder and urethra.
1. Kidneys
Human body has two dark brown bean shaped kidneys in the
abdominal region. The main function is removing waste
material from the body in the form of urine. The outer surface
of kidney is convex while the inner surface is concave.

2. Ureter
A tube which arises from each kidney and enters in
urinary bladder is called ureter.
3. Urinary bladder
Ureter transports urine from kidneys to urinary bladder.
Urinary bladder is a muscular sac which collects urine
from both ureters.
4. Urethra
A fine tube through which urine is released from urinary
bladder to the outside is called urethra.
18) Write a note on internal structure of kidneys
Each kidney is divided into three regions
1. Renal cortex
It is the outer most region of kidney

Renal corpuscle
It is the first part of nephron. It consists of two structures,
i.e. glomerulus and Bowmans capsule.
Glomerulus is a tuft of blood capillaries formed by the
division of small arteries.
Bowmans capsules is a cup shaped structure enclosing
glomerulus.
Renal tubule
It is start after bowmans capsules. The first coiled part of
renal tubule is called proximal tubule. The next part is Ushaped and is called Loop of Henle. The last part of the
renal tubule is again coiled called distal tubule.
20) Define reflex action.
An immediate and involuntary response to a stimulus is
called reflex action.
Quick pulling of hand just after touching the hot object is
a common example of reflex action.
Explanation
When we touch hot object a nerve impulse is created in
skin. It is carried by the sensory neuron to the spinal cord.
The inter neuron transmit the impulse to motor neuron.
They carried the impulse to muscles. The pathway of
nerve impulse that complete a reflex action is called
reflex arc. It consists of receptor, a sensory neuron, an
inter neuron, a motor neuron and effectors.

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21) Define Reflex arc.
The inter neuron transmit the impulse to motor neuron.
They carried the impulse to muscles. The pathway of
nerve impulse that complete a reflex action is called
reflex arc. It consists of receptor, a sensory neuron, an
inter neuron, a motor neuron and effectors.
22) What is renal failure?
It is a complete or partial failure of kidneys to work. The
main cause of renal failure are
I.
II.
III.

long term infection

Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension

23) Define diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is disease in which sugar level increases
in the blood.
24) What is Hypertension?
It is a state of high blood pressure in the body.
25) What is dialyzer?
Clearing of blood by artificial methods is called dialysis. It
is done by a machine called dialyzer.
26) What is kidney transplant?
In this method a kidney donated by some healthy person
is grafted in the body of the patient. The donar of kidney
may be blood relative or any other close relative.
27) Name any two waste materials produced by the
human body
1:
Urine
2:
Feces
28) How stones are formed in the kidney and how can
these be removed?
Sometimes kidneys cannot work properly to remove salt
from blood. In such situation, the salts gather in kidneys
and form stones.
Stones can be removed in three ways
I.
II.
III.

By drinking water
Lithotripsy
shockwaves

CHAPTER # 2

CELL DIVISION

1) Name two inheritable characters.

Eye colour
Skin colour
2) Name two non-inheritable characters.
I. Loss of any part of body does not transferred to
children.
II. Some diseases like malaria, kidney-stone etc does
not transferred to children

3) What is gene?
The basic physical and functional unit of heredity is called
gene. Genes act as instructions to make molecules called
proteins. Gene occur in pairs. Every hereditary character
in an organism (tallness, eye colour) is controlled by a pair
of genes. Genes are the sections of DNA molecule and are
located on chromosomes
4) Define heredity
During reproduction, living things pass on their
characteristics to their offspring. This process is called
heredity e.g. colour of eye, skin colour, hair colour etc
5) What are haploid cells?
When an organism forms gametes (sperms or eggs) by
meiosis, the number of chromosomes is reduced to half in
the gametes, is called haploid cell.
6) Define cell division
It is a process by which a cell divides into two daughter
cells.
7) What are parent cell and daughter cell?
During cell division the cell which divides is called Parent
Cell and the cell which is produced as a result of cell
division is called Daughter Cell.
8) What are chromatids?
A typical chromosome consists of two arms called
chromatids, which are attached to the same part called
centromere.

9) Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis
Meiosis
During
mitosis,
two During
meiosis,
four
daughter
cells
are daughter
cells
are
produced from the parent produced from parent
cell.
The
number
of The
number
of
chromosomes in the chromosomes in the
daughter cells remains the daughter cells is reduced
same as in parent cell
to half as compared to
parent cell
Mitosis occurs in general Meiosis occurs to produce
body cells
gametes in animal or
spores in plants
Only one division takes Two division take place in
place in mitosis
meiosis.
10) Name the cells produced by meiosis in plants and
animals
Plant: Spores
Animals:
Gametes

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11) Define heredity and describe its importance in
transferring characteristics from parents to offspring.
During reproduction, living things pass on their
characteristics to their offspring. This process is called
heredity for examples
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

Colour of eye
Skin colour
Hair colour
Free or attached earlobes
Height
Intelligence

12) Write a note on DNA

DNA means Deoxyribonucleic acid. As different sections of
DNA are a set of information for the development of
different characters in an organism. So, DNA is called
hereditary material.
13) What is Watson and crick Model of DNA?
Each DNA molecule is made of thousands of small units
called nucleotides. There are four types of nucleotides in
DNA.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Adenine (A) nucleotides

Thymine (T) nucleotides
Cytosine (C) nucleotides
Guanine (G) nucleotides

According to them, DNA molecule consists of two stands

formed of nucleotides. These two are linked with each
other by cross bands like a ladder.
14) Write a note on Chromosomes.
The nucleus of the cell contains thread like structures
called chromosomes. Chromosomes are composed of
DNA and proteins. They appear as distinct structures
found in the nucleus of a cell. They appear as distinct
structures only during cell division.
A typical chromosome consists of two arms called
chromatids, which are attached to the same part called
centromere.

CHAPTER # 3

BIOTECHNOLOGY

1) What is biotechnology?
The technology in which living things are used in different
ways to help and benefit human beings is called
biotechnology.
2) What is genetic testing?
It is one of the latest biotechnological techniques used for
genetic diagnosis of inherited diseases. It involves the
direct examination of DNA molecule. It is also used to
determine a childs paternity or a persons ancestry.

3) Briefly describe gene therapy

It is an advanced biotechnological technique which is used
to cure genetic and acquired diseases like cancer and
AIDS. In the process, defective genes are supplemented or
replaced by normal genes.
4) Name two life saving products of biotechnology.
Insuline:
it is used for diabetes
Vaccines:

it is used against many infection disease.

