JOB

of Engineering & Technology Multan
Lab Manual Concrete Technology

M. Shahzad Tabassum
2012-BT-Civil-26
Submittet To: Engg. Riaz Ahmmad
MNS University Of Engineering & Technology
Table of Contents
JOB No. 1: .............................................................................................................................. 2
Job No 2: ............................................................................................................................... 6
Job No.3: ........................................................................................................................... 11
job No.4:............................................................................................................................. 16
Job No.5: ............................................................................................................................ 19
JOB NO. 6: .......................................................................................................................... 22
Job No.7:............................................................................................................................. 25
Job no 8............................................................................................................................... 28
Job No, 9............................................................................................................................. 31
Job No.10............................................................................................................................ 33
Job No.11............................................................................................................................ 38
Job No.12............................................................................................................................ 42
Job no 13............................................................................................................................. 47
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
JOB No. 1: To study the layout plan and description of

machinery in concrete technology lab.
LAYOUT:
Layout is the drawing or top plan showing arrangements of various things or apparatus.
Objective:
The main objective of this job is that to know about the instrument that are used before and now
a days in concrete lab for testing material and further- more its purpose is to increase the knowledge of
reader and create their interest in Civil.
Related theory
Specific Gravity Test Machine:
It is used to find the specific gravity of coarse aggregate of coarse aggregate. It consists of water
tank, bucket and electric balance. For finding the specific gravity coarse aggregate is fully immersed in
water and find a weight. The bucket has capacity of 5 kg of coarse aggregate.
Balance:
It is used to find the weight of any material. Its least count is 10g.
Oven:
It is used to dry the moisture from coarse and fine aggregate. It is an electrical machine. We dry
the coarse and fine aggregate at 110 + 50C. The specimen is placed in the oven for 24 hours.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
Vicat Apparatus:
It is used to find the consistency of cement , initial and final
setting time of the cement. It has a plunger and needles of different
diameter. It has a mould in which cement paste is filled. It gives the
reading in mm.
Electrical Balance:
It is used to find the weight of any specimen. Its lest count is 5g. We can save the value in it.
Sieves Set:
It is used to find the finess modulus of fine and coarse aggregate. It is used
to find the type of grades whether it is well graded, gap graded or uniform graded. It
used to find the aggregate type whether it is fine or coarse. It has different size of
sieve number.
is
Quartering Test Box:

It is used to find the
It divides the specimen into two
required amount of specimen.

parts.
Concrete mixer:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
Light Weight laboratory Concrete Mixer is designed to remove the burdensome work of hand
mixing. Uniform & thoroughly mixed batches can be produced in the field or laboratory The counter
balanced mixing drum is easy to tilt. Two cubic ft. mix capacity.
Vibrating Table:
It is used to compact the concrete. It is an electrical machine having table. Cubes and cylinder
put on it and switch on vibrating table. Cubes are put for 3 to 5 mints on it.
Compression Testing Machine:

To perform Flexural tests of concrete beam that has their own importance in concrete Road
constructions as well as buildings constructions. Normally concrete beams of sizes 10 x 10 x 50 cm or
15 x 15 x 70 cm are tested for flexural strength. the machine consists of a hand operated load frame. The
lower platen has two rollers, the distance between which is adjustable.. The upper platen has also a pair
of rollers whose distance is adjustable. It is 200 mm center to center, for 150 mm x 150 mm x 700 mm
size beam and 133 mm for 10 0 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm size beam. A pressure gauge to indicate load is
fixed on the load frame.
Compaction Factor Apparatus:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
The apparatus is used for determining the workability of fresh

concrete, provided the maximum size of the aggregate does not exceed
38mm. It consists of two rigid conical hoppers and a cylinder mounted on a
rigid metal frame. The lower openings of the hoppers are fitted with hinged
trap-doors having quick release catches. A circular metal plate is provided to
cover the top of the cylinder. Supplied complete with one plasterer's trowel
and one tamping rod, 16mm diameter x 600 mm long, one end rounded.
Slump test apparatus:

It is used to determine the slump of fresh concrete as a measure of
its consistency. The apparatus is consist of a slump cone, which is fitted
with handles and foot pieces, a Base Plate in octagonal shape having two
L shaped clamps with Bakelite knob bolts to slide over the foot grips of
Slump Cone and hold it securely while fitting and rotting . Base plate is
also fitted with a combination swivel-carrying handle. Supplied with
tamping rod 60 cm long and 16 mm Dia with 0-30 cm scale graduations
and Calibration Certificate Traceable To National Standards.
Water Tank:
It is used for curing of cubes, cylinders and beam. The water is filled with in water tank.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
Job No 2: Organic impurities and water absorption of

aggregates. (Theory and calculations)
1) Determination of Organic Impurities
Objective:
To determine the organic impurities in the fine aggregate
Scope:
This method determines the presence of organic compounds in fine aggregates used in cement
mortar or concrete. The test provides a quick, relative measure to determine if further tests of the fine
aggregate are necessary before approval for use.
Apparatus:
Standard Solution (Standard Yellow Color) K2CR2O7 = 0.25 gm., H2SO4 = 100 ml
Reference Solution NaOH (Crystalline Form) = 3 gm., H2O = 97 ml
Graduated Cylinder in milliliters with screw type caps or rubber stoppers
Theory:
In order to check the organic impurities present in sand, we take standard solutions which give a
yellowish color. Then a reference solution is taken. After mixing the reference solution in graduated
cylinder, given sample of sand is added to it until it rises to height of 200 ml. Now this sample is to be
shaken. After shaking if the color is fake / light than the standard solution which is yellowish in color
shows that the sand is free from organic impurities. If however the color appears darker than the
standard solution than there is a 50% of chances that color changes due to ingredients like iron present in
it, which is not very harmful. Another chance is that there are organic impurities in it.
Procedure:
Take 03gm of NaOH in crystalline form.

