KESETIMBANGAN FASE

& DIAGRAM FASE

H U D AN TAU F I Q
FAR M AS I F K U N I S S U L A

SASARAN BELAJAR
Memahami Aturan fasa
Memahami Derajat kebebasan
Memahami Grafik kesetimbangan fasa: sistem satu
komponen, sistem dua komponen, sistem tiga
komponen
Memahami Diagram fasa: diagram fasa biner, diagram
fasa kongruen, diagram fasa inkongruen, diagram
larutan padat, diagram terner

REFERENCE
Martin A, Bustamante P, Chun AHC, 1993, Physical
Pharmacy, ed 4th Ed, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
Tony Bird , 1993, Kimia Fisik untuk Universitas,alih
bahasa Kwee Le Tjien, penerbit PT Gramedia Jakarta

ATURAN FASA

DEFINITION OF A PHASE
Phase
Any part of a system which is physically
separated from other parts of the system by a
distinct boundary.
A phase can be a solid, liquid, vapour (gas) or
aqueous solution which is uniform in both
chemical constitution and physical state.

Heterogeneous system ---- system with more than one phase

Homogeneous system ---- system consists of one phase only

The phases of various systems

Type of system

System

Example

Homogeneous

Mixture of gases

Air (mixture of 1 gaseous

N2, O2, CO2) phase

Homogeneous

Mixture of two miscible Ethanol and

liquids
water

1 liquid phase

Homogeneous

Mixture of two solids

2 solid
phases

Salt and sand

Number of
phases

The phases of various systems

Heterogeneous

Mixture of a solid and

a liquid

Heterogeneous

Mixture of a solid, a
liquid and a gas

Heterogeneous

Mixture of two solids

and a gas

Ice and water

1 solid phase
and 1 liquid
phase
Ice, water and 1 solid phase,
vapour
1 liquid phase
and 1
gaseous
phase
CaCO3, CaO 2 solid
and CO2
phases and 1
gaseous
phase

PHASE RULE
Phase Rule :
Gibbs phase rule may be stated as follows :
"In a heterogeneous system in equilibrium, the number
of degrees of freedom plus the number of phases is
equal to the number of components plus two".
Mathematically, F + P = C + 2
or
F=CP+2
where
F = number of degrees of freedom
C = number of components
P = number of phases
2 = additional variables of temperature and pressure
besides the concentration variables.

PHASE RULE
Component :
The number of component of a system at equilibrium is
defined as the minimum number of independently variable
constituents which are required to express the composition
of each phase in the system.
In a chemically reactive system, the number of components
is given by
C=N-E
where C = components.
N = Number of chemical species
E = Number of independent equations relating the
concentrations of the N species.
Each independent chemical equilibrium involving the
constituents counts as one equation.The condition that a
solution be electrically neutral also counts as one equation if
ions are considered as constituents.

PHASE RULE
Degrees of Freedom :
The degree of freedom or variance of a system is
defined as the minimum number of variable factors such
as temperature, pressure and concentration which
should be arbitrarily fixed in order to define the system
completely.
Examples
(i) For a given sample of any gas PV = nRT. Any two of the
three variables P, V, T define the system completely.
Hence the system is bivariant or it has two degrees of
freedom.
(ii) A gaseous mixture say N2 and O2 gases (mixed 50%
each), is completely defined when three variables
temperature, pressure and concentration are specified.
Thus, the degrees of freedom is three or the system is
trivariant.

PHASE RULE
(i) The greater the number of components in a system, the
greater is the degree of freedom for a given number of
phases.
(ii) The greater the number of phases, the smaller is the
number of degrees of freedom.
(iii) The number of phases is maximum when the number
of degrees of freedom = Zero, for a given number of
components. Thus, for
one component system, P max. = 3 .
two component system, P max. = 4
three component system, P max. = 5

KESETIMBANGAN FASA &

DIAGRAM FASA

SISTEM SATU KOMPONEN

Diagram fase air
B
Tekanan
uap

A
CAIR

PADAT

(mmHg)
4,58

UAP

C
0,0098

Suhu (OC)

OA : Kurva tekanan Uap OB : Kurva titik leleh

Pada daerah padat

murni/cairan
murni/uap murni (1
fase), F = 2 (sistem
bivarian)
Pada sepanjang garis
(2 fase), F =1 (sistem
univarian)
Pada titik triple (O) (3
fase), F = 0 (sistem
invarian)
OC : Kurva Sublimasi