5) What is DNA replication?

The process by which DNA makes its copy is called DNA
replication.
6) What is genetic engineering?
It is an advanced technique of biotechnology in which
scientist select and isolate the useful gene from one
organism (donor organism) and insert it into another
organism usually bacterium.
7) What is transgenic organism?
The organism that contains a foreign gene in its cells is
called transgenic organism.
8) Why do scientists use bacteria in genetic
engineering?
Bacterial cell is very simple and easy to handle for the
scientists. It is easy for the scientists to isolate plasmid
from a bacterial cell and attach a gene with it. Another
reason is its fast rate of reproduction.
9) What is genetic modification?
The change in the genes of organism using biotechnology
techniques is called genetic modification.
10) What is GMO?
The organism whose genes are modified called genetically
modified organism (GMO). GMO are also used to prepare
useful and life saving products such as insulin and
vaccines etc.
11) What is insulin?
Insulin is a human protein. In human body it is produced
by pancreas. It controls the glucose level in blood.
12) What is vaccine?
Vaccine is a material which contains weakened or killed
pathogens (disease causing germs) and is used to produce
immunity against a disease.
13) How vaccine works?
When a vaccine is given to human body, the blood cells in
the body take the dead or weak pathogens as real ones
and prepare antibodies against them. These antibodies
remain in blood when any real pathogens enters the
body, the already present antibodies kill it immediately
and the body becomes protected from disease.

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14) What is diabetes mellitus?
If pancreas does not produce the required amount of
insulin, the level of glucose in blood rises. This condition is
known as diabetes mellitus.
15) Differentiate between herbicides and pesticides?
Herbicides are weed killing chemicals and pesticides are
insect killing chemicals which are used to eliminate the
crop enemies (weed and insects) such chemicals also
cause damage to the crop plants.
16) Which major crops have been modified?
Maize (corn), wheat, rice, conola, potato, soybean,
cotton, etc
17) What are trying to produce Pakistani scientist?
They are trying to produce wheat higher production of
iron in the flour. This may help to overcome iron
deficiency in food.
18) Which insects damage the wheat crop? How can
solve this problem?
Insects called aphids damage the wheat crop.
This problem can solved by producing aphid resistant
varieties using genetic engineering techniques.
19) Describe the use of vitamin B12.
Vitamin B12 widely used as food addictive and in some
medicines. It is produced in high yielding cultures of
bacteria.
20) Name some biotechnology products and tell about
their uses.
1. Insulin:
Useful for diabetes.
2. Vaccine:
Used against many infections disease.
3. Beta Endorphin:
A pain killer drug
4. Interferon:
Anti-viral proteins.
21) Define cloning.
It is also amongst the latest biotechnological techniques
used for treating various diseases. It can also be used for
the production of animal organs.

CHAPTER # 4
POLLUTANTS & THEIR
EFFECTIS ON ENVIRONMENT

1) What are the main air pollutants?

I.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

II.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

III.

Oxides of nitrogen (NO & NO2)

IV.
Chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs)
2) Name greenhouse gases.
I.
Carbon dioxide
II.
Methane

III.
IV.

Oxides of nitrogen
Water vapours

3) Name the acids which are present in acid rain.

I.
Sulphuric acid
II.
Nitric acid
4) Why ozone layer is important?
Ozone layer prevents to enter ultraviolet (UV) rays to the
earth. These rays are harmful for life.
5) 3R strategies stand for what?
3R stands for Reduce-Reuse-Recycle
6) Write down the names of products which are
recycled?
I.
Glass piece
II.
Aluminium
III.
Steels cans
IV.
Copper wires
V.
Paper
7) Name common method used for solid waste
management.
I.
Landfill
II.
Incineration
III.
Recycling
8) How does ozone depletion contribute towards global
warming?
UV rays can enter into the earth so the temperature of
the earth is increasing and earth globe is getting warmer.
This is called global warming.
9) Sulphur dioxide is an important. From where does it
enter the atmosphere?
Sulphur dioxide is produced by burning of coal or oil in
factories. Smoke released from thermal power stations
usually contain Sulphur dioxide.
10) Describe the adverse effect of carbon monoxide on
human organ system.
I.
It causes headache.
II.
It causes brain damage and respiratory problems.
III.
When CO reaches our blood, it gets bonded with
hemoglobin and reduced its oxygen carrying
capacity.
11) What is greenhouse effect?
When sunlight falls on the earth, a small part of it is
absorbed by the earth and is converted to heat energy. A
part of this heat energy is reflected back to the
atmosphere by the earth. Some gases present in the
atmosphere e.g,
I.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

II.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

III.

Oxides of nitrogen (NO & NO2)

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These gases trap a part of the heat reflected by the earth
causing increase in the atmospheric temperature. These
gases are called greenhouse gases and the phenomenon
is called greenhouse effect.
12) What is global warming? Write its effect on earth.
Due to greenhouse effect, the earths globe is getting
warmer. This is called global warming.
Effects
I.
Ice in the Polar Regions and at the mountains
melts, sea level rise and results in flood.
II.
Climate of the World is changing.
13) What is ozone depletion?
A layer in the upper atmosphere is called ozone (O3) layer.
It prevents to enter ultraviolet (UV) rays to the earth.
These rays are harmful for life.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) react with ozone layer and
cause thinning of ozone layer when leaked form air
conditioners etc. Hence depletion is takes place and called
ozone depletion.
Effects
I. UV rays can enter into the earth and causes serious
diseases like skin cancer, eye problems.
II. The temperature is increasing.
14) What is acid rain?
Oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen (SO2 , NO, NO2) react with
water vapours in the air and forms acids which make the
rain water acidic.
Effects
I. Acid rain kills the aquatic life in rivers and ponds.
II. Acid rain destroys the leaves of trees.
III. Acid rain destroys the metals and stones in buildings
IV. Crops do not grow in acidic soil.
15) Point out the sources of air pollutants you find in
your locality and suggest ways to reduce the
pollution.
Sources of pollutants
I.
Vehicles smoke
II.
Industrial smoke
III.
CFC in aerosol spray
IV.
Rotting vegetation
Methods to reduce pollution
I. Public transport should be used instead of personal
cars.
II. Sulphur and lead free fuel should be used in vehicles
III. Factories should be shifted away from urban areas.
IV. CFC free products should be used.
V. Deforestation should be avoided.
16) Suggest what can following communities do to
reduce air pollution.
1. Students

I.
II.
III.

By keeping the environment clean

They can make awareness among people to
reduce harmful human activities.
By planting new plants.

