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1.

A relay is connected to 400/5 ratio current transformer with current setting


of 150%. Calculate the Plug Setting Multiplier when circuit carries a fault current
of 4000 A.
Pickup Current = 5 X 15 = 75A
Fault Current in relay coil = 4000 X 5/400 = 50A
Plug setting multiplier (P-S-M) = 50/75 = 6.67A = 7A (approx.)

2.

Compare Static and Electromagnetic relay.

Electromagnetic relays: They are 1st generation relays they use principle of
electromagnetic principle. They depend upon gravitation also and the value
changes to the surrounding magnetic fields also.
Static relays are 2nd generation relays. In this relays transistors and IC's r been
used. Their value may vary with respect to temperature also.

3.

Explain the secondary of current transformer should not be open.

The secondary of current transformers are connected in series with a relay in


such a way that under normal conditions, their induced e.m.fs are in opposition.
Under healthy conditions, equal currents will flow in both primary windings.
Therefore, the secondary voltages of the two transformers are balanced against
each other and no current will flow through the relay-operating coil. When a fault
occurs in they protected zone, the currents in the two primaries will differ from
one another and their secondary voltages will no longer be in balance. This
voltage difference will cause a current to flow through the operating coil of the
relay, which closes the trip circuit.

4.
Briefly explain the various methods of overvoltage protection of overhead
transmission line.
Over voltages occur in a system when the system voltage rises over 110% of the
nominal rated voltage. Overvoltage can be caused by a number of reasons,
sudden reduction in loads, switching of transient loads, lightning strikes, failure
of control equipment such as voltage regulators, neutral displacement,.
Overvoltage can cause damage to components connected to the power supply
and lead to insulation failure, damage to electronic components, heating,
flashovers, etc. Overvoltage relays can be used to identify over voltages and
isolate equipment. These relays operate when the measured voltage exceeds a
predetermined set-point. The voltage is usually measured using a Potential
Transformers. The details of the ratio of the potential transformer are also
entered into the relay. These relays are usually provided with a time delay. The

time delay can be either instantaneous, fixed time or for IDMT (inverse definite
minimum time) curves. Generally, overvoltage relays are provided with sufficient
time delay in order to avoid unwanted trippings due to transients (See article on
Transients). These relays can be used to isolate feeders and other equipment
connected to the network. In the case of generators, these relay also switch off
the excitation system to the generators thereby preventing voltage build-up.

5.

What are the benefits of high and medium voltage SF6-switchgear?

SF6 Advantages (1, 2)


The electric power industry has been using Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) gas as a
dielectric and insulating material for many years. Its popularity is mainly due to
its unique physical and electrical properties including:
1) Dielectric strength twice that of air.
2) Nontoxic, nonflammable and noncorrosive.
3) Chemically stable with high breakdown strength. SF6 molecules provide
excellent arc extinction during electrical operations which minimizes contact
wear and maintenance.
4) Excellent thermal conductivity. High heat transfer permits lower operating
temperatures.
5) Readily available in many commercial locations.

For distribution voltage switchgear, SF6 provides these important advantages:


1) Size reduction
2) Weight reduction
3) Reliable operation
4) Ease of installation
5) Ease of handling
6) Ease and reduction of maintenance

It is simple in construction, Compact, hence requires less power to


operate
Capable of interrupting capacitive & small inductive currents
without producing excessive transient voltages
Suitable for repeated operation

Least maintenance and long life


High speed 0f dielectric recovery and rate of dielectric recovery
Several characteristics of SF6 circuit breakers can explain their
success:
Simplicity of the interrupting chamber which does not need an
auxiliary breaking chamber;
Autonomy provided by the puffer technique;
The possibility to obtain the highest performance, up to 63 kA,
with a reduced number of interrupting chambers;
Short break time of 2 to 2.5 cycles;
High electrical endurance, allowing at least 25 years of operation
without reconditioning;
Possible compact solutions when used for GIS or hybrid
switchgear;
Integrated closing resistors or synchronized operations to reduce
switching overvoltages;
Reliability, availability, and low noise levels.

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