Deep Foundation

References:
Coduto, D.P. (1994): Foundation design: principles and
practices
Day, R.W. (2010): Foundation engineering handbook
Hardiyatmo, H.C. (2011): Analisis dan Perancangan
Fondasi, Bagian II

Teng , Wayne C. (1992): Foundation Design

Tomlinson, M.J. (2001): Foundation design and
construction

Topics (from SAP):

Kapasitas dukung tiang terhadap gaya lateral
dalam tanah kohesif

a. Ujung tiang bebas (tiang pendek dan tiang panjang)

b. Ujung tiang terjepit (tiang pendek dan tiang panjang)

Defleksi tiang

a. Ujung tiang bebas (tiang pendek dan tiang panjang)

b. Ujung tiang terjepit (tiang pendek dan tiang panjang)

Analisis stabilitas fondasi tiang

a. Beban tiang
b. Kapasitas dukung tiang
c. Jumlah tiang
d. Susunan tiang
e. Kontrol

Turap

a. Pengertian
b. Tipe struktur turap
c. Tipe turap dari segi bahan

Perancangan turap jenis kantilever

a. Gaya-gaya yang bekerja

b. Panjang turap yang dipancang
c. Dimensi turap dan pemilihan profil turap

Perancangan turap dengan angkur

a. Letak tumpuan angkur

b. Dimensi batang angkur
c. Konstruksi angkur

Fondasi caisson

a. Pengertian dan jenis fondasi caisson

b. Bentuk tampang fondasi sumuran
c. Analisis fondasi sumuran

Sheet Pile (1)

Sheet-pile walls provide temporary or permanent support
when excavations are to be carried out.
They consist of steel, concrete, and sometimes timber
sections.
Typically driven in the ground using percussion, vibration,
or jetting.
More recently, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have
been used successfully in a number of projects where the
sheet piles are driven to shallow depths.
FRPs have the advantage of resisting a wide range of
chemically aggressive environments.

Typical cross sections of sheet-pile materials:

(a) steel, and (b) concrete.

Sheet Pile (2)

Once driven in the ground, excavation proceeds on
one side sheet pile providing the earth support.
For shallow depths (less than 6 m), use cantilevertype sheet piles the embedment depth delivers the
moment required to resist the lateral earth pressure
on the active side.
For larger depths supplement the embedment
resistance with a tie-rod anchor, installed by
excavating and re-compacting the soil.
If multiple rows of anchors are required a tie-back
anchored retaining wall is constructed

Typical sheet-pile support mechanisms

cantilever sheet pile

tie-rod anchored sheet pile

tie-back anchored wall

Sheet Pile (3)

Sheet pile retaining walls are widely used for
waterfront construction and consist of interlocking
members that are driven into place.
Individual sheet piles come in many different sizes
and shapes sheet piles have an interlocking joint
that enables the individual segments to be connected
together to form a solid wall.
There are many different types of design methods
that are used for sheet pile walls.

Earth pressure diagram for

design of sheet pile wall
(NAVFAC DM-7.2, 1982.)

When tieback anchors are used

anchored bulkhead
If no tiebacks are utilized
cantilevered sheet pile wall
Sheet pile walls tend to be
relatively flexible, the design is
based on active and passive
earth pressures

Design of sheet pile walls (1)

1. Evaluation of the earth pressures that act on the wall
2. Determination of the required depth D of piling
penetration
3. Calculation of the maximum bending moment Mmax, which
is used to determine the maximum stress in the sheet pile
4. Selection of the appropriate piling type, size, and
construction details

Important design considerations

1. Soil layers to adjust active and passive earth
pressures
2. Penetration depth increased by at least 20 percent
to allow for the possibility of dredging and scour
3. Surcharge loads
4. Unbalanced hydrostatic and seepage forces
5. Other loading conditions
6. Factors increasing the stability

Lateral Earth Pressure

Difference between vertical and horizontal

earth pressures (v h)

Equal fluid pressure in

all directions

The ratio between horizontal effective stress (h) and the vertical effective
stress, (v ) is known as the coefficient of lateral earth pressure, K.
Three improtant soil conditions: at-rest,
active and passive condition

At-rest condition
It is very difficult to determine the in situ coefficient of lateral earth pressure
at rest through measurement typical values and empirical formulas
For uncemented sands and normally consolidated clays (Jacky, 1948):

Modified by Schmidt (1966):

Coduto (1994): K0 (1 sin )OCRsin 1 0.5 tan

P0 / b

H 2 K 0
2

b = unit length of the wall (usually 1 m)

= unit weight of soil
H = height of the wall

Lateral Earth Pressure: Rankine (1857)

Rankines (1857): an active lateral earth pressure condition
occurs when the horizontal stress (h) decreases to the minimum
possible value required for soil stability. In contrast, a passive
condition takes place when (h) increases to a point where the
soil fails due to excessive lateral compression.

