A.

Present Perfect Tense

1. Pengertian Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense merupakan jenis tenses dalam bahasa
Inggris yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas atau
tindakan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan masih berpengaruh hingga
sekarang. Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan dalam tenses ini
adalah already, just, not yet, recently, lately, this week, this month, this
year, so far, never, once, twice, three times, many times, several
times, dan lain-lain.
Present Perfect Tense digunakan saat :
a. Tindakan yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak pasti, sebelum saat
ini.
b. Tindakan yang terjadi di masa lalu dan masih punya pengaruhnya
hingga sekarang.
c. Tindakan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut hingga
sekarang.
2. Rumus Present Perfect Tense
Bentuk positif (+)
Verb: S + has/have + verb III + O
Non Verb: S + has/have + been + O
Bentuk negatif (-)
Verb: S + has/have + not + verb III + O
Non Verb: S + has/have + not + been + O
Bentuk pertanyaan (?)
Verb: Have/has + S + verb III + O?
Non Verb: Have/has + S + been + O?
3. Contoh Present Perfect Tense
I
(+) I have studied Biology for two hours.
(-) I have not studied Biology for two hours.
(?) Have I studied Biology for two hours?
You

(+) You have written a letter for your mother since 3 p.m.
(-) You have not written a letter for your mother since 3 p.m.
(?) Have you written a letter for your mother since 3 p.m.?
We
(+) We have lived in Bekasi recently.
(-) We have not lived in Bekasi recently.
(?) Have we lived in Bekasi recently?
They
(+) They have visited Bali many times.
(-) They have not visited Bali many times.
(?) Have they visited Bali many times?
He
(+) Bima has watched the movie for an hour.
(-) Bima has not watched the movie for an hour.
(?) Bima he watched the movie for an hour?

She
(+) Rina has driven her car this week.
(-) Rina has not driven her car this week.
(?) Has Rina drive her car this week?
It
(+) The book has been here since four hours ago.
(-) The book has not been here since four hours ago.
(?) Has the book been here since four hours ago?
B. Past Perfect Tense
1. Pengertian Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense merupakan jenis tenses yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan suatu aktivitas telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu
sebelum aktivitas lainnya terjadi. Past Perfect Tense bisa juga
digunakan utuk menjelaskan bahwa sesuatu terjadi saat sebelum
waktu spesifik. Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan dalam Past

Perfect Tense adalah after, before, already, as soon as, when, just,
yet, until, till, by the time that dan lain-lain.
2. Rumus Past Perfect Tense.
Bentuk positif (+)
Verb: S + had + verb III + O
Non Verb: S + had + been + O
Bentuk negatif (-)
Verb: S + had + not + verb III + O
Non Verb: S + had + not + been + O
Bentuk pertanyaan (?)
Verb: Had + S + verb III + O?
Non Verb: Had + S + been + O?
3. Contoh Past Perfect Tense
I
(+) I had already eaten this mango by the time my mother got home.
(-) I had not already eaten this mango by the time my mother got
home.
(?) Had I already eaten this mango by the time my mother got home?
You
(+) You had slept before I came.
(-) You had not slept before I came.
(?) Had you slept before I came?
We
(+) We had studied Japan language before we moved to Japan.
(-) We had not studied Japan Language before we moved to Japan.
(?) Had we studied Japan Language before we moved to Japan?
They
(+) They had swum when she came.
(-) They had not swum when she came.
(?) Had they swum before she came?

He

(+) Taufik had bought this car when he moved to Jakarta.

(-) Taufik had not bought this car when he moved to Jakarta.
(?) Had Taufik bought this car when he moved to Jakarta?
She
(+) Artha had done the exam before she went to Bandung.
(-) Artha had not done the exam before she went to Bandung.
(?) Had Artha done the exam before she went to Bandung?
It
(+) This house had very quite when Wita arrived.
(-) This house had not very quite when Wita arrived.
(?) Had this house very quite when Wita arrived?
C. Future Perfect Tense
1. Pengertian Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect tense merupakan tenses yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan sebuah aktivitas yang akan telah selesai di masa depan
pada waktu tertentu yang pada awalnya sudah dimulai di masa lalu.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan dalam Future Perfect Tense
adalah by the beginning of, by the middle of, by the end of, for, by the
time, until, next,by, dan lain-lain.
2. Rumus Future Perfect Tense
Bentuk positif (+)
Verb: S + shall/will + have + verb III + O
Non Verb: S + shall/will + have + been + O
Bentuk negatif (-)
Verb: S + shall/will + not + have + verb III + O
Non Verb: S + shall/will + not + been + O
Bentuk pertanyaan (?)
Verb: Shall/will + S + have + verb III + O?
Non Verb: Shall/will + S + been + O?
3. Contoh Future Perfect Tense
I
(+) I will have finished my homework by the next time I see you.
(-) I will not have finished my homework by the next time I see you.
(?) Will I have finished my homework by the next time I see you?