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM

A phase equilibrium is a balance between phases, that is the

coexistence of two or more phases in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

Evaporation and Condensation

At a fixed temperature

Saturated
vapour
pressure
(a dynamic
equilibrium)
A phase equilibrium

Source: William Callister 7th edition, chapter 09, page 254, figure 9.1
17

SISTEM TERKONDENSASI
Sistem dua komponen, F tertinggi 3, perlu diagram tiga
dimensi, susah
Fase uap tidak digambarkan, sehingga tekanan uap
diabaikan dan sistem dikerjakan pada tekanan 1 atm
Tinggal variabel suhu dan konsentrasi, cukup diagram 2
dimensi
Harga F hasil hitungan dikurangi satu

SISTEM DUA KOMPONEN CAIR -CAIR

Diagram fase campuran fenol -air

H = temperatur
konsulat maksimum

66,8OC

T
(OC)

A larutan fenol dalam

air, C larutan air dalam
fenol

50

(1 fase, F = 2 1+2 = 3,
terkondensasi, F
menjadi 2, suhu dan
konsentrasi)

11

63
Kadar fenol dalam air

100

B : 2 fase: air jenuh

fenol dibagian atas dan
fenol jenuh air (bawah),
F=1

CONTOH SOAL
20 gram fenol dicampur dengan 30 gram air, dibiarkan
mencapai kesetimbangan pada 50 OC.
1. Berapa fase yang terbentuk, berapa berat fase (fase) tersebut, dan konsentrasi fenol pada (tiap) fase
2. Jika terbentuk dua fase berapa jumlah air atau fenol
harus ditambahkan supaya menjadi satu fase

SISTEM 2 KOMPONEN PADAT CAIR

Diagram fase campuran timol salol

T (OC)

TO Timol
To Salol

Cairan +
padatan
13 salol

1 Fase Cair

Cairan +
padatan timol

Padatan salol +padatan timol

34
% berat timol dalam salol

Pada titik
Eutektik (E)
terjadi
kesetimbangan
1 fase cair dan
2 fase padat (F
= 2 3 +2 = 1),
karena
terkondensasi F
menjadi 0

CONTOH SOAL
70 gram timol dicampur dengan 30 gram salol dan
dibiarkan mencapai kesetimbangan pada suhu 30OC.
1. Berapa fase yang terbentuk
2. Bobot (tiap) fase berapa, konsentrasinya berapa
3. Berapa salol yang harus ditambahkan supaya
menjadi 1 fase, berapa gram timol harus ditambahkan
supaya menjadi 1 fase

DUA JENIS DIAGRAM FASA

H2O dan sejumlah zat lain

Vuap > Vpadat > Vcair

Zat pada umumnya

Vuap > Vcair > Vpadat

DIAGRAM FASA BINER

DIAGRAM FASA SENYAWA DENGAN TITIK LEBUR

SEBANGUN (KONGRUEN)

DIAGRAM FASA SENYAWA DENGAN TITIK LEBUR

TAK SEBANGUN (INKONGRUEN)

LARUTAN PADAT

LEVER RULE
Pada slide sebelumnya
WL =

W =

C C 0 =
S
RS
C C L
C0 C L
R
=
C C L
RS

W = fraksi berat zat

C = persen berat zat

CAMPURAN TERNER (3 KOMPONEN)

Derajat bebas tertinggi F = 3 1 + 2 = 4
Dianggap sistem terkondensasi, uap diabaikan
Dikerjakan pada suhu tetap
Tinggal konsentrasi yang divariasi

Contoh : campuran air-emulgator-minyak

Ditunjukkan dengan diagram terner

100 % TWEEN

100 % AIR

100 % VCO

100 % TWEEN

SOAL : Perhatikan kurva

ini, daerah dibawah kurva
adalah sistem 2 fase.
Campuran air VCO dan
emulgator sebanyak
berturut turut 50, 40, 10
g
Dibiarkan mencapai
kesetimbangan,
terbentuk
2 fase. Fase bagian atas
dianalisi ternyata

mengandung air 15 %,

100 % AIR

bagaiana
komposisi
fase
konjugatnya
Berapakah
berat tiap fase,
berapakah
emulgator
harus
ditambahkan
supaya sistem
menjadi satu
fase

100 % VCO