Fill the graduated cylinder up to 97 ml and add in it the 03 gm. crystals of NaOH.
Now shake the mix until both are completely mixed, thus the reference solution is obtained
Now add the given sample of sand continuously until the level of graduated cylinder reaches to
level 200 ml.
Cover the graduated cylinder and shake it
Now left the solution for 24 hours and then compare the color of standard solution with reference
solution color.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
Observations and Calculations:
Comments:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
2). Determination of water absorption of fine aggregate and

course aggregate
Scope and significance:

Normally it is assumed that at the time of setting of concrete, the aggregate is in the saturated
and surface dry condition. If the aggregate is to be batched in the dry condition, then it is assumed that
sufficient amount of water will be absorbed from the mix to bring the aggregate in the saturated
condition. If an additional amount of water is not added as a cover for the absorbed water, the loss of
workability is resulted.
Apparatus:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Balance
Sample container,
Water tank
Sieves
Oven
Related Theory:
Absorption :
It is the increase in the mass of the aggregate due to the penetration of water into the pores of the
particles during a prescribed period of time. The term absorption does not include the amount of water
adhering to the surface of the particles. Water absorption is expressed as percentage of the dry mass.
Aggregates:
Aggregates may be classified as:
1. Coarse Aggregates
2. Fine Aggregates
Coarse Aggregates:
Any material which is retained on BS sieve #4 (ASTM sieve 4.75mm) is known as coarse aggregate.
Fine Aggregates :
Any material which is passing BS sieve #4 (ASTM sieve 4.75mm) is known as fine aggregate
Saturated Surface Dry (S.S.D.) Condition:

It is the condition related with the aggregate particles in which the permeable pores of the
aggregate particles are filled with water but without free water on the surface of the particles.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
a) Determination of water absorption of fine

aggregate:
Procedure:
Obtain 3000 grams of aggregate, including equal quantities of all fractions.
Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce the sample to the required size. The sample size for this
procedure should be passing the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.
Dry to constant weight at a temperature of 100 to 110 OC. Cool the sample at room temperature
for 1 to 3 hours. After the cooling period, immerse the sand in water at room temperature for a
period of 30 minutes.
Remove the excess water and spread on a flat surface. Expose to a gentle moving flame until test
sample approaches a free flowing condition.
Determine the SSD condition of the sand using the Cone Test.
After that take the three sample of sand in the sample container and weight them in SSD
condition.
Carefully remove the fine aggregate and dry to a constant weight of 100 to 110 OC and cool for at
least 30 minutes and weigh.
Calculations:
A = weight of oven dry sample in air (g) =
B = weight of SSD sample (g) =
-----------------
Absorption, (%) = (B A)/ A 100 =
M. Shahzad Tabassum
--------------------
--------------
Roll no. 26
b) Determination of water absorption of coarse

aggregate:
Procedure:
Obtain 5000 grams of coarse aggregate, including equal quantities of all fractions
Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce the sample to the required size.
Discard any material that passes the sieve (if a substantial amount of material passes the No. 4
(4.75mm) sieve. Wash the aggregate retained on the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve
Dry test sample to constant weight in an oven regulated at 100 -110C. Cool sample at room
temperature for 1 to 3 hr. After the cooling period, immerse the aggregate in water at room
temperature for a period of 30 minutes.
Remove the sample from water and wipe the particle until all surface moisture is removed.
Weigh the sample in this saturated surface dry condition to the nearest 0.5 g.
Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature of 100-110oC, cool in room temperature for
at least 30 minutes and weigh.
Calculations:
A = Weight of oven dried sample in the air (g) =
--------------
B = weight of saturated surface dry sample in air (g) = -----------Absorption, (%) = (B A)/ A 100 =
--------------
Comments:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
10
Job No.3: Determination of specific gravity of

aggregates
Scope & Significance:
In this test method we determine the relative density (i.e. Specific gravity) and the water
absorption of the coarse aggregates. The information obtained from specific gravity is helpful in the
following ways;
1. The knowledge of the specific gravity is important for the concrete technologist to determine the
properties of concrete made from such aggregates.
2. It is used for the calculation of the volume occupied by the aggregates in various mixtures.
3. The pores at the surface of the particles affect the bond between the aggregate and the cement
paste and thus influence the concrete strength.
4. Normally it is assumed that at the time of setting of concrete, the aggregate is in the saturated
and surface dry condition. If the aggregate is to be batched in the dry condition, then it is
assumed that sufficient amount of water will be absorbed from the mix to bring the aggregate in
the saturated condition. If an additional amount of water is not added as a cover for the absorbed
water, the loss of workability is resulted.
Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate to the weight of an equal
volume of water. Water, at a temperature of 73.4F (23C) has a specific gravity of 1. Specific Gravity is
important for several reasons. Some deleterious particles are lighter than the "good" aggregates.
Tracking specific gravity can sometimes indicate a change of material or possible contamination.
Differences in specific gravity may be used to separate the deleterious particles.
Limitation:
The limitation of the Specific gravity test is that, it cannot be used for the light weight aggregates.
Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Balance
Sample container
Water tank
Sieves
Oven
Absorption:
It is the increase in the mass of the aggregate due to the penetration of water into the pores of the
particles during a prescribed period of time. The term absorption does not include the amount of water
adhering to the surface of the particles. Water absorption is expressed as percentage of the dry mass.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
11
Aggregates:
Aggregates may be classified as:
1. Coarse Aggregates
2. Fine Aggregates
Coarse Aggregates:
Any material which is retained on BS sieve #4 (ASTM sieve 4.75mm) is known as coarse aggregate
Fine Aggregates:
Any material which is passing BS sieve #4 (ASTM sieve 4.75mm) is known as fine aggregate
Saturated Surface Dry (S.S.D.) Condition:

It is the condition related with the aggregate particles in which the permeable pores of the
aggregate particles are filled with water but without free water on the surface of the particles.
Oven dry density:

It is the mass of the oven dried aggregate per unit volume of the aggregate particles. The term
volume includes the volume of the permeable and the impermeable pores
Saturated surface dry (S.S.D) density:

It is the mass of the saturated surface dry aggregate per unit volume of the aggregate particles. The term
volume includes the volume of the permeable and the impermeable pores which are filled with water.
Apparent density:
It is the mass per unit volume of the impermeable portion of the aggregate particles.
OR
It is the mass per unit volume of the solid portion of the particles excluding the voids.
Specific gravity / relative density:

It is the ratio of the density of the aggregate material to the density of the gas free distilled water
at a standard temperature (i.e. 4 C). The relative density is a dimensionless quantity and is expressed as
oven dried, saturated surface dry and apparent.
Bulk Specific Gravity (Bulk Dry Specific Gravity):

The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate at a stated temperature to the weight
in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the stated temperature.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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12
Bulk SSD Specific Gravity:

