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1.
Introduction
633
Impermeable
Permeable
(a) Permeability
Water surface
Submerged
Non-submerged
(b) Submergence
Typical flow
Attracting
Deflecting
(c) Inclination
Repelling
Flow direction
634
Live-bed scour
Equilibrium scour depth
Clear-water scour
t
(a) Temporal variation of local scour
(after Chabert and Engeldinger, 1956)
Clear-water peak
Averaged scour depth
Scour depth
Live-bed peak
Live-bed scour
Clear-water scour
u*/ u*c
2.
Mixing zone
Return flow zone
Spur dyke
Reattachment point
635
Spur dyke
Bow wave
Downflow
Horse-shoe vortex
Flow
Wake vortex
Channel bed
y (cm)
20
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
Flow
0
10
-12
-40
636
-20
-2
20
x (cm)
Fig.5 Scour around an impermeable spur dyke
40
30cm/s
z (cm)
0
-4
-8
-12
12
16
20
24
28
32
y (cm)
(a) Transverse section x=-4cm
30cm/s
36
0
-4
-8
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
y (cm)
(b) Transverse section x=0cm
30cm/s
36
30cm/s
4
0
-4
-8
-12
-30
-4
8
4
0
-4
-8
-12
-8
-12
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
z (cm)
z (cm)
z (cm)
-12
y (cm)
(c) Transverse section x=4cm
Fig.6 Transverse flow velocity in a scour hole
2.2 Parameters related to scour at a spur dyke
The scour depth depends on a lot of parameters
characterizing the fluid, the bed sediment, the flow
condition, the channel geometry and the spur dyke
structure. Researches have been conducted in the
literature to identify the roles of these parameters
with laboratory experiments, numerical simulations
or field measurements. However, there remain
many disputed points on which there is a lack of
general agreement. Since a spur dyke is very similar
to an abutment in many aspects, results obtained for
bridge abutments are considered to be applicable
for spur dykes as well. Based on existing researches,
the aforementioned parameters and their influences
on the scour process are detailed as follows.
(1) Parameters related to the fluid
Parameters include the fluid density , the
kinematic viscosity , the gravitational acceleration
g and the temperature T. The change of these
parameters is generally assumed to be insignificant
in a specific hydraulic experiment or an actual river
4
0
-4
-8
-12
-20
-10
10
20
30
x (cm)
(a) Longitudinal section y=6cm
30cm/s
40
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
30
40
x (cm)
(b) Longitudinal section y=10cm
30cm/s
z (cm)
z (cm)
-30
-20
-10
x (cm)
10
20
637
d ( g )
D
= K
d
D
(1)
638
Type 1
Type 2
Main channel
Floodplain
Type 3a
Type 3b
Fig.8 Scour types in compound channel
(after Melville, 1995)
639
30
y (cm)
-1
20
Flow
-4
10
-2
-3
1
-40
-20
x (cm)
-1
1 0
20
40
(2)
d s + h = ka q 2 / 3
(3)
640
(d s + h) / h = f ( , , Fr, CD )
(5)
ds
= f
, , , g , Sh, Al , SG
h
gd
h
h
d s / h = f (Fr , Frc , M )
(7)
d s = K hL K I K d K s K K G
(4)
C D = 4( s 1) gd /(3w s2 )
(8)
K hL
(6)
641
2L
= 2 hL
10 h
if
if
if
L
<1
h
L
1 < < 25
h
L
> 25
h
if
1
KI =
u (ua uc )
if
uc
u (ua uc )
1
uc
u (ua uc )
<1
uc
(9)
(10)
uc
h
(11)
u ca
h
= 5.75 log 5.53
u*ca
d
a
(12)
(13)
if
1.0
Kd =
L
> 25
d
Vertical wall
1.00
Semicircular ended
0.75
Wing-wall
0.75
0.60
0.50
0.45
30
60
90
120
150
0.90
0.97
1.00
1.06
1.08
K
if
3
L
L
K* = K + (1 K )(1.5 ) if 1 < < 3
h
2h
if
1.0
1
L
25
d
Ks
if
10
L
L
(15)
Ks* = Ks + 0.667(1 Ks )( 1) if 10< < 25
h
10h
if
1.0
25
Ks
(14)
Shape
Model
(16)
KG = 1
5/3
B * h* n*
1
B h n
(17)
642
L
d
= 2.75 s
h
h
1 d s
+ 1
r h
7/6
(18)
u* p
1
u*c
(19)
d s / h = K s (0.9 X a 2)
(20)
(21)
ds
1+
2h
1+1.2
4/ 3
u u
+ 1
u u
2
*c
2
*
2
*c
2
*
L
h
L tan
+1
ds
(22)
2/ 3
643
644
W
L
B1
645
z B1
=
h B
4 / 7
u 2 B1
1 +
2gh B
6 / 7
(23)
(24)
y (cm)
z (cm)
y (cm)
x (cm)
x (cm)
Fig. 11 Morphological consequences of grouped spur dykes (Impermeable, Top; Permeable, Bottom)
646
647
u* *m
sgd
qbm
(25)
ui
u
2ui 1 ij
1 p
+ u j i = fi
+v
+
t
x j
xi x j x j x j
(26)
k
k
+uj
=
t
x j x j
vt
v +
vt
+uj
=
v +
t
x j x j
+G
x j
(27)
+ (C1 G C2 ) (28)
k
x j
3
m
(29)
t
x j x j c x j
(30)
648
649
Acknowledgements
This research is financially supported by the
Toujiro ISHIHARA Research Fellowship from the
Association of Disaster Prevention Research, Japan.
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