You
(+) You will have graduated by March 2018.
(-) You will not have graduated by March 2018.
(?) Will you have graduated by March 2018?
We
(+) We will have done the exam by the end of May 2015.
(-) We will not have done the exam by the end of May 2015.
(?) Will we have done the exam by the end of May 2015.
They
(+) They will have cooked a birthday cake by the end of January.
(-) They will not have cooked a birthday cake by the end of January.
(?) Will they have cooked a birthday cake by the end of January?
He
(+) Bambang will has worked at this company by the end of June
2019.
(-) Bambang will not has worked at this company by the end of June
2019.
(?) Will Bambang has worked at this company by the end of June
2019?
She
(+) Nia will has perfected her Korean Language by the end of
February 2016.
(-) Nia will not has perfected her Korean Language by the end of
February 2016.
(?) Will Nia has perfected her Korean Language by the end of
February 2016?
It
(+) The train will has left the station by 8 a.m.
(-) The train will not has left the station by 8 a.m.
(?) Will the train has left the station by 8 a.m?
D. Present Perfect Continuous
1. Pengertian Present Perfect Continuous

Present perfect continuous merupakan tenses yang digunakan

untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang telah dimulai di masa lalu tapi
masih berlangsung hingga saat ini. Dikatakan perfect karena
kejadiannya sudah dimulai, dikatakan continuous karena masih terjadi
hingga saat ini.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan dalam Present perfect
continuous adalah since, for, all morning, all day, all week, dan lainlain.
2. Rumus Present Perfect Continuous
Bentuk positif (+)
Verb: S + have/has + been + V-ing + O
Non Verb: S + have/has + been + O
Bentuk negatif (-)
Verb: S + have/has + not + been + V-ing + O
Non Verb: S + have/has + not + been + O
Bentuk pertanyaan (?)
Verb: Have/has + S + been + V-ing + O?
Non Verb: Have/has + S + been + O?
3. Contoh Present Perfect Continuous
I
(+) I have been writing a letter since four hours ago.
(-) I have not been writing a letter since four hours ago.
(?) Have I been writing a letter since four hours ago?
You
(+) You have been playing football for fourty minutes.
(-) You have not been playing football for fourty minutes.
(?) Have you been playing football for fourty minutes.

We
(+) We have been studying Mathematics for two hours.
(-) We have not been studying Mathematics for two hours.
(?) Have we been studying Mathematics for two hours?
They

(+) They have been teaching in the Elementary School since 2014.
(-) They have not been teaching in the Elementary School since
2014.
(?) Have they been teaching in the Elementary School since 2014?
He
(+) Julyan have been talking on the phone for two hours.
(-) Julyan have not been talking on the phone for two hours.
(?) Have Julyan been talking on the phone for two hours?
She
(+) Nicken have been waiting him for an hour.
(-) Nicken have not been waiting him for an hour.
(?) Have Nicken been waiting him for an hour?
It
(+) That computer has been operating for four hours.
(-) That computer has not been operating for four hours.
(?) Has That computer been operating for four hours?

E. Past Perfect Continuous

1. Pengertian Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous merupakan tenses yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sudah dimulai dan sedang
berlangsung di masa lampau tapi saat ini sudah tidak terjadi lagi.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam Past Perfect Continuous
adalah before, after, since, for, about,ago, at that time, dan lain-lain.
2. Rumus Past Perfect Continuous
Bentuk positif (+)
Verb: S + had + been + Ving + O
Non Verb: S + had + been + O
Bentuk negatif (-)
Verb: S + had + not + been + Ving + O
Non Verb: S + had + not + been + O
Bentuk pertanyaan (?)
Verb: Had +S + been + Ving + O?

Non Verb: Had + S + been + O?

3. Contoh Past Perfect Continuous
I
(+) I had been studying in 103 Senior High School for three years.
(-) I had not been studying in 103 Senior High School for three
(?)

years.
Had I been studying in 103 Senior High School for three years?