The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate, including the weight of water within
the voids filled to the extent achieved by submerging in water for approximately 15 hours, to the weight
in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the stated temperature.
Apparent Specific Gravity:

The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of the impermeable portion of aggregate (does not
include the permeable pores in aggregate) to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled
water at the stated temperature called apparent specific density.
Procedure: (for the Course aggregates):

Obtain 5000 grams of aggregate, including equal quantities of all fractions
Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce the sample to the required size.
Discard any material that passes the sieve (if a substantial amount of material passes the No. 4
(4.75mm) sieve. Wash the aggregate retained on the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve Dry test sample to
constant weight in an oven regulated at 100 -110C. Cool sample at room temperature for 1 to 3
hr. After the cooling period, immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of
30 minutes
Remove the sample from water and wipe the particle until all surface moisture are removed.
Weigh the sample in this saturated surface dry condition to the nearest 0.5 g.
Immediately after weighing, place the sample in a wire basket, suspend in water and obtain the
buoyant weight (weight in the water)
Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature of 100-110oC, cool in room temperature for
at least 30 mints and weigh.
Note:
The difference between the mass in air and the mass when the sample is immersed in water
equals the mass of water displaced by the sample. This mass of water equals the volume of water
displaced because
Water = water / Water
as
water = 1 gm. /cm3
m water = Vwater
Vwater = Vaggregate
Computations:
A = Weight of oven dried sample in the air (g) =
B = weight of saturated surface dry sample in air (g) =
C = Weight of saturated surface dry sample in air (g) = ---------------
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
13
Absorption, (%) = (B A)/ A 100 =
--------------
Oven dry Bulk specific Gravity = A / BC

SSD Bulk specific Gravity =
B /BC
= ------------= ---------
Apparent Specific Gravity (pores are not filled with water) =
A / AC
= -------------
Procedure: (for the fine aggregates):

Obtain 3000 grams of aggregate, including equal quantities of all fractions.
Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce the sample to the required size. The sample size for this
procedure should be passing the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.
Dry to constant weight at a temperature of 100 to 110OC. Cool the sample at room temperature
for 1 to 3 hours. After the cooling period, immerse the sand in water at room temperature for a
period of 30 minutes.
Remove the excess water and spread on a flat surface. Expose to a gentle moving flame until test
sample approaches a free flowing condition.
Determine the SSD condition of the sand using the Cone Test.
Immediately introduce into the pycnometer 500 grams of the fine aggregate. Fill the pycnometer
almost to capacity and eliminate the air bubbles by agitation. Add water until the bottom of the
meniscus is at the 500 cc line, marked on the pycnometer. Determine the total weight of the
flask, including the sample, and the water.
Carefully remove the fine aggregate and dry to a constant weight of 100 to 110oC and cool for
atleast 30 minutes and weigh. Take it as A.
Computations:
A = weight of oven dried sample in air (g) = ------------B = weight of pycnometer filled with water (g) = --------------C = weight of pycnometer with sample in water (g) = ---------------500 = Weight of SSD sample (grams)
Oven dry Bulk specific Gravity =
SSD bulk specific gravity =
M. Shahzad Tabassum
A
B+500 C =
B
B+500 C
Roll no. 26
14
Apparent Specific Gravity =
Absorption (%) =
A
B+ A C =
500 A
100
A
Comments:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
15
Job No.4: Determination of bulk density of fine

and coarse aggregate
This test method is used to determine the bulk density of the given fine grained specimen.
During the concrete mix design, when the aggregate is to be batched by volume or by weight, then it
becomes necessary to know the mass of the aggregates that will fill the container of unit volume. If we
know the bulk density of the aggregate material then we can easily determine the mass required to fill a
unit volume container.
Bulk density also indicates the percentage of voids present in the aggregate material. This
percentage of voids affects the grading of the aggregates which is important in high strength concrete.
Bulk density also indicates the compactive effort required to compact the concrete.
Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Balance
Temping rod
Measuring Cylinder
Shovel or Scoop
Fine and Coarse aggregate sample.
Related Theory:
Bulk Density:
It is the mass of the unit volume of aggregate material. The term volume includes the volume of
the individual particles and the volume of the voids between the particles. Bulk density is used in weight
and volume batching
Voids:
It is the space between the individual particles in a unit volume of the aggregate mass and is not
occupied by the solid mineral matter.
Absolute Density:
It is the mass per unit volume of the individual particles only
Procedure:
Note down the dimensions and empty weight of the measuring container and compute its
volume. For the determination of the loose bulk density, fill the container with the aggregate material by
means of a shovel and level its top surface. Weigh the container filled with the aggregate and note down
its reading. Then the loose bulk density of the aggregate material can be computed by using the relation.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
16
Now for the determination of the compacted bulk density, the only difference is in filling the container.
In this case, the container is filled in three equal layers. Fill the container about one- third full and level
the surface with the fingers. Rod the layer of the aggregate with 25 strokes of the temping rod evenly
distributed over the surface. Next fill the container two-third full and again rod it with 25 strokes of the
temping rod. Finally, fill the container to overflowing and rod again in the manner previously
mentioned. Now level the top surface and weigh the container.

Measuring cylinder for coarse aggregate
Diameter = 150 mm
Height = 180 mm
Volume = 3180862.562 mm3 = 0.00318m3
Measuring cylinder for fine aggregate
Diameter = 150 mm
Height = 180 mm
Volume = 3180862.562 mm3 = 0.00318m3
Course Aggregates
Sample
Wight of
Container
(kg)
Volume of
container
Weight of
Aggregate
+Container
Weight of
Aggregate
Loose
5.655
0.00318
10.07
4.415
Loose
5.655
0.00318
10.035
4.38
Compacted
5.655
0.00318
10.645
4.99
Compacted
5.655
0.00318
10.63
4.975
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
Average
Weight of
Aggregate
Bulk
Density
4.398
1383
4.983
1567
Kg
m3
17
Fine Aggregates
Sample
Wight of
Container
Volume of
container
Weight of
Aggregate
+Container
Weight of
Aggregate
Loose
5.655
0.00318
8.765
3.11
Loose
5.655
0.00318
8.715
3.06
Compacted
5.655
0.00318
9.865
4.21
Compacted
5.655
0.00318
9.66
4.005
Average
Weight of
Aggregate
Bulk
Density
3.085
970
4.108
1292
Kg
3
m
Comments:
Job No.5: To determine the grading or the size

distribution of the aggregates using the sieve
Analysis
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
18