Active and passive

pressures acting on a
cantilever retaining wall

Lateral Earth Pressure & Shear Strength (1)

K0

'h 0
'v

Assuming the friction between the soil and the wall to be negligible,
the vertical effective stress (v), at a depth z behind the wall = .z
Angle of the shear plane

Development of shear failure planes in the soil behind a

wall as it transitions from the at-rest to the active condition

Wall movement required to reach the active condition

Lateral Earth Pressure & Shear Strength (2)

Starting from at-rest conditions, the wall moves toward the backfill.
While the vertical stress remains constant, the horizontal stress
will gradually increase value hp
Angle of the shear plane

Development of shear failure planes in the soil behind a

wall as it transitions from the at-rest to the passive condition

Wall movement required to reach the passive condition

Effect of wall movement on lateral earth pressure in sand

Free body diagram behind a retaining wall

using Rankines solution : Active case

Pa b

Va b

Ka

.H 2 K a . cos
2

.H 2 K a . sin

cos
cos

cos
cos

2
2

cos 2

cos

K a tan 2 45 / 2

Theoretical pressure and

shear acting against the wall

h v K a cos
0

v K a sin

Free body diagram behind a retaining wall

using Rankines solution : Passive case

.H 2 K p . cos

Pp b

Vp b

Kp

.H 2 K p . sin

cos
cos

cos
cos

2
2

cos 2

cos

K p tan 2 45 / 2

Theoretical pressure and

shear acting against the wall

h v K p cos
0

v K p sin

Comparison between (a) theoretical and (b) observed distributions

of earth pressures acting behind retaining structures

Lateral Earth Pressure: Coulomb (1776)

Coulomb (1776): considers the stability of a soil wedge
behind a retaining wall.
Most critical condition, the direction of line AB is varied until a
maximum value of PA is obtained

Lateral Earth Pressure: Coulomb (1776)

Coulombs Theory for Cohessionless Soils

Resultant of the normal and
shear forces acting on the wall
is inclined at an angle w from a
perpendicular of the wall.
w is the coefficient of friction
between the wall and the soil

Pa b

Va b
Ka

.H 2 K a . sin w
2

cos 2

sin w sin
2
cos cosw 1

cos

cos

Pp b

Vp b
Kp

.H 2 K a . cos w

.H 2 K p . cos w
2

.H 2 K p . sin w
2

cos 2

sin w sin
2
cos cosw 1

cos

cos

Lateral Earth Pressures in Soils with Cohesion

Rankine did not address lateral earth pressures in soil with cohesion
(c 0 and 0) ; Coulomb did not address passive pressure
Bell (1915) developed complete formulas for cohesive soil
(a) Theoretical Behavior : soil with cohesion can stand vertically to
a height of no more than the critical height (Hc):
Hc

2c
Ka

If H < Hc the earth will stand vertically without a wall

In practice apply FS to Hc (1.5 to 2.0) before deciding no wall
Consider the potential for surface erosion and other modes of
failure

Active pressures in soil with cohesion

H 2 K a
2c 2
cos 0
Pa / b
2cH K a

2
H 2 K a
2c 2
sin 0
Va / b
2cH K a

2

Theoretical distribution of active pressure in

soils with cohesion (c 0; 0
These formulas often are incorrectly stated without the 2c2/ term
to account the lack of tensile forces between the wall and the soil at
depths shallower than Hc.

Passive pressures in soil with cohesion

Rankine equations for passive
conditions in soils with cohesion:

H 2 K p

Pp / b
2cH K p cos
2

H 2 K p

Vp / b
2cH K p sin
2

Theoretical distribution of passive pressure

in soils with cohesion (c 0; 0

Type of sheet pile construction

a. Cantilever sheet pile

Type of sheet pile construction

b. Anchored sheet pile

Tie rod
Anchor block

Type of material
a. Timber sheet pile
Shallow depth
Temporarily, becomes permanent if submerged
Ground surface

Detail A

Detail B

Lock beam

Timber sheet pile with inclined-supported pile

(to replace tie back anchor)
Side view

Upper view

Lock beam

Supported
pile

Sheet
pile

Lock
beam

Supported
pile

Sheet
pile

Combination of supported pile and horizontal timber slab

1
6-20

Horizontal
timber slab
d1=30 cm

Supported
pile

l1
l1
l1
l1
l1

Horizontal
timber slab

Anchored sheet pile

Angker

Tie rod

Tie rod

Anchor

min. 30 cm

Vertical pile

Type of material
b. Concrete sheet pile
Prefabricated sheet pile/beam
Analysis is conducted due to soil pressure and when being
erected and transported to the site.

Type of material
c. Steel sheet pile
Specific profile
Factory listed W cm3/m' with steel = 140; 160; 210 mN/m2

Benefit
- Easily driven, corrosion resistance?
- May resist a heavy driving force
- Relatively light
- Easy to pull out and re-drive

 Shape of steel sheet pile

I profile with interlock

Larrsen profile with interlock