2.
I.
II.
III.

Farmers
By planting more and more trees
By keeping fields greens throughout the years.
By making artificial forests to reduce pollution.

3. Factory owners
I.
Factory wastes must be treated before disposing
them.
II.
Waste should be neutralizes before entering in
the air.
III.
Factories should be shifted far from urban areas.
4.
I.
II.
III.

Scientists
Scientist must recycle chemicals and solids
Less use of resources must be done.
Wastage of resources must be stopped and
checked.

17) What is deforestation? Explain its effect on wild life.

Destruction of forests due to human activities is called
deforestation.
Effects
I.
II.

It destroys habitats of wild life.

Extinction rate of wild life is increased.

18) What types of climatic changes can appear by

deforestation?
I.

Due to deforestation, the rate of evaporation is

reduced which results in less rain.

II.

Greenhouse effect is increased which results in

global warming.
19) What is recycling?
In this method, plastic items, glass pieces, aluminum,
steels cans, copper wires, etc are collected separately
cleaned, melted and moulded into new products. In this
way, they are used again and again to reduce pollution.
20) What should we do to adopt 3R strategies for
conservation of resources?
I. Reduce
By reducing the use of non-biodegradable objects and
the resources that are used in their manufacture
should be conserved.
II. Reuse
Secondly, reuse of non-biodegradable objects again
and again instead of throwing them after first use.
III. Recycle
Thirdly, plastic items, glass pieces, aluminum, steels
cans, copper wires, etc are collected separately
cleaned, melted and moulded into new products.

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CHAPTER # 5

CHEMICAL REACTION

1) Define a chemical reaction.

The process in which a substance changes into entirely
new substance with different chemical composition and
properties is called chemical reaction.
2) What are reactants?
Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are
called reactants.
A + B
C
+
D
In above reaction A & B are reactants.
3) What are products?
Substances which are formed in a chemical reaction are
called products.
A + B
C
+
D
In above reaction C & D are products.
4) What is a chemical equation?
The representation of chemical reaction in terms of symbols,
formulae and signs are called chemical equation. The
reactants is written on left side while products on right sides.
A + B
C
+
D
5) State law of conservation of mass
During a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactants
is equal to the total mass of products.
6) Differentiate between
ADDITION REACTION

DECOMPOSITION REACTION

The chemical combination

of two or more substance
to form one compound is
called addition reaction.
22 + 2 22
2 + 32 23

A chemical reaction during

a compound splits up into
two or more simple
substances are called
decomposition reaction.
23 2 + 32
3 + 2

Balance Chemical Equation

Unbalance Chemical Equation

The chemical equation in

which the number of atoms
of each element on both
sides of equation i.e. on
reactants & Product side
are equal is called balanced
chemical equation.

The chemical equation in

which the number of
atoms of each element on
both sides of equation i.e.
on reactants & Product
side are not equal is called
unbalanced
chemical
equation.

+ + 2

2 + 2

Exothermic reaction
That reaction in which heat
is given out is called
exothermic
reaction.
Burning
is
common
example of exothermic
reaction.

Endothermic reaction
That reaction in which
heat is absorbed are called
endothermic
reactions.
Thermal decomposition of
calcium carbonate is an
endothermic reaction

+ 2 2

3 +
+ 2

4 + 2 2 + 2 +

7) When coal burns it leaves ash behind. Ash so

produced is lighter than the coal which has burnt.
Justify the decrease in mass in the light of law of
conservation of mass.
The decrease in mass of coal is due to the formation of
gaseous products i.e. 2 that escape into air and only
lighter ash is left behind. So the total mass of reactants
remains equal to the products.
+ 2 2 +
8) Give two examples of following chemical reactions.
Addition reaction

Decomposition reaction

22 + 2 22
2 + 32 23

23 2 + 32
3 + 2

Exothermic reaction

Endothermic reaction

+ 2 2

3 +
+ 2
2 + 2 + 2
2 + 2 + 22

4 + 2 2 + 2 +

+ +

9) Describe application of chemical reactions.

I. Heat produced during burning of fuel is used to cook
food.
II. Energy produced during respiration is used to
perform all the function of the body.
III. Useful fermentation products e.g. yogurt and backing
product are also application of chemical reaction.
IV. During photosynthesis in plants carbon dioxide and
water react to produce glucose in the presence of
sunlight and chlorophyll.
2 + 2

6 12 6 + 2

V. During respiration the oxygen of air reacts with food

(glucose) to produce, carbon dioxide and water in the
cell of living organisms.
6 12 6 + 62 62 + 62 +
10) What is fermentation reaction?
Conversion of milk into yogurt and formation of baking
products involve the chemical changes carried by
microorganisms. Such reaction are called Fermentation
11) How chemical equation is written.
The reactants and products are separated by arrow.
Reactants on left while products are written of right hand
side of arrow. The arrow is directed toward products.
12) Write down the rules for balancing a chem.
Equation.
I. Firstly count the number of atoms of each element on
both side of the arrow.
II. Only balance one element at a time.

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III. Multiply the symbol or formula with suitable integers
(2,3,4,5 etc) on that side of equation where the
number of atom of a particular element is less and try
to balance this element on both sides of equation.
IV. Starts multiply with smaller number.
V. Repeat the process for all the elements one by one.
VI. Balance the diatomic molecules like 2 , 2 , 2 at the
end
Note: Solve all examples from Text Book
13) Describe the importance of exothermic reaction in
everyday life.
I. They are widely used to fulfill our needs of heat
energy for various purposes.
II. The heat released during burning of fuel at our homes
is used for cooking food and to warm our rooms.
III. Heat produced during digestion of food in our body
keeps us warm and alive.
IV. Heat produced by Burning of fuel in thermal power
station is used in generating electricity.
14) Give two examples of chemical reaction from
everyday life which are essential for life.
Photosynthesis and respiration are the two essential
chemical reactions for our life.
I. During photosynthesis in plants carbon dioxide and
water react to produce glucose in the presence of
sunlight and chlorophyll.
2 + 2

6 12 6 + 2

II. During respiration the oxygen of air reacts with food

(glucose) to produce, carbon dioxide and water in the
cell of living organisms.
6 12 6 + 62 62 + 62 +

CHAPTER # 6

ACIDS, BASES /
ALKALIES & SALTS

1) Define an acid.
Acids can be defined as the compounds which produce
hydrogen ions (H+) in their aqueous solution. Acids have
sour taste.
2) Name some mineral acids.
Hydrochloric acid

Nitric acid
3
Sulphuric acid
2 4
Phosphoric acid
3 4
3) State the properties of Acids
I. All acids have sour taste
II. All acids turn blue litmus solution and methyl orange
solution Red.