This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates
by sieving. This test method is used to determine the grading of materials proposed for use as aggregates
or being used as aggregates. Accurate determination of materials finer than 75 micron (Sieve No 200)
cannot be achieved by this test
Apparatus and Materials:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Set of sieves.
A dried specimen of aggregate.
Trays.
Electronic weighting machine.
Mechanical shaker.
Related Theory:
Fineness Modulus:
It is the cumulative percentage retained on standard sieve 150m or sieves No 100 and above
divided by 100.
Sieve Analysis:
It is the operation of dividing the aggregate into various fractions, each consisting of particles of
same size.
OR
It is the operation of determining the particle size distribution of the given specimen
Well graded aggregate:

Aggregate is said to be well graded when it has good representation of particle of all sizes (large,
medium and small in equal proportion)
Poorly Graded Aggregate: (uniformly graded):

Aggregate is said to be poorly graded if it has an excess of certain particles and deficiency of other
particles
OR
It has most of the particles of about the same size (also known as a uniformly graded aggregate)
Gap Graded Aggregate:

Aggregate is said to be gap graded if particles of both large and small size are present but with a
relatively low proportion of particles with the intermediate size.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
19
Procedure:
Take 2 kg of the oven-dried sample. The sample should be perfectly dry because if there is some
moisture content present then the particles will stick together and will not pass through the sieves.
Temperature of the oven = 1105 C
Place the set of standard and non-standard sieves one above another with the smallest aperture opening
at the bottom. The pan is placed at the bottom-most position. This experiment can be performed
manually or with the aid of a machine called "sieve shaker". The manual method should be performed in
a proper sequence which is as follows;
Forward and backward motion
Left and right motion
Clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) motion
Frequent jolting:
Time elapsed for the sieving process is 3-5 minutes and should not be less than 3 minutes .Weigh
the mass retained on each sieve and calculate the percentage passing through each sieve. Then the FM
can be calculated by using the relation.
Observation and Calculations:
Fine Aggregate:
SIEV
E#
SIEV
E
SIZE
S
MASS
RETAINE
D
Kg
%
RETAINE
D
CUMULATIV
E%
RETAINED
CUMULATIV
E%
PASSING
4.75
100
2.36
O.O50
2.5
2.5
97.5
16
1.18
0.050
2.5
95
25
30
.6
__
50
.3
1.2
60
65
35
100
.15
0.50
25
90
10
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
20
PAN
PAN
0.20
SUM
162.5
FM= retained on seive 150 m or above/100

FM= 162.5/100 => 1.625
Coarse Aggregate:
SIEV
E#
SIEV
E
SIZE
S
MASS
RETAINE
D
kg
%
RETAINE
D
CUMULATIV
E%
RETAINED
CUMULATIV
E%
PASSING
19
0.04
99
3/8
9.5
2.07
51.75
52.75
47.25
4.75
1.855
46.375
99.075
0.925
2.36
99.075
0.925
16
1.18
99.075
0.925
30
0.6
99.075
0.925
50
0.3
99.075
0.925
100
0.15
99.075
0.925
PAN
PAN
0.035
648.2
SUM
FM= retained on seive 150 m or above/100

FM=648.2/100 => 6.482
Comments:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
21
JOB NO. 6: Standard Test Method for the Slump

of Hydraulic Cement Concrete.
Code: ASTM C-143/C-143 M-03
Scope & significance:

This test method is used in lab and in field for finding out the slump (decrease in the height of
concrete when we lift up the mould). This test is used extensively in site works all over the world. The
slump test does not measure the workability of concrete directly but it co-relates the workability with
some physical measurement.
The main significance of this test is as follows;
This test method is used to determine the slump of plastic hydraulic cement concrete.
Slump<15mm (Non-Plastic)
Slump>15 (Plastic)
This test method is applicable to plastic concrete having coarse aggregate upto 37.5mm in size. If the
coarse aggregate is larger than the 37.5mm then this test method is not applicable.
This test method is not applicable to non-plastic and non-cohesive concrete (due to larger amount of
water presence).
Apparatus:
Metal mould, thickness is 1.15mm, it is in cone form with the base 200mm diameter and 300mm
height with the top diameter 100mm. the top and base of cylindrical mould is open and parallel to each
other. The mould is provided with foot pieces and handles.
Temping rod, 16mm diameter and 600mm in length having temping ends.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
22
Related theory:
Slump:
The decrease in the height of concrete when the mould of standard dimensions is lifted.
Types of slump:
There are three types of slump.
1. True Slump
2. Shear Slump
3. Collapse slump
We discard the collapse slump due to the very high value of slump
Shear slump occurs due to the lack of cohesion in mix.
We often use the term 100% compaction but actually in 100% compaction we have percentage of air
voids less than 3% by volume of concrete.
Relation between workability and slump
Workability
Compacting Factor
Slump (mm)
Very Low
0.78
0-25
Low
0.85
25-50
Medium
0.92
50-100
High
0.95
100-175
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
23
Note: More is the slump value more will be the workability.
Procedure:
The mold is placed on a flat moist non-absorb surface with the smaller opening at the top. It is
then held firmly in place during filling of concrete by the operator standing on two foot pieces. The
mould is filled to a depth of 70mm and 2/3 of volume fills to a depth of 160mm. Each layer is given 25
strokes with the help of temping rod uniformly distributed over the cross-section of each layer. Rod the
2nd and 3rd layer throughout its depth so that strokes just penetrates into the under lying layer. After the
top layer is roddedstrike off the surface of the concrete by means of rolling motion of temping rod.
Complete the entire test with an elapsed time of 2.5minutes. After filling, the cone is slowly lifted and
the unsupported concrete slumps. The decrease in the height of concrete is called slump. It is measured
with the nearest 5mm. at the beginning of every test, before lifting the mould the area immediately
around the base of the cone should be cleaned off of concrete which may be dropped accidentally.
Slump Value = mm
Comments:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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24
Job No.7: Standard Test Method for the

