ChE 516

Energy Systems Engineering

Lecture 1
Introduction to Energy Systems

Objectives
The worldwide importance of energy systems, and the
historic evolution of these systems up to the present time,
Link between energy use, population and level of economic
activity,
Overview of energy flows / demands
Discuss how the pressure from growing energy demand
and growing CO2 emissions pose a substantial challenge of
climate change for the world in the coming years and
decades,
Review of basic units used to measure energy in the metric
and U.S. customary systems

Outline
Energy

Energy & Population

Energy Flow
World/Canada/Ontario
Energy & Canadian Economy/Jobs!
Units

Emission & Climate Change

OECD/Transition/Developing Countries
Kyoto Target
Options to Reduce GHG Emissions
Cost of Reducing CO2 Emissions
Simple Climate 1-D Model

Energy
Energy & Population
Energy Flow
World/Canada/Ontario
Energy & Canadian Economy/Jobs!
Units

Energy Flow
Sources of energy

Uses of energy

*Energy fact book, 2016 -2017, NRCan

Renewable
Energy

*Energy fact book, 2016 -2017, NRCan

Worlds Energy Consumption

7 000

Oil

6 000

Mtoe

5 000

Natural gas

4 000

Coal

3 000
2 000

Other renewables
Nuclear power
Hydro power

1 000
0
1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

Fossil fuels will account for almost 90% of the growth in energy
consumption between now and 2030

*Energy fact book, 2016 -2017, NRCan

*Energy fact book, 2016 -2017, NRCan

Canadian Energy Production and Supply

*Energy fact book, 2016 -2017, NRCan

Ontarios Installed Electricity Capacity

June 21, 2016

http://www.ieso.ca/Pages/Power-Data/Supply.aspx

14

Ontarios Electricity Production May 4, 2016

15

Exports and Imports

*Energy fact book, 2016 -2017, NRCan

*Energy fact book, 2016 -2017, NRCan

*Energy fact book, 2016 -2017, NRCan

*Energy fact book, 2016 -2017, NRCan

Prefixes Used with Metric Units

Prefix

Symbol

Factor

Example

Micro-

10-6

Microns (used in place of micrometers) ~

wavelength of visible light

Milli-

10-3

Milliampere ~ current flow from a single

photovoltaic cell

Kilo-

103

Kilowatthour ~ unit of sale of electricity to a

residential customer

Mega-

106

Megawatt ~ maximum power output of the largest

commercial wind turbines

Giga-

109

Gigawatthour ~ measure of the annual output from a

typical fossil-fuel-powered electric power plant

Tera-

1012

Terawatt ~ measure of the total rated capacity of all

power plants in the world

Peta-

1015

Petajoule ~ measure of all the energy used by the

railroads in the United States in 1 year

Exa-

1018

Exajoule ~ measure of all the energy used by an

entire country in 1 year

Orders of Magnitude of BTU Measurements

and Associated Quantities
Number of BTUs

Typical Measurement

Thousand BTUs

Output from portable space heater in 1 h

Million BTUs

Annual per capita energy consumption of various countries

Billion BTUs

Annual energy consumption of an office park in United States

Trillion BTUs

Total annual energy consumption of all railroads in United States or

European Union from train and locomotive movements

Quadrillion BTUs (quads)

Annual energy consumption of an entire country

Emission & Climate Change

OECD/Transition/Developing
Countries
Kyoto Target
Options to Reduce GHG Emissions
Cost of Reducing CO2 Emissions
Simple Climate 1-D Model

World Energy-related CO2 Emissions

Global emissions grow 62% between 2002 & 2030; developing countries
emissions will overtake OECDs in the 2020s
26

OECD Countries
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
CANADA
CHILE
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK
ESTONIA
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
HUNGARY
ICELAND
IRELAND
ISRAEL
ITALY

JAPAN
KOREA
LUXEMBOURG
MEXICO
NETHERLANDS
NEW ZEALAND
NORWAY
POLAND
PORTUGAL
SLOVAK REPUBLIC
SLOVENIA
SPAIN
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
TURKEY
UNITED KINGDOM
UNITED STATES

http://www.oecd.org/

27

Transition Economies
Albania
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Bulgaria
Cambodia
China
Croatia
Czech Republic
Estonia
Georgia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Kazakhstan

Kyrgyz Republic
Laos
Republic of Macedonia
Moldova
Poland
Romania
Russia
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Vietnam

28

Developing Economies
.

Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belize
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Costa Rica
Cte d'Ivoire
Croatia
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Fiji
Gabon
The Gambia
Georgia
Ghana
Grenada
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau

Guyana
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Jamaica
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Liberia
Macedonia
Malaysia
Maldives
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Palau[25]
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Qatar

Romania
Russia
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
So Tom and Prncipe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Suriname
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Developing countries not listed by IMF
Cuba
Nauru
North Korea

29

World Carbon Emissions Related to Fossil Fuel Use,

1750-2010

30

CO2 Emissions by Sector, 1990-2030

18 000

million tonnes of CO 2

16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
1990
Power Generation

2002

2010

Other Transformation

2020
Industry

Transport

2030
Other Sectors

CO2 emissions in power generation and transport are expected to increase

the most
31

1 - 10 Dec 1997 Kyoto, Japan COP 3

20 - 31 Oct 1997 Bonn, Germany SBI 7

SBSTA 7 Workshops
28 Jul - 7 Aug 1997 Bonn, Germany SBI 6
SBSTA 6 Workshops

25 Feb - 7 Mar 1997 Bonn, Germany SBI 5 --- 1st Meeting

SBSTA 5 Workshops

Workshops

So what did the

world do about
the problem?

They met ..
32

6 - 17 Dec 2004 Buenos Aires, Argentina COP 10 SBI 21

SBSTA 21 Workshops
16 - 25 Jun 2004 Bonn, Germany SBI 20
SBSTA 20 Workshops
1 - 12 Dec 2003 Milan, Italy COP 9 SBI 19
SBSTA 19 Workshops
4 - 13 Jun 2003 Bonn, Germany SBI 18
SBSTA 18 Workshops
23 Oct - 1 Nov 2002 New Dehli, India COP 8 SBI 17
SBSTA 17 Workshops
5 - 14 Jun 2002 Bonn, Germany SBI 16
SBSTA 16 Workshops
29 Oct - 9 Nov 2001 Marrakech, Morocco COP 7 SBI 15
SBSTA 15 Workshops
16 - 27 Jul 2001 Bonn, Germany COP 6-2 SBI 14
SBSTA 14 Workshops
13 - 24 Nov 2000 The Hague, The Netherlands COP 6 SBI 13-2
SBSTA 13-2 Workshops
11 - 15 Aug 2000 Lyon, France SBI 13
SBSTA 13 Workshops
12 - 16 Jun 2000 Bonn, Germany SBI 12
SBSTA 12 Workshops
25 Oct - 5 Nov 1999 Bonn, Germany COP 5 SBI 11
SBSTA 11 Workshops
31 May - 11 Jun 1999 Bonn, Germany SBI 10
SBSTA 10 Workshops
2 - 13 Nov 1998 Buenos Aires, Argentina COP 4 SBI 9
SBSTA 9 Workshops
2 - 12 Jun 1998 Bonn, Germany SBI 8
SBSTA 8 Workshops

And met.

33

29 Mar - 8 Apr 2009 Bonn, Germany AWG-KP 7

AWG-LCA 5 Workshops
1 - 12 Dec 2008 Poznan, Poland COP 14
CMP 4 SBI 29
SBSTA 29 AWG-KP 6-2
AWG-LCA 4 Workshops
21 - 27 Aug 2008 Accra, Ghana AWG-KP 6
AWG-LCA 3 Workshops
2 - 13 Jun 2008 Bonn, Germany SBI 28
SBSTA 28 AWG-KP 5-2
AWG-LCA 2 Workshops
31 Mar - 4 Apr 2008 Bangkok, Thailand AWG-KP 5
AWG-LCA 1 Workshops
3 - 14 Dec 2007 Bali, Indonesia COP 13
CMP 3 SBI 27
SBSTA 27 AWG-KP 4-2 Workshops
27 - 31 Aug 2007 Vienna, Austria AWG-KP 4 Workshops
7 - 18 May 2007 Bonn, Germany SBI 26
SBSTA 26 AWG-KP 3 Workshops
6 - 17 Nov 2006 Nairobi, Kenya COP 12
CMP 2 SBI 25
SBSTA 25 AWG-KP 2 Workshops
17 - 26 May 2006 Bonn, Germany SBI 24
SBSTA 24 AWG-KP 1 Workshops
28 Nov - 9 Dec 2005 Montreal, Canada COP 11
CMP 1 SBI 23
SBSTA 23 Workshops
19 - 27 May 2005 Bonn, Germany SBI 22
SBSTA 22 Workshops
6 - 17 Dec 2004 Buenos Aires, Argentina COP 10 SBI 21
SBSTA 21 Workshops

And met again.

Kyoto Accord Came into Effect Feb 16, 2005

34

6 - 17 Jun 2011 Bonn, Germany SBI 34

SBSTA 34 AWG-KP 16-2
AWG-LCA 14-2 Workshops
3 - 8 Apr 2011 Bangkok, Thailand AWG-KP 16
AWG-LCA 14 Workshops
29 Nov - 10 Dec 2010 Cancun, Mexico COP 16