You
(+) You had been sleeping for two hours since 8 p.m.
(-) You had not been sleeping for two hours since 8 p.m.
(?) Had you been sleeping for two hours since 8 p.m.?
We
(+) We had been reading this Physics book for ten minutes at that
(-)

time.
We had not been reading this Physics book for ten minutes at that

(?)

time.
Had we been reading this Physics book for ten minutes at that
time?

They
(+) They had been playing football for an hour at that time.
(-) They had not been playing football for an hour at that time.
(?) Had they been playing football for an hour at that time?
He
(+) Ali had been dating with his girlfriend at 10 p.m. yesterday.
(-) Ali had not been dating with his girlfriend at 10 p.m. yesterday.
(?) Had Ali been dating with his girlfriend at 10 p.m. yesterday?
She
(+) Debi had been singing at 9 p.m. yesterday.
(-) Debi had not been singing at 9 p.m. yesterday.
(?) Had Debi been singing at 9 p.m. yesterday.

It
(+)
(-)
(?)

That bus had been leaving the terminal at 11 a.m. at that time.
That bus had not been leaving the terminal at 11 a.m. at that time.
Had that bus been leaving the terminal at 11 a.m. at that time?

F. Future Perfect Continuous

1. Pengertian Future Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous merupakan tenses yang digunakan
untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sudah mulai berlangsung pada
waktu tertentu pada waktu yang akan datang atau di masa depan.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan dalam Future Perfect
Continuous adalah by the time, by 2014, by next year, by, by the
end of,by the end of next, dan lain-lain.
2. Rumus Future Perfect Continuous
Bentuk positif (+)
Verb: S + will + have + been + verb-ing + O
Non Verb: S + will + have + been + O
Bentuk negatif (-)
Verb: S + will + not + have + been + verb-ing + O
Non Verb: S + will + not + have + been + O
Bentuk pertanyaan (?)
Verb: Will + S + have + been + verb-ing + O?
Non Verb: Will + S + have + been + O?

3. Contoh Future Perfect Continuous

I
(+) I will have been living in Bekasi by the end of April 2018.
(-) I will not have been living in Bekasi by the end of April 2018.
(?) Will I have been living in Bekasi by the end of April 2018?
You
(+) You will have been graduating by the end of April next year.
(-) You will not have been graduating by the end of April next year.
(?) Will you have been graduating by the end of April next year?

We
(+) We will have been studying at the university by the beginning of
(-)

September.
We will not have been studying at the university by the beginning

(?)

of September.
Will we have been studying at the university by the beginning of
September?

They
(+) They will have been visiting Jogjakarta by the end of November.
(-) They will not have been visiting Jogjakarta by the end of
(?)
He
(+)
(-)
(?)
She
(+)
(-)
(?)
It
(+)
(-)
(?)

November.
Will they have been visiting Jogjakarta by the end of November?
Robby will has been buying a car by 2018.
Robby will not has been buying a car by 2018.
Will Robby has been buying a car by 2018?
Lia will has been moving to Singapore by October next year.
Lia will not has been moving to Singapore by October next year.
Will Lia has been moving to Singapore by October next year?
Your phone will has been repairing by the end of 2015.
Your phone will not has been repairing by the end of 2015.
Will your phone has been repairing by the end of 2015?

G. Preposition
1. Pengertian Preposition
Preposition merupakan kata yang biasanya ditempatkan sebelum kata
benda atau kata ganti. Preposition bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan
keterangan tempat atau posisi, waktu, dan cara. Preposition yang
menunjukan keterangan tempat antara lain: on, in, at, near, in front of,
beside,

behind,

under, between,

dan

lain-lain.

Preposition

yang

menunjukan keterangan waktu, antara lain: until, during, by, since, for,
before, after, at, in, dan lain-lain.

2. Contoh Preposition
Preposition of Place
On
(+) I am dancing on the floor.
(-) I am not dancing on the floor.
(?) Am I dancing on the floor?

In
(+)
(-)
(?)

You play football in the field everyday.

You dont play football in the field everyday.
Do you play football in the field everyday?

At
(+)
(-)
(?)

We will arrive at the office.

We will not arrive at the office.
Will we not arrive at the office?