Determination of the Initial and Final Setting
Time of the Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle
Apparatus
Scope and significance:
This test method is used to determine the time of setting of the hydraulic cement by Vicat needle
apparatus. The knowledge of the setting time of the cement is always helpful in deciding the time
duration to mix, transport, place and compact the concrete effectively. We always prefer a larger initial
setting time so that we can mix, transport and place the concrete easily. According to ASTM
specifications, the initial setting time shall not be less than 30min but in the field we prefer an initial
setting time not less than 45min.
A smaller value of the final setting time is always preferred in order to avoid large expenditures
on the formwork. According to most of the specifications, the final setting time shall not be greater than
10hrs and shall not be less than (90 + 1.2 x (initial setting time) ) min
i.e. (90 + 1.2 x (initial setting time) ) min < final setting time < 10hr
Apparatus:
1. VICAT apparatus:
2. Needle of 1mm2 cross-section and 50mm length (for initial setting time)
3. Plunger with 1mm smaller needle and 5mm outer diameter (for final setting time)
4. Flat trowel
5. Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Mass
6. Spatula
7. Graduated cylinders
8. Needle Sizes
9. For Initial Setting Timen1mm x 1mm cross-section 50mm length
10. For Final Setting Time 1mm2 cross-section and 1mm deep inner needle 5mm diameter outer
metal attachment.
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25
Related Theory:
Consistency
The thickness or the viscosity of the cement paste is called consistency.
Cement Paste
The viscous mass obtained by mixing cement with water is known as cement paste.
Standard Cement Paste

It is the cement paste for which the 10mm diameter plunger in a standard VICAT test penetrates to such
an extent that its distance from the bottom is 5-7mm.
Standard Consistency
The percentage amount of water which is required to prepare standard cement paste when vicat
plunger penetrate under 5-7 mm reading is known as standard consistency or normal consistency cement
paste.
Setting
In the setting process very little chemical reaction takes place. It only includes the shape
acquisition due to evaporation of water. During the setting process the cement remains in the fluid or the
semi-fluid state and there is very little or no gain in strength. Finer the cement particles more will be the
hydration and therefore it will lead to quick settlement.
Hardening
Hardening is the rate of gain of strength due to the chemical reaction. It also refers to the strength
of the concrete after a specified interval of time.
Initial setting time

The time elapsed between the initial contact of cement and water and the time when a 1mmcrosssection needle gives a reading between 4-7mm from the bottom in a standard Vicat apparatus is known
as initial setting time of that particular cement paste.
Final setting time

It is the time elapsed between the initial contact of cement and water and the time when the
smaller needle (1mm2cross-section and 0.5mm deep) completely penetrates into the paste and the outer
metal attachment of 5mm diameter does not leave an impression on the cement paste.
Procedure:
Take ordinary Portland cement of 500 grams and weight it in the electrical balance.
Take 26-33% of water to cement Say in first trial take 26 % (130ml) water in a graduated
cylinder.
Then take a pot and put the cement and water in it and mix with the help of trowel.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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26
Form the cement paste into a ball by hands then Press the ball into the larger end of the conical
mould, held in the other hand by completely filling the mould with cement paste.
Remove the excessive cement paste from the mould with the help of spatula and place the mould
under the plunger needle of 1mm.
Tight the plunger at the level so that it touches the surface of cement paste then set the movable
indicator of vicat apparatus to upper zero mark of the scale and gently releases the plunger to
cement paste to penetrate for 30 seconds.
Note the penetration of plunger into the cement paste. It should be 101mm if not then repeat the
whole procedure by changing the percentage amount of water in each trial until it become
normal or standard consistency cement paste.
When standard consistency cement paste is achieved the needle of the plunger is allowed to
penetrate into cement paste to 35mm. Then check the penetration every 15min. Note the time
when the needle fails to penetrate more than 35mm.This will be the required initial setting time.
For determination of final setting time Now fix the final setting time plunger in which the
smaller needle has the diameter of 1mm and the diameter of the outer needle is 5mm. Drop the
rod of the Vicat apparatus and note down the time when the smaller 1mm diameter needle
completely penetrates into the paste and the outer needle leaves no impression on the cement
surface.
Precautions:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
The mixing of cement should be done in non-porous glass plate.

The plunger needle should be clean every time before its penetration in the cement paste.
The mixing time including placing the cement in the mould shall not exceed 4 minutes.
Vicat apparatus should be free from vibration during the penetration
Initial Setting time = ------------------
Final Setting Time = ------------------
Comments:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
27
Job no 8
Calculations of all casted samples with their w/c

ration ( small cubes + large cubes +cylinder +
beams )
When cement ratio is 0.65.
Scope and Significance:
In this job we calculate the total quantity of cement, sand, crush and water before batching the
concrete. In this way we manage the required material before performing the test.
Procedure:
First of all we calculate the volume of small cubes, large cubes, cylinder and beams.
Then we calculate the number of items.
After this multiply the volume with no of corresponding small cubes, large cubes, cylinder and
beams.
Then multiply the total volume to concrete density which is 2300 kg/m3.
Add 10% extra in total weight of concrete.
Find the quantity of water with the help of water cement ratio.
At the last find the quantity of cement, sand and crush by using concrete ratio.
Sample:
Size of large cube: 150 x 150 x 150 mm
Size of small cube: 100 x 100 x 100 mm
Size of cylinder:
150 mm dia and 300 mm length
Size of beam: 100 x 100 x 510 mm
Calculation:
Volume of large cube: 0.003375 m3
Total volume of large cube: 0.003375 x 5 = 0.0166875 m3
Volume of cylinder: 0.0053 m3
Total volume of cylinder = 0.0053 x 3 = 0.0159 m3
Total volume = 0.03259 m3
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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28
Weight of concrete = 0.03259 x 2300 = 74.95 Kg

Add 10% extra = 74.95 x 1.1 = 82.46 Kg
Concrete is (1:2:4) is used.
1
7
Quantity of cement =
Quantity of sand =
Quantity of crush =
Water cement ratio =
2
7
x 82.46 = 11.74 Kg
x 82.46 = 23.56 Kg
4
7
x 82.46 = 47.12 Kg
W
C
= 0.65
Quantity of water = 0.65 x 11.74 = 7.631 Kg
Sample:
When cement ratio is 0.50
Size of small cube: 100 x 100 x 100 mm
Size of cylinder:
150 mm dia and 300 mm length
Size of beam: 100 x 100 x 510 mm
Calculation:
Volume of cylinder = 0.0053 m3
Total volume of cylinder = 0.0053 x 3 = 0.0159 m3
Volume of small cubes = 0.001 m3
Total volume of small cubes = 0.001 x 4 = 0.004
Volume of beams = 0.0051 m3
Total volume of beams = 0.0051 x 3 = 0.0153 m3
Total volume of concrete = 0.0352 m3
Weight of concrete = 0.0352 x 2300 = 80.96 Kg
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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29
Add 10% extra = 80.96 x 1.1 = 89.06 Kg