III. Strong acids are corrosive liquids. They burn skin and
destroy fabrics and animal tissues.
IV. Aqueous solutions of acids are good conductors of
electricity.
V. Acids react with reactive metals (Mg, Zn) to form salt
and evolve hydrogen.
4) Mention the uses of salts in industries
I. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is used for the manufacture of
chlorine, hydrogen chloride, caustic soda, washing
soda and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
II. Sodium carbonate is used for softening hard water
and for the manufacture of glass and soap.
III. Potassium nitrite is used for the preparation of gun
powder, fireworks and fertilizer.
IV. Copper sulphate is used as fungicide in calico printing
and in electroplating.
5) Name the salt which reduces acidity in our stomach.
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
6) What happens when a salt like copper sulphate
reacts with water?
Sulphuric acid and copper oxide (CuO) is formed

4 + 2 + 2 4
7) Is soda water acidic or basic?
Soda water is acidic
8) Which alkali is commonly used to open a drain?
Potassium carbonate strong alkaline solution is used to
open a drain.
9) Write down the reaction of ammonia and water.
3
+
2
4
Ammonia

Water

Ammonium Hydroxide

10) How litmus solution is prepared?

Litmus solution is prepared by dissolving red cabbage
juice or turmeric powder.
11) What is the effect of dilute HCl on the colour of
following?
Indicator
Colour in dil HCl
Methyl orange
Red
Phenolphthalein
Colourless
Blue litmus
Red
12) What is base? Write down the names and formulae
of four bases.
Bases are the compounds that produce hydroxide ions
(OH-) in their aqueous solution.
Examples:
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
Ammonium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide

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NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
NH4OH
Mg(OH)2
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13) State the properties of Bases
I. Aqueous solution of a base has a soapy touch
II. All bases turn Red litmus blue, colourless
phenolphthalein pink and methyl orange yellow.
III. Aqueous solutions of bases are good conductors of
electricity.
IV. Bases react with acids to form salts and water. This
reaction is called neutralization reaction.
+ +
14) What is the action of caustic soda on the colour of
following?
Colour after action of Caustic soda
Indicator
Red litmus
Blue
Phenolphthalein Pink
Methyl orange
Yellow
15) Mention the sources of the following.
Name
Source
Citric acid
Citrus fruits
Tartaric acid
Tamarind, Grapes
Acetic acid
Vinegar
Formic Acid
Ants string
Oxalic acid
Tomatoes
Lactic acid
Curd
Malic Acid
Apples
Stearic acid
Fats

16) Describe how salts are useful for the human body
I. Sodium and potassium salts are needed for the
proper functioning of muscles and the nervous
system.
II. Salts of calcium are present in bones. They are
responsible for the strength of bones. These salts are
responsible for preventing heart attacks. Plaster of
Paris (CaSO4 . H2O) is used for broken limbs.
III. Potash alum is used to coagulate the blood coming
out of a wound. It is also used for the purification of
water.
IV. Salts of iodine are needed for the proper functioning
of thyroid glands. They are also used to set the
treatment of goiter.
17) What happened when
i.
Magnesium reacts with dilute HCl?
Magnesium forms its salt and release Hydrogen gas
+ 2 + 2
ii.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with dil.

Sodium salt and water and evolve carbon dioxide gas.

23 + 2 4 2 4 + 22 + 22

iii.
Copper oxide reacts with dil. Sulphuric acid
Copper salt and water are produced
+ 2 4 2 + 2
iv.
Sodium reacts with chlorine
Sodium salt are produced which also used in cooking.
2 + 2 2
18) Why the aqueous solutions of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3
are basic in nature?
Because a strong base is formed
2 3 + 22 2 + 2 3
19) How does the soil become acidic?
Acid rain turns the soil acidic
20) Sulphuric acid molecule can give two
protons in water whereas hydrochloric acid
molecule can give only one proton. Does that mean
sulphuric acid is twice as strong an acid as HCl?
Yes, 2 4 is twice as strong an acid as
21) Indicate in front of each salt the acid and the base
which have been used to produce them.
Name of salt
Calcium acetate
Potassium
hydrogen sulphate
Magnesium nitrite
Ammonium
oxalate

Acid
Acetic acid
3
Sulphuric Acid
2 4
Nitric Acid
3
Oxalic Acid
2 4

Sodium potassium Potassium

tartarate
Bitarate
4 4 6
4 4 6
Ferric chloride
22)
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
23)
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Hydrochloride
Acid

Base
Calcium Hydroxide

()2
Potassium
Hydroxide

Magnesium
Hydroxide

()2
Ammonium
Hydroxide

4
Sodium
carbonate
2 3
Ferric Hydroxide

()3

Write the use of HCl

For cleaning rust from the surface of metals.
For purification of Common salt (NaCl).
To make aqua regia (3HCl + HNO3) used to dissolve
noble metals such as gold.
For making glucose from starch.
For the proper digestion of food in our stomach.
Write the use of Nitric Acid HNO3
In the manufacture of fertilizers like ammonium
nitrate
For the manufacture of explosives
In the manufacture of dyes, plastics and artificial silk.
For etching designs on metals like copper brass and
bronze.

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24) Write the use of Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid 2 4 used in:
I. As a dehydrating agent
II. In the manufacture of fertilizers like ammonium
phosphate, calcium ammonium phosphate, calcium
super phosphate etc.
III. In the manufacture of celluloid plastic, artificial silk,
paints, drugs and detergents.
IV. In petroleum refining, textile, paper and leather
industries.
V. In lead storage batteries.
25) Write the use of Acetic acid
Acetic acid used in:
I. In the preparation of pickles (ACHAAR)
II. In the manufacture of synthetic fiber.
26) Write the use of Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide used in:
I. Soap, textile and plastic industries.
II. Petroleum refining.
III. Making rayon
IV. In the manufacture of paper pulp and medicines.
27) Write the use of calcium Hydroxide ()
Calcium hydroxide used in:
I. In the manufacture of bleaching powder
II. As a dressing material for acid burns
III. In making lime sulphur sprays to be used as fungicide
IV. As a water softener
V. For neutralization acidity present in soil
28) Write the use of ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium hydroxide used in:
I. To remove grease from window panes
II. To remove ink spots from clothes
III. As a regent in laboratory
IV. For the treatment of bees string
29) What is PH Scale?
A scale used to measures the acidic or basic or alkaline
solution is known as PH scale.
30) How we can measure PH of a solution?
The PH can be measure with universal indicator or PH
paper. A universal indicator paper has a mixture of several
dyes coated on it. It shows different colours for each PH
values.
31) Define indicator
A substance shows different colour in acidic and basic
solutions. e.g. phenolphthalein, methyl orange, litmus,
turmeric, China rose and red cabbage.
32) What is Natural solution?
PH values range from 0 14. The solutions having equal
concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide (OH-)

are neutral solutions. They have Ph = 7. PH = 7 is the

midpoint of the scale.
Write the colours of some indicators in acidic and basic
solutions
Original
Colour in Colour in
Indicator
colour
acid
base
Litmus