Near
(+) They are standing near the market.
(-) They are not standing near the market.
(?) Are they standing near the market?
In front of
(+) He sits in front of me.
(-) He does not sit in front of me.
(?) Does he sit in front of me?
Between
(+) Rani sits between Ida and Amy.
(-) Rani does not sit between Ida and Amy.
(?) Does Rani sit between Ida and Amy?

Behind
(+) His car was parked behind my car.
(-) His car was not parked behind my car.
(?) Was his car parked behind my car.

Preposition of Time
Until
(+) I have to do the task until morning.
(-) I have not to do the task until morning.
(?) Have I to do the task until morning.
Since
(+) You have been waiting a letter since four hours ago.
(-) You have not been waiting a letter since four hours ago.
(?) Have you been waiting a letter since four hours ago.?
For
(+) We have been studying English for two hours.
(-) We have not been studying English for two hours.
(?) Have we been studying English for two hours?
At
(+) They arrived in the school at 6 a.m.
(-) They was not arrive in the school at 6 a.m.
(?) Was they arrive in the school at 6 a.m.?

After
(+) He had studied Japan language before we moved to Japan.
(-) He had not studied Japan Language before we moved to Japan.
(?) Had He studied Japan Language before we moved to Japan?
Before
(+) Artha had done the exam before she went to Bandung.
(-) Artha had not done the exam before she went to Bandung.
(?) Had Artha done the exam before she went to Bandung?
By
(+) This motorcycle will has been repairing by the end of 2015.
(-) This motorcycle will not has been repairing by the end of 2015.
(?) Will This motorcycle has been repairing by the end of 2015?
H. Modal Auxiliaries
1. Pengertian Modal Auxiliary

Modal Auxiliary merupakan kata kerja yang bertugas membantu

kata kerja utama. Kata bantu ini ditempatkan sebelum kata kerja
utama untuk mengubah makna dari kata kerja utama tersebut. Kata
bantu ini berfungsi untuk mengekspresikan kemauan, kemampuan,
kebutuhan, dan kemungkinan. Kata bantu tersebut antara lain, can,
could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, dan ought to.
Can
Can digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan dan dapat
digunakan meminta izin.
Could
Could digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan di masa lalu dan
bisa juga digunakan untuk meminta izin untuk melakukan sesuatu di
masa lalu atau di masa depan.
May
May digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan dimasa sekarang
dan masa depan. Modal ini juga bisa digunakan untuk meminta izin
yang lebih formal daripada modal can.
Might
Might digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan di masa
sekarang, masa lalu, dan masa depan. Might juga merupakan bentuk
lampau dari modal may untuk meminta izin.
Will
Will digunakan untuk menyatakan kemauan, membuat keputusan
secara spontan, dan membuat prediksi.
Would
Would digunakan untuk menyatakan kemauan dengan lebih sopan,
menyatakan kemungkinan, dan menyatakan tindakan yang ingin
dilakukan di masa lalu.
Shall
Shall digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan hanya untuk subjek I
dan We. Modal ini juga bisa untuk menyatakan kewajiban pada situasi
formal.
Should
Should digunakan untuk memberi saran atau nasihat.

Must
Must digunakan menyatakan kebutuhan atau kewajiban.
Ought to
Ought to digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu hal yang benar
atau tepat.
2. Rumus Modal Auxiliary
Bentuk positif (+)
S + Modal Aux + Verb I + O
Bentuk negatif (-)
S + Modal Aux + Not + Verb I + O
Bentuk pertanyaan (?)
Modal Aux + S + Verb I + O?
3. Contoh Modal Auxiliary
- Can
I
(+) I can dance beautifully.
(-) I can not dance beautifully.
(?) Can I dance beautifully?
-

Could

You
(+)

You could play football three years ago.

(-)

You could not play football three years ago.

(?)

Could you play football three years ago?

May

We
(+)

We may live together.

(-)

We may not live together.

(?)

May we live together?

Might

They
(+)

They might come later.

(-)

They might not come later.

(?)

Might they come later?

Will

He
(+)

He will come to the party tonight.

(-)

He will not come to the party tonight.

(?)

Will he come to the party tonight?

Would

She
(+)

She would be free tonight.

(-)

She would not be free tonight.

(?)

Would she be free tonight?

Must

We
(+)

We must go from here.

(-)

We must not go from here.

(?)

Must we go from here?

Ought to

You
(+)

You ought to go to school.

(-)

You ought not to go to school.

(?)

Ought you to go to school?