Concrete is (1:2:4) is used.
1
7
Quantity of cement =
Quantity of sand =
Quantity of crush =
Water cement ratio =
2
7
x 89.06 = 12.72 Kg
x 89.06 = 25.44 Kg
4
7
x 89.06 = 50.89 Kg
W
C
= 0.50
Quantity of water = 0.50 x 12.72 = 6.36 Kg
Comments:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
30
Job No, 9
Compression test on hand compacted

specimens (cubes+cylinder)
Objective:
Find out the compression strength of concrete by using universal testing machine.
Related theory
"Compressive strength" is defined as the average of the strengths of all cylinders of the same age
made from a sample taken from a single batch of concrete. At least two cylinders, or preferably three,
are required to constitute a test.
Requirements for Cylindrical Test Specimens:

(1) Length should be 2 times the diameter. Most commonly used: 12 inches in length & 6 inches in
diameter.
(2) Diameter should be at least 3 times the maximum aggregate size.
(3) The ends should be ground or capped to provide smooth loading surfaces..
Concrete:
Concrete is a homogeneous material which is mixture of crush, sand, cement and water. Cement
is a binding material and crush gives the strength in concrete.
Compression testing machine:
It is a machine which is used to find the compression strength of concrete.
Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cubes
Cylinder
Temping rod
Mixing machine
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31
5. Compression testing machine

6. pan
Material:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Crush
Sand
Cement
Oil
Brush
Procedure:
First of all we calculate the quantity of each ingredient of concrete. Then we mix the concrete in
concrete mixer. Concrete should be mix with 2 to 3 mints in concrete mixer. After mixing the concrete
draw in pan. Cylinder and cubes are polished with oil. Concert is filled in cubes and cylinders with in
three layers. After filling the each layer 25 stokes are done for compacting the concrete. After filling the
cubes and cylinders the upper surface done smooth with the help of scale. After one day cubes and
cylinder placed in water tank. After 7, 14 and 28 days the compression strength find in the compression
testing machine. At the end graph is draw in the graph paper.
Calculation:
Avg.Crushing
strength of
large cubes
(Mpa)
Crushing
strength of
large
cylinder
(tons) with
w/c ratio
0.65
Avg.Crushing
strength of
large cylinder
(tons)
Crushing
strength
of large
cylinder
(Mpa)
27.5
11.99
20,33
26.5
14.71
40,45
42.5
18.53
33,35
34.5
18.87
70,80
75.0
32.7
50,55
52.5
9.14
Testing
duration
(day)
Crushing
strength of
large cubes
(tons) with
w/c ratio
0.65
Avg.
Crushing
strength of
large cubes
(tons)
25,30
14
28
Comments:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
32
Job No.10
Compression test on vibratory compacted

specimens
Objective:
Find out the compression strength of concrete by using the compression testing machine. We design the
concrete ratio after finding this job result.
Related theory
"Compressive strength" is defined as the average of the strengths of all cylinders of the same age made
from a sample taken from a single batch of concrete. At least two cylinders, or preferably three, are
required to constitute a test.
(1) Length should be 2 times the diameter. Most commonly used: 12 inches in length & 6 inches in
diameter.
(2) Diameter should be at least 3 times the maximum aggregate size.
(3) The ends should be ground or capped to provide smooth loading surfaces..
Concrete:
Concrete is a homogeneous material which is mixture of crush, sand, cement and water. Cement is a
binding material and crush gives the strength in concrete.
Compression testing machine:
It is a machine which is used to find the compression strength of concrete.
Apparatus:
1. Small Cubes
2. Cylinder
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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33

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Beams
Vibrating table
Mixing machine
Compression testing machine
Steel pan
Water tank
Material:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Crush
Sand
Cement
Oil
Brush
Procedure:
draw in pan. Cylinder, small cubes and beams are polished with oil. Concert is filled in small cubes,
cylinders and beams with in three layers. After filling the each layer small cubeb, cylinders and beams
are placed on the vibrating table. Concrete will be vibrating until bubbles are stop to come out the
surface of concrete. After filling the cubes, cylinders and beams the upper surface done smooth with the
help of scale. After one day cubes and cylinder placed in water tank. After 7, 14 and 28 days the
compression strength find in the compression testing machine. At the end graph is draw in the graph
paper.
The procedures for conducting the compression test:
Prepare the testing machine by cleaning the bearing plates and, if needed, cleaning and lubricating.
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34
1. The spherical seat. Check the operation of the machine. Keep the previously prepared test specimen
moist by covering it during the period between removing the specimen from the curing environment and
testing. That applies to each specimen you will test.
2. Determine the diameter of the test specimen to the nearest 0.25mm (0.01 inch) by averaging two
diameters measured at right angles to each other at mid height of the cylinder. Measure the length,
including caps, to the nearest 0.1 inch. Record the dimensions on a prepared data sheet.
3. Place the specimen on the lower bearing block; bring the upper block almost to contact. Carefully and
slowly bring the spherical head into contact with the specimen, rotating the movable portion gently by
hand so that uniform seating is obtained.
4. Apply the test load continuously and load to the failure
Normal fracture of concrete test cylinder in compression.

5. Observe and record the maximum load during the test. Observe the type of fracture and record any
unusual features. The normal cone type of fracture is illustrated in figure 4.2.
4. Calculate the compressive strength of the concrete using the following formula:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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35
Observation and Calculation:
Testing
duration
(day)
Crushing
strength of
large cubes
(tons) with
w/c ratio
0.75
Avg.Crushing
strength of
large cubes
(tons)
Crushing
strength
of large
cubes
(Mpa)
7
14
28
30,42
60,65
110,103
36.0
62.5
106.5
15.69
27.25
46.43
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
Crushing
strength of
large
cylinder
(tons) with
w/c ratio
0.75
29,30
39,41
48,50
Avg.Crushing
strength of
large cylinder
(tons)
Crushing
strength
of large
cylinder
(Mpa)
29.5
40.0
49.0
16.38
22.21
27.20
36
Job No.11
Comparison of cube and cylinder strength,