Violet

Red

Blue

Phenolphthalein

Colourless

Colourless

Pink

Methyl orange

Orange

Red

Yellow

CHAPTER # 7

FORCE & PRESSURE

1) Define Force (F)

A quantity which moves or tends to move, stop or tend to
stop the motion of body is called force (F).
= =
Force is measured in Newton (N) or Kgm/sec2.
2) Define Area
The space upon which force acts is called area. It is
denoted by A. area is measured is m2 or cm2
3) Define Pressure
Force acting normally on unit area of a surface of an
object. Mathematically

Pressure is measured in N/ m2 or in Pascal (Pa).

4) Define Hydraulics
The branch of science deals with the transmission of fluid
pressure through pipes as a source of mechanical force is
called hydraulics. Such systems are often using to produce
large force with the help of small force.
5) Define Pneumatics
The branch of science deals with the study of applications
of pressurized gas to produce mechanical motion is called
pneumatics.
6) State Pascals law
Liquid filled in a closed containers fluid exerts equal
pressure in all direction. This fact was first discovered by
Pascal and called Pascals Law.
7) What is an altimeter? Write its application
An altimeter is an instrument used to measure
the altitude of an object above a fixed level. It is used in
I.
II.

Air crafts
Sky divers use wrist-mounted altimeter

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8) Differentiate between hydrostatic and atmospheric
pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Greater the depth of the
water in the vessel,
greater is the pressure
of water. Such a liquid
pressure that increases
with depth is called
hydrostatic pressure

Atmospheric pressure
The earth is surrounded by
a cover of air called
atmosphere. The pressure
of atmosphere is called
atmospheric pressure.
=

Pressure decreases
increasing altitude.

with

9) Why supporting wall of a dam is built very broad at

the bottom?
The supporting wall of a dam is built very broad at the
bottom because at bottom the water pressure is very
large as compared to the surface of water.
10) Describe water pressure
The pressure exerted by water on the walls of the
container and bottom is called water pressure.
Explanation:
It is observed that speed of water coming out of tap on
ground floor is greater than the speed of water coming
out of a tap on upper storey of our house. The speed of
water depends upon the height of water. If water is on
height then its speed is high and if water is at low height
then its speed is also low.
11) Application of Pascals Law- hydraulic system
Jack System
A small force F1 is applied on a small piston that produces
pressure P on the oil. This Pressure P is transmitted
through a pipe to a very large cylinder fitted with a piston.
Since area of this piston is very huge. Hence a very large
force is produced that is used to lift something very heavy
like a car.
In figure valves V1 & V2 prevent the back flow of oil to the
small cylinder so that heavy load remains rose up. When

the oil stopper is opened, the oil in the large cylinder

flows back to the oil tank and the load is brought down.
Brake System
It is a common example of a hydraulic system in a car. It
consists of a pipe and two cylinders. The pipe is filled with

special fluid called brake oil. At one end of the pipe there
is a cylinder fitted with a small piston called master
cylinder. The small piston is connected with brake pedal.
At the outer end of the pipe there is a second cylinder
fitted with a large piston called slave cylinder. When small
piston is pushed into master cylinder by applying a small
force on brake pedal, the pressure thus produced is
transmitted without loss to the slave cylinder. The large
piston in the slave cylinder is pushed out with a large
force. It pushes the brake pad out to make it rub against
the moving wheel disc. It produces large frictional force
which stops the running wheel.
12)
I.
II.
III.

Describe the use of Pneumatic system in daily life.

Automatic tyres are inflated with compressed air.
Spray guns use compressed air for spraying paints.
Compressed air is used in air powered tools like
hammers and drills
IV. It is also used in air brake system in heavy vehicles.
13) Describe Gas pressure in a container.
The molecules of a gas in container are in a continuous
state of motion in all direction. There the molecule
collides with each other and with the walls of the
container. These collisions exert force on the walls of
container and thus produce pressure.
14) What is aerosol?
Sol is a mixture of suspended solid or liquid particles in
a gas or air. The product using sol systems are called
aerosols.
15) Give six application of compressed air.
I.
Automobile tyres are inflated with compressed air
for smooth running of vehicles.
II.
Spray guns use compressed air for spraying paint.
III.
Air powered motors use compressed air to work.
IV.
Pneumatics
V.
Brake systems
VI.
Most of dentistry tools use compressed air for
their working.
REVIEWED BY:
HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WAQAS SHARIF
MPHIL PHYSICS
SCIENCE TEACHER
GOVT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
CUSTOM ACADEMY WALTON CANTT LAHORE
www.facebook.com/GESCAWL

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CHAPTER # 8

MEASUREMENT OF
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

1) Describe physical quantity and examples

The quantities which can be measured are called physical
quantity. Examples:
Time, Mass, Length, volume etc.
2) Define the term prefix.
The words or letters added before SI units such as milli
(m), centi (c) & Kilo (K) are known as prefixes.

Length

Measuring tape

Volume

Measuring cylinder

Time

Watch

Atmospheric pressure

barometer

Note: Solve all Numerical given at the end of chapter

CHAPTER # 9

SOURCES AND EFFECTS

OF HEAT ENERGY

Prefixes are based on multiplying and dividing the units by

power of 10.
3) What is meter rule
It is a one meter long graduated stick. It is used to
measure the length of an object or distance between two
points. A meter rule is divided into 100 equal parts, each
part is equal to one centi meter.
4) Write a short note on
Measuring Flask
Flask is laboratory vessels (container). The flask is made of
plastic or glass. They are of different sizes and shapes. In
school laboratory, 50ml, 100ml, 250ml, 500ml & 1000ml
flask are used for making solutions.
Measuring Pipette
Pipette is used to transfer a measured volume of liquid
from one container to another. They are of different sizes
and shapes. In laboratory 10ml to 25 ml pipette of glass or
plastic are used.
5) What are SI units? Explain.
International system of units: in our daily life, we often
need to measure various physical quantities with the help
of some standard quantity. For example if we purchase
sugar, we must come to know the quantity of sugar. Thus,
there is a need of some standard quantity for measuring
unknown quantity. This standard quantity is called unit.
Table of Units
Physical quantity

