Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DesignOverview
JamesM.Ebeling,Ph.D.
EnvironmentalEngineer
TheFreshwaterInstitute,Shepherdstown,WV
Carbon Dioxide
Removal
Disinfection
Fish Culture Tank
Fine & Dissolved
Solids Removal
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Sludge
Monitoring &
System Control
Waste Solids
Removal
Sludge
Carbon Dioxide
Removal
Disinfection
Fish Culture Tank
Fine & Dissolved
Solids Removal
5%
Sludge
Monitoring &
System Control
Biofiltration
Nitrification
95%
Settable
Solids
Suspended
Solids
Sludge
Sludge
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Nitrosomonas Bacteria
Catabolize un-ionized ammonia to nitrite
Nitrobacter Bacteria
Oxidize nitrite to nitrate
Heterotrophic Bacteria
Metabolize biologically degradable organic compounds
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Nitrosomonas Bacteria
2 NH4+ + 3 O2 4 H + + 2 NO2- + 2 H2O
Nitrobacter Bacteria
2 NO2 + 1 O2 2 NO3-
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
TAN
Concentration (ppm)
NO2
NO3
10
0
0
14
21
T im e (d a y s )
28
35
42
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Ammonia Production
1 kg feed about 0.03 kg ammonia nitrogen
1 g of ammonia yields:
1 g of ammonia consumes:
4.57 g oxygen
7.14 g alkalinity
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
(unionized)
Increase in pH
Increase in temperature
Note:
TOXIC
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
6.0
0.1
0.1
6.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
pH
7.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
7.5
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.5
8.0
1.8
2.7
3.8
5.4
7.5
9.0
15.7
21.5
28.4
36.3
44.6
Nitrification
Equilibrium Reaction Nitrite
NO2- + H2O HNO2 + OH Decrease in pH
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Alkalinity
Temperature
Oxygen
Salinity
Light
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
pH
Optimum range 6 - 9
(7.2-7.8)
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Alkalinity
Formula
Common Name
Equivalent Weight
NaOH
sodium hydroxide
40
Na2CO3
sodium carbonate
53
NaHCO3
sodium bicarbonate
83
CaCO3
Calcium Carbonate
50
CaO
slaked lime
28
Ca(OH) 2
hydrated lime
37
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Temperature
Determined by the species cultured not biofilter needs
Nitrification rates at 17 Deg. C would be 77% of the rates
obtained at 27 Deg. C, or a 27% reduction in rate
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Oxygen
4.57 g O2 for each gram of TAN -> NO3
Rule of Thumb:
Effluent from biofilter at least
2 mg/L Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Salinity
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Light
Light has been shown to inhibit
the growth of nitrifying bacteria.
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Ammonia Concentration
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
13.2 Lpm
30.5 Lpm
80.6 Lpm
100
15.7 Lpm
44.6 Lpm
22.0 Lpm
54.2 Lpm
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Cross-sectional Area
Hydraulic Loading Rate
Specific Surface Area
Biofilters
Terms Used To Describe Biofilters
Void Space / porosity
Ratio of the volume of void spaces between media
particles and filter media volume
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Terms Used To Describe Biofilters
Cross-sectional Area
Area of the filter bed material looking
in the direction of the water flow.
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Terms Used To Describe Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
(gal/ft2/min)
Biofilters
Terms Used To Describe Biofilters
(ft2/ft3 )
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilter Performance
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilter Performance
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilter Performance
Biofiltration
Nitrification
TAN Conversion
Basis
TAN Conversion
Rate
(15 to 20 Deg. C)
Trickling or RBC
(100 300 m2/m3)
Granular
(bead/sand)
(> 500 m2/m3)
TAN Conversion
Rate
(25 to 30 Deg. C)
Surface area of
media
Volume of media
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
gear motor
& chain drive
rotating
media
"drum"
support
shaft
Rotating
Biological
Contactor
influent
effluent
Biofilters
Rotating Biological Contactor
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
influent with flow
distribution header
media
media
support
plate
air
ventilation
pipe
effluent
Trickling Biofilters
Biofilters
Trickling Biofilters Media
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Sand Filters
Biofilters
Mixing Motor
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Effluent
Floating Bead
Bioclarifiers
Influent
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Floating
Bead
Bioclarifiers
Biofilters
Floating Bead Bioclarifiers
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Floating
Bead
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Clean out
Manifold
Clean outs
Ball
Valve
Effluent
Check
Valve
Influent
Expanded Sand
Biofilters
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Upflow Sand Biofilters (Cyclo-Bio Filter)
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Biofilters
Effluent collection launder
To CO2 stripping
column
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Trickling Biofilters
Pro's
Very simple design and construction requirements
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Con's
Some biofilm sheared off is large enough to be
problematic and many systems integrate postbiofiltration mechanical filtration for this reason
Currently a very popular method of biofiltration in Filters using this media type tend to be very
the wastewater industry, which should improve
large in high feed load coldwater systems
material availability and cost
Allows for passive aeration and CO2 removal
concurrent with biofiltration
Media and design assistance is currently available
from reputable commercial vendors facilitating the
design effort
Systems using these types of filters tend to be
extremely stable
Bead Biofilters
Pro's
Well developed product available from
reputable commercial vendors. Can simplify
system design and construction
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Con's
Can be expensive due to relative low specific
surface area for large scale facilities
Con's
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Bio-filter
1 M2 of surface processes 0.6 g TAN
1 g feed produces 0.03 g TAN (tilapia)
10.89 Sq Feet/Sq Meter
Feed * 0.03/0.6*10.89 = theoretical surface area