Effect of w/c ratio on compressive strength
Objective:
In this job we calculate the comparison of cube strength and cylinder strength. And find the effect of
water cement ratio on concrete strength.
Compressive strength
Compressive strength is defined as the average of the strengths of all cylinders of the same age made

Length should be 2 times the diameter. Most commonly used 12 inches in length & 6 inches in diameter.
Diameter should be at least 3 times the maximum aggregate size.
The ends should be ground or capped to provide smooth loading surfaces..
Water cement ratio:

It is the ratio between the weights of water to the weight of cement. It has more effect on the strength of
concrete.
Effect of water cement ratio:

If less water cement ratio is used then we gain the low workability and more strength of concrete. If
more water cement ratio
Concrete:
Concrete is a homogeneous material which is mixture of crush, sand, cement and water. Cement is a
binding material and crush gives the strength in concrete.
Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Small Cubes
Large cubes
Tamping rod
Cylinder
Beams
Vibrating table
Mixing machine
Compression testing machine
Steel pan
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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37
10. Water tank
Material:
Crush
Sand
Cement
Oil
Brush
Procedure:
draw in pan. Cylinder, small cubes and beams are polished with oil. Concert is filled in small cubes,
cylinders and beams with in three layers. After filling the each layer small cubeb, cylinders and beams
are placed on the vibrating table. Concrete will be vibrating until bubbles are stop to come out of
cement.
After this we fill the large cubes and cylinder with the help of spoon. We fill the concrete in
cubes with in three layers. Each layer is compacted with hand by using tamping rod.
After filling the cubes, cylinders and beams the upper surface done smooth with the help of scale. After
one day cubes and cylinder placed in water tank. After 7, 14 and 28 days the compression strength find
in the compression testing machine. At the end graph is draw in the graph paper. And find the difference
of strength of cubes and cylinders.
Procedures for conducting the compression test:

Prepare the testing machine by cleaning the bearing plates and, if needed, cleaning and
lubricating.
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38
Normal fracture of concrete test cylinder in compression.

Where:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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39
fc = compressive strength (in psi)

P= maximum load (in pounds)
A= cross-sectional area of specimen (in inches)
Testing
duration
(day)
7
14
28
Crushing
strength of
large cubes
(tons) with
w/c ratio
0.65
25,30
40,45
70,80
Avg.
Crushing
strength of
large cubes
(tons)
Crushing
strength of
large cubes
(Mpa)
27.5
42.5
75.0
11.99
18.53
32.7
Testing
duration
(day)
Crushing
strength of
large
cylinder
(tons) with
w/c
ratio
0.65
Avg.Crushin
g strength of
large
cylinder
(tons)
Crushin
g
strength
of large
cylinder
(Mpa)
7
14
28
20,33
33,35
50,55
26.5
34.5
52.5
14.71
18.87
9.14
Crushing Avg.Crushing Crushing

strength of
strength of
strength of
large
large cubes
large
cubes
(tons)
cubes
(tons) with
(Mpa)
w/c ratio
0.75
30,42
36.0
15.69
60,65
62.5
27.25
110,103
106.5
46.43
Crushin
g
strength
of large
cylinder
(tons)
with w/c
ratio
0.75
29,30
39,41
48,50
Avg.Crushin
g strength of
large
cylinder
(tons)
Crushin
g
strength
of large
cylinder
(Mpa)
29.5
40.0
49.0
16.38
22.21
27.20
Comments:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
40
Job No.12
Test method for the flexural strength of concrete

using simple beam with third point loading.
Code: ASTM C 78 02
Scope and Significance:

This method is used to determine the flexural strength of specimens prepared and cured in
accordance with the specifications. Results are calculated and reported as the modulus of rapture. The
strength determine will vary where there are differences in specimen size, preparation, moisture
condition, curing or where the beam has been molded or swayed to size.
The results of this this test method may be used to determine compliance with specifications or
as a basis for proportioning, mixing and placement operation. It is used in testing concrete for the
construction of slabs and pavements. The modulus of rapture is also used as an indirect measure of the
tensile strength of concrete.
Apparatus:
1. Universal testing machine
2. Supporting beam and roller / hinge supports
3. Third point loading arrangement
Related theory:
Difficulties in determining tensile strength of concrete:
There are considerable experimental difficulties in determining the true tensile strength of concrete. In
direct tension test following are the difficulties:
When concrete is gripped by the machine it may be crushed due to large stress concentration at the grip.
Concrete sample of different sizes and diameters show large variation in results. If there is some initial
misalignment in fixing the sample the results are not accurate.
Test for tensile strength of concrete:

Following tests are used to determine the tensile strength of concrete:
1. Split Cylinder Test
2. Double Punch Test
3. Modulus of Rapture Test
Modulus of Rapture:
In a flexural test on a plane concrete specimen, the maximum tensile stress reached at the bottom fiber
of a standard size prism (beam) under predefined loading type is called modulus of rapture.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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41
Size of the Specimen for the Test:

The specimen used in the prism, square in cross section and having a certain length. There are
two standard sizes of the specimen that can be used for specified aggregate sizes.
150 x 150 x 750 (mm)
100 x 100 x 510 (mm)
The size (150 x 150 x750 mm) can be used for all sizes of the aggregate particles.
the size (100 x 100 x 510 mm) can only be used for the aggregate sizes less than 25 mm . we are using
this size for our test.
Average value of MOR:
There are some relationships which relate fr with compressive strength of concrete
fr = 0.69 fc
fc and fr are in MPa
ACI code gives formula for fr
fc = 0.5 fc
(ACI code for strength calculation)
fr = 0.625 fc
(ACI code for deflection control
Generally
Tensile Strength Compressive Strength
As a rough estimate, we take 8 15% of compressive strength as the MOR.
Modulus of Rapture of a Prismoidal Beam:
The MOR for the test specimen can be computed by using the relation derived below;
d
2
Y=
fr
My
I
where
I=
M. Shahzad Tabassum
bd 3
12
and
Roll no. 26
s= I / Y
bd 3/12
d /2
bd 2
6
42
fr =
fr =
M
I/ y
3 Pa
bd 2
M
s
P
2

6
x a x bd 2
( MPa)
Tesr Specifications:
Rate of loading:
The rate of loading should be such that we get a stress of 0.02 0.10 (MPa/s).
Acceptance Criteria of the Specimen:
If proper compaction is not done, then the specimen may fail outside the central portion i.e. near the
ends.
In such a case if;
(a a) 0.05 l
(a a) = 0.05 l
Ignore the specimen and discard the results.