Symbol

Unit

Symbol

Length
Mass
Time
Volume

l
m
t
V

Metre
Kilogram
Second
Cubic meter

m
Kg
s
m3

16) Write the names of measuring instruments which is

used to measure the physical quantities.
Physical Quantity

Measuring instrument

Temperature

Thermometer

Mass

Electrical balance

1) Write down the effects of heating and cooling on

solids
Solid expand on heating and contract on cooling
2) Write down the effects of heating and cooling on
gases
Gas expand on heating and contract on cooling
3) Why is water not used instead of mercury in
thermometers?
Because Mercury has high coefficient of expansion per
unit rise in temperature
4) Why one end of the iron girders is placed on rollers
in construction of bridges?
One end of iron girders is placed on the rollers along with
a gap at this end so that girder can move forward and
backward during expansion or contraction.
5) Why gaps are left between two sections of a railway
track?
The gaps allow the expansion and contraction of rails
during summer and winter season.
6) Why do hot air balloons rise up?
Since hot gases rose up in air, so hot air in balloon causes
it to rise up.
7) Why do gases expand faster than liquids and solids?
Because the particles of gases are widely disturbed i.e.
their particles are far apart from each other and they free
to move. Other
8) When a vessel containing a liquid is heated, the level
of liquid initially falls and then rises up. Why does it
happen so?
OR
Describe the irregular expansion of liquid.
On heating the liquid water from 0 0C to 4 0C, it contracts
so the level of liquid initially falls. But after 4 0C it expands
so liquid rises up.
9) What is thermal expansion? Explain it with the help
of experiment.
The expansion of material objects on heating is called
thermal expansion.

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I. Take a metallic sphere which can pass easily through a
ring.
II. Remove the sphere out of the ring.
III. Now heat the sphere and put it on the ring.
IV. It does not pass through the ring because of
expansion due to heating.
V. On cooling the sphere, it attracts and passes through
the ring again.
10) What is Rivet and Riveting?
A rivet is a small, cylindrical and smooth shaft whose one
end is swollen (called Head) while the other end is flat.
Hot rivets are used to join the metal plates.
The process in which two metal plates are joined together
by means of rivets is called riveting.
11) Demonstrate how a bimetallic strip works in a
thermostat.
In electric iron, when current passes through heating
element, it becomes hot. The connected bimetallic strip
also heats up. On getting hot, it bends and is disconnected
from heating element so, circuit breaks and switches off
the electric iron.
12) Explain the peculiar (strange) behavior of water
during contraction and expansion.
On heating the liquid water from 0 0C to 4 0C, it contracts
and its volume decreases while its density increases. On
cooling from 4 0C to 0 0C it expands, its volume increases
and density decreases.
13) What is thermometer? How it works?
A thermometer is a device used to measure the
temperature. When some hot object touch the bulb of
the thermometer, the liquid inside the narrow tube
expands and rises up and we can measure the
temperature by reading scale.
14) Explain the damages which are caused by expansion
or contraction by giving two examples.
I. In hot summer, the concrete used in roads expands. If
no space is provided for its expansion, then road
surface crack.
II. Two sections of railway track are laid with gaps. If
there are no gaps, then they may be de-shaped due to
expansion in summer.
15) Describe the effects of expansion and contraction of
solids.
I. In hot summer, concrete in roads expands and road
surface crack.
II. Two sections of railway track are laid with gaps. If
there are no gaps, then they may be de-shaped due to
expansion in summer.
III. In bridges, one end of the iron girder resets on the
rollers. A gap is also present at this end. So that it can

move forward and backward during expansion and

contraction.
16) Explain the expansion of liquids and with the help of
an experiment.
I. Take an empty flask and fit a cork into its mouth. Pass
short limb of U-shape glass tube through it.
II. Clamp the flask in a stand.
III. Dip the long limb of U-shaped tube in the water.
IV. Note and mark at the level of water in glass tube and
then heat the flask.
V. On heating, air in the flask expands and produces
bubbles in the water.
VI. On cooling, air in the flask contracts, so suction is
created which pulls the water in the glass tube up.
17) Describe a simple experiment to study the thermal
expansion of Gases.
I. Take an empty flask and fit a cork into the mouth of
the flask.
II. Limb of the U shaped glass tube through the cork.
III. Clamp the flask in a stand as shown in fig.
IV. Dip the long limb of U-shaped glass tube in the water.
V. Note and mark a line at the level of water in the glass
tube.
VI. Now heat the flask.
VII. Stop heating and let the system cool down to room
temperature.
VIII. Observe and note the level of water in the glass tube
again.
IX. The result is that the flask expands on heating and
produce bubbles in water.
X. On cooling flask contracts and water level is pulled up
in the glass tube.

CHAPTER # 10

LENSES

1) Describe the paths of three rays which form image

after passing through a convex lens.
I. A ray parallel to principal axis after refraction from a
convex lens passes through its principal focus (F).

II. A ray incident on the convex lens after passing

through its principal focus (F) becomes parallel to
principal axis.

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III. A ray passing through the optical centre of the lens
goes straight without changing its direction.

I.
2) Describe the paths of three rays which form image
after passing through a concave lens.
I. A ray parallel to principal axis after refraction from a
concave lens appears to come from principal focus
(F).

II. A ray pointing towards principal focus (F) becomes

parallel to principal axis.

7) Can an image be obtained on the screen by a

concave lens? Explain your answer briefly.
The ray diagram of concave lens for different positions of
the object show that rays diverge out and do not meet on
the other side of the lens after
refraction. Therefore real image
is not formed, but virtual image is
formed on extending the rays
backward.
8) How long our eye takes to acquire dark adoption at
its maximum?
When we suddenly move from bright light to dark area,
the cone cells become de-activated but rod cell do not
activated immediately so we cant see things clearly. But
after some time rod cells becomes active and we are able
to see in the darkness
I.
II.

Cone Cell: It activate in bright light

Rod Cell: It activate in dim light

9) Define short-sightedness and long-sightedness.

In short-sightedness a person can see near objects clearly
but distant object appear blurred.
III. A ray passing through the optical centre of the lens
goes straight without changing its direction.