Use the same formula but instead of a use a for the calculation of MOR.
Where a = distance from the support center to crack

a = one third distance from the supports
l = distance between the supports
The final result should be reported in multiples of 0.1 MPa.
Size of the Specimen:
The specimen used in the prism of 100 x 100 mm square in cross section and having a length of 510
mm.
Thus the dimensions of the specimen are;
100 x 100 x 510 (mm)
Type of loading:
The loading pattern on the beam is called the 3rd point / 2nd point loading. The main advantage
of 3rd point loading is that, the behavior of the beam can be studied under pure bending as there is no
shear at the central portion of the beam. The phenomenon is depicted by the figure below.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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43
Procedure:
When using molded specimens, turn the test specimen on its side with respect to its position as
molded and center it on the supports blocks. When using sawed specimens, position the specimen so that
the tension face corresponds to the top or botton of the specimen as has been cut from the parent
material. Center the loading system in relation to the applied force. Bring the load applying blocks in
contact with the surface of the specimen at the 3rd points and apply a load of between 3 and 6 % of the
estimated ultimate load.
Grid, cap, or use leather shims on the specimen contact surface to eliminate any gap in excess of 0.004
inch (0.10 mm) in width. Gaps in excess of 0.015 inch (0.38 mm) shall be eliminated only by capping or
grinding. Grinding of lateral surface should be minimized in as much as grinding may change the
physical characteristics of the specimens. Capping shall be in accordance with the applicable sections of
Practice C 617.
Load the specimen continuously as without shock. The load should be applied at a constant rate to the
breaking point. Apply the load at a rate that constantly increases the extreme fiber stress between 125
and 175 psi/min (0.86 and 1.21 MPa/min) until rapture occurs. The loading rate is calculated using the
following equation.
Calculation:
Case 1:
If the fracture initiates in the tension surface within the 3rd of the span length, calculate the modulus of
rupture as follows:
R = PL/bd2
Where;
R = Modulus of the rapture (psi or MPa)
P = Maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine (lbs or N)
L = Span length ( inch or mm)
b = Average width of the specimen (inch or mm) at the fracture
d = Average depth of the specimen (inch or mm) at the fracture.
Note; The weight of the beam is not included in the above calculation.
Case 2:
If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the middle 3rd of the span length by not more than
5% of the span length, calculate the modulus of rupture as follows:
R = 3Pa / bd2
M. Shahzad Tabassum
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44
Where;
a = Average distance between line of fracture and the nearest supports measured on the tension
surface of the beam (inch or mm).
NOTE; The weight of the beam is not included in the above calculation.
Case 3:
If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of the middle 3rd of the span length by more than 5%
of the span length, discard the results of the test.
Observation and Calculation:
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
Max. Applied Load

Kg
N
2.0
19.62
1.525
14.96
1.475
14.46
1.8
17.66
a
(mm)
140
143
151
160
a a
(mm)
-3
-6
-14
-23
Acceptanc
e
PL/bd2
PL/bd2
PL/bd2
PL/bd2
M.O.R
(MPa)
100.062
76.00
73.80
90.06
Mean
(MPa)
84.98
Comments:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
45
Job no 13
Find out the Compression test on small cubes.

Objective:
In this job we calculate the comparison of cube strength and cylinder strength. And find the
effect of water cement ratio on concrete strength.
Compressive strength
Compressive strength is defined as the average of the strengths of all cylinders of the same age made
Apparatus:
1. Small Cubes
2. Vibrating table
3. Mixing machine
4. Compression testing machine
5. Steel pan
6. Water tank
7. Material:
8. Crush
9. Sand
10. Cement
11. Oil
12. Brush
Procedure:
Preparation of Cylindrical Specimen:
Perform slump test on the fresh concrete.
Fill the Cylinder with three lifts of freshly mixed concrete, tamping each lift 25 times with the tamping
rod. Also tap each lift lightly with a mallet 10 to 15 times. Strike off the excess concrete with the
tamping rod and finish to a smooth surface with a steel trowel. It is recommended that specimen be
prepared and tested in groups of three.
The procedures for conducting the compression test:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
46
Prepare the testing machine by cleaning the bearing plates and, if needed, cleaning and lubricating.
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
Figure: Normal fracture of concrete test
cylinder in compression.
47
Crushing Strength = fc =
P
A
Where:
fc = compressive strength (in Psi)

P= maximum load (in pounds)
A= cross-sectional area of specimen (in inches)
Testing duration (day)
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Crushing strength (Tons)
Roll no. 26
Average Crushing
Crushing strength
48
7
14
21
28
35,40
45,49
68,73
83,77

strength (tons
37.5
47
70.5
80
(Mpa)
36.78
46.11
69.16
78.48
Comments:
M. Shahzad Tabassum
Roll no. 26
49

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JOB

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of Engineering & Technology Multan

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

Submittet To: Engg. Riaz Ahmmad

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

JOB No. 1: To study the layout plan and description of

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

Quartering Test Box:

required amount of specimen.

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

Compression Testing Machine:

Compaction Factor Apparatus:

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

The apparatus is used for determining the workability of fresh

Slump test apparatus:

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

Job No 2: Organic impurities and water absorption of

Take 03gm of NaOH in crystalline form.

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

Observations and Calculations:

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

2). Determination of water absorption of fine aggregate and

Scope and significance:

Saturated Surface Dry (S.S.D.) Condition:

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

a) Determination of water absorption of fine

Absorption, (%) = (B A)/ A 100 =

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

b) Determination of water absorption of coarse

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

Job No.3: Determination of specific gravity of

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

Saturated Surface Dry (S.S.D.) Condition:

Oven dry density:

Saturated surface dry (S.S.D) density:

Specific gravity / relative density:

Bulk Specific Gravity (Bulk Dry Specific Gravity):

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

Bulk SSD Specific Gravity:

Apparent Specific Gravity:

Procedure: (for the Course aggregates):

water = 1 gm. /cm3

Lab Manual Concrete Technology

MNS University Of Engineering & Technology

Absorption, (%) = (B A)/ A 100 =

Oven dry Bulk specific Gravity = A / BC

Apparent Specific Gravity (pores are not filled with water) =

Procedure: (for the fine aggregates):

SSD bulk specific gravity =

Lab Manual Concrete Technology