3) Write the name of instrument in which convex lens

is used
II.
Camera
III.
Binoculars
IV.
Magnifying glass
V.
Contact Lens
4) Define focal length.
The distance between the optical centre (O) and focus
point (F) of the lens is called focal length (f). Focal length
of a convex lens is taken as positive.
5) How focal length is affected when the lens of eye
becomes thicker?
In order to look something near to eye, ciliary muscles
make the lens thicker and its focal length becomes
shorter. So the image is formed on retina instead of point
beyond it.

In long-sightedness a person can see distant objects

clearly but near object appear blurred.
10) What is lens? Explain the difference between
convex and concave lenses.
Lens: A lens is a piece of glass or other transparent
material like plastic whose one or both side is spherical.
Types
There are two types of lenses.
1. Convex lens
2. Concave lens
Convex lens
Convex lens is thicker in the middle
and thinner at the edges.
Concave lens
Concave lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the
edges.
11) Define centre of curvature
The centre of the sphere of which a lens is a part is called
centre of curvature. It is denoted by C.

6) Upon what factor does the amount of light entering

in a camera depend?
The size of aperture.
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12) Define Optical centre
The centre of the lens is called optical centre. It is
denoted by O

15) What is a real and virtual image?

Real image
The image that can be obtained on the screen is called
real image.
Virtual image
The image that cannot be obtained on the screen is called
virtual image.

13) Define principal axis and optical axis.

The line passing through the optical centre and centre of
curvature of the faces of the lens is called principal axis or
optical axis.
14) Explain the ray diagram where the images would be
formed by convex lens for different distances of
object. Also discuss the nature of images.
I. When object is placed beyond 2F, then image is
formed between F and 2F. The image is real, inverted
and smaller in size.

II. When object is placed at 2F, then image is formed at

2F. The image is real, inverted and equal in size.

16) Why is real image not formed by concave lens?

Explain your answer by ray diagram.
In case of concave lens the ray diagram for different
positions of the object show that rays diverge out and do
not meet on the other side of the lens after refraction.
Therefore real image is not formed. Virtual image is
formed on extending the rays backward. The image is
always virtual erect and smaller in size.

17) Explain how eyes get used to darkness after

sometime
When we suddenly move from bright light to dark area,
the cone cells become de-activated but rod cell do not
activated immediately so we cant see things clearly. But
after some time rod cells becomes active and we are able
to see in the darkness
I.
II.

III. When object is placed between F and 2F, then image

is formed beyond 2F. The image is real, inverted and
larger in size.

Cone Cell: It activate in bright light

Rod Cell: It activate in dim light

18) Explain the defects in human eye.

I.
Short-sightedness (Myopia)
In short-sightedness a person can see near objects clearly
but distant object appear blurred.
Reason
When the eye lens becomes much thicker or eyeball
becomes too long, the image of distant object is formed in
front of the retina rather at retina. This defect is also
called Myopia.

IV. When object is at F then image is formed at infinity

()

Correction of the Defect

This defect is removed by using concave lens of suitable

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focal length (f). The concave lens diverges the light rays
before they enter the eye. Hence the rays again meet at
the retina.
II.
Long-sightedness (Hyperopia)
In long-sightedness a person can see distant objects
clearly but near object appear blurred.
Reason
When the eye lens becomes thin or eyeball becomes too
short, the image of near object is formed beyond the
retina rather at retina. This defect is also called
Hyperopia.
Correction of the Defect

CHAPTER # 11

ELECTRICITY IN ACTION

1) State the Principle of Power Generator

The basic principle is that the coils are kept stationary
while magnet is turned inside the coil. The stationary coil
is called stator. The moving magnet is called rotor.
2) What are input devices? Give at least three
examples.
Any device that changes non electrical energy into
electrical energy in an electronic system is called input
devices.
Examples: Key board, mouse and microphone.
3) What are output devices? Give at least three
examples.
An output device converts electrical energy into other
forms of energy
Examples: Loud speaker, T.V screen, Monitor, Printer.

This defect is removed by using convex lens of suitable

focal length (f). The convex lens converge the light rays
before they enter the eye. They are further bent by the
eye lens to meet at the retina.
19) How do camera and human eye resemble with each
other? What is the difference in their actions?
Similarities
I.
The retina of eye and film of camera serve the
same purpose.
II.
Like camera, the eye lens forms a real and
inverted image.
III.
Pupil of eye is similar to the aperture of camera.
Differences
In a camera lens can be moved back and forth the image
on film but eye lens cannot move.
20) Identify the properties of convex and concave lens
Properties
Positive focal length
Negative focal length
Thicker in the middle

Convex lens

Concave lens

4) What is the difference between A.C and D.C?

A.C (Alternating current)
D.C (Direct current)
The
current
which The current which do not
changes its direction after changes its direction after
an equal interval of time an equal interval of time
is
called
Alternating is called Direct current
current (A.C)
(D.C)
Examples
Generators
Cell, Batteries
5) Name some basic components of electronics system
I.
Resistors
II.
Capacitors
III.
Transistors
IV.
Silicon chips
V.
Integrated circuits (IC)
VI.
Semiconductor diodes
6) What is the function of solar panel?
1. It converts solar energy into electrical energy.
2. Solar energy is used through solar panels.
3. During day light, electricity is directly used to run
appliances and can also be stored in batteries for
the use during night.

Thinner in the middle

Can form real image
Diverging lens

7) Sketch an electrical generator and its important

parts

Always forms virtual image

Converging lens

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8) Describe the working of power generator
The basic principle is that the coils are kept stationary
while magnet is turned inside the coil. The stationary coil
is called stator. The moving magnet is called rotor.
The running water or fuels like, coal, oil or gas are used to
run generators for producing electricity.
In coal-fired electricity generation, the burning coal heats
water in a boiler to produce steam. The steam pushes the
blades of a turbine fixed at the lower end of the rotor
shaft. As the rotor spins inside the stator, electric power is
generated.
9) Discuss the problems involved in
1. Hydro power generation
2. Thermal power generation
3. Solar power generation
1. Hydro power generation
This is traditional method of producing cheap electricity
but involve some problems
I. The people living in these areas where the dams to be
constructed are shifted to some other places.
II. In winter, its capacity decreases due to shortage of
water.
III. Water table near a dam rises due to which water
logging occurs and the land becomes uncultivated.
2. Thermal power generation
I. This method involves burning of fossil fuels (Oil, gas,
Coal). These are non-renewable sources.
II. Fossil fuels releases smoke and other harmful gases in
atmosphere.
3.
I.
II.
III.

Solar power generation

Very high installation cost
Not applicable for night
Number of batteries required

10) What is bicycle dynamo?

The dynamo is a small generator
which produces electricity from
the energy of your body when
you pushing pedal. Some bicycle
may have a dynamo to light up
its lamp.
11) What is hydel power generation?
It is very economical, environmental friendly method. In
this method water falls from a high lake on the blades of a
turbine and it starts rotating. This rotating turbine runs
the generators that produce electricity. The electricity is
transmitted through wires to the whole country.
12) What is solar energy?
The energy produced by sun is called solar energy. This
energy is produced by solar panels.

13) What is wind energy?

The energy produced by wind is called wind energy. The
kinetic energy (K.E) of wind in coastal areas is use to turn
huge blades mounted on high pole. This rotating blade
runs the generators that produce electricity.
14) What is nuclear energy?
The energy produced by nucleus of an atom is called
nuclear energy. It is produced by nuclear fission.
15) What is nuclear fission?
Breaking a heavy nucleus into smaller atoms by fast
moving neutrons is called nuclear fission. A large amount
of energy is released by this process.
16) Define semiconductor.
Semiconductors are materials in which motions of
electrons can be controlled. The most common example is
silicon.
17) Define semiconductor diodes.
It is a device in which electric current can flow in one
direction. It has 2 terminals P and N.
18) What is transistor?
It is a semiconductor device with three terminals. It is
used for switches.
19) What is integrated circuit (IC)?
Very tiny electronic circuits are called integrated circuits
(IC).

CHAPTER # 12

EXPLORING SPACE

1) How does reflecting telescope differ from refracting

telescope?
Reflecting telescope can be made much larger than a
refracting telescope, so that a better and bright image can
be seen.
2) What are rockets?
Rocket is a space tool by which spacecrafts, space shuttles
and space stations are transfer into space. The sites from
which rockets are launched into space are called rocket
launching pads.
3) What is advantage of putting a telescope in space?
Telescope is an instrument that helps to see lovely object.
Hubble telescope can produce clear images of
astronomical objects which are very far from the earth.
4) What is remote sensing?
Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and
underground water reservoirs can be located with the
help of satellites. This study is called remote sensing.

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5) What is GPS?
GPS stands for Global positioning system.
6) Describe the benefits generated by technology of
space exploration.

2. Rocket launching pads

The place where rockets are launched into space is called
rocket launching pads. These are especially built
platforms for firing rockets into space.

Health and medicine

I. The invention of WARP 10 and hand-held high
intensity LED unit etc. these machines are used for
getting relief in muscle and joint pains and arthritis
II. Infra-red (IR) thermometer
III. Kidney dialysis machines and mini cameras for taking
photos of internal organs of human body.
IV. The materials used to keep our homes warm.

3. Telecommunication system
It is installed in rocket and spacecraft so that space crew
in the rockets capsule can communicate with each other
and with earth station.

Global Navigation
I. Geostationary orbits and GPS use the network of
satellites to facilitate communication and navigation.
II. The travelers, aeroplane pilots, sailors and desert
hikers also use GPS in mobile phones to find their
positions and maps.

Tracking
Continuously reporting the position of the satellite or
space probe.

Weather forecasting
I.
The accurate weather reports on hourly basis are
possible by the help of satellites.
II.
It is very easy to predict natural calamities such as
floods, storms and tornadoes.

9) Describe four problems created

exploration and their solutions.
The main problems are:

Advanced electronics and computers

Satellites are fitted with electronic and computer systems
that can perform many function automatically.
Locating Minerals, Fossil Fuels and water reservoirs
Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and
underground water reservoirs can be located with the
help of satellites. This study is called remote sensing.
7) Explain how do astronauts survive and work in
space.
I. Pressurized section in which scientists work without
space suits.
II. Open to space section on which equipment is mounted
for observing the earth and sky. Unprotected human
body cannot survive more as liquid boils at low
pressure.
III. The astronauts wear a specially designed suit called
space suit to protect from hazards while going into
space.
IV. Special foods are prepared and packaged for easier
transportation and a variety of tastes for the
astronauts.
8) Describe the technological tools used in space
exploration.
1. Space rockets
It is used for transporting spacecrafts, space shuttles and
space stations into the space.

4. Ground mission control stations

To monitor and guide their motion in space, Ground
stations receive and process information from satellites.
The main tasks are:

Monitoring
Progress of a space mission is closely observed and
necessary instructions are issued from time to time.

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

from

space

Space sickness
Effects of weightlessness
Conditions resulting from exposure to radiation
Many unwanted side effects
Disposal of rocket parts
Pollution caused by burning of rocket fuel

1. Deaths in space missions

Many deaths have resulted during the manned space
flights. Space scientist needs continuous work to improve
safety in space mission.
2. Fell of space crafts
In 1979 skylab fell from its orbit to earth. This type of
incidents very dangerous for populations
3. Very costly space programs
Space programs are very costly. Involvement of private
sector in mission could be a possible solution.
10) Write short notes on the following:
1. Hubble Space Telescope
It is the first space based reflecting telescope launched in
1990. It revolve around earth at a height of 600 Km. it is
work 24 hours. It has taken clear pictures of galaxies,
billions of Kilometers away in space.
2. Space Probe or Space crafts
It is a vehicle designed to travel in space. It is used for
different purposes like communication, earths
observation and transportation of humans. There are two
major types
(I)

Robotic space craft

craft

GOVT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CUSTOM ACADEMY WALTON CANTT LAHORE

(II)

Manned space

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1. Robotic space craft
It is sent into space for collection of data about space,
planets and other heavenly bodies such as asteroids.
Voyager I and voyager II are the two examples.
2. Manned Space craft or probe
It carries humans and equipment to space. It is larger and
contains necessary facilities for humans such as
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Oxygen
Pressurized cabins
Food
Water
Specially built bathrooms.

It also protects humans from harmful radiations.

3. Space Stations
Either very long stay or performing experiments in space,
larger space craft called space stations are used. A space
station is built in space by carrying its many small parts
and then assembling them there. It may have T.V, bags for
sleeping and kitchen for fresh food.

REVIEWED BY:
HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WAQAS SHARIF
MPHIL PHYSICS
SCIENCE TEACHER
GOVT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
CUSTOM ACADEMY WALTON CANTT
LAHORE
Cell # 0345-4463899
SCHOOL PTCL # 042-36627013
SCHOOL E-MAIL
gescustom@hotmail.com
www.facebook.com/GESCAWL

THE END
THE END

NOTE: If you find any mistake then please tell me.

JAZAK ALLAH

GOVT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CUSTOM ACADEMY WALTON CANTT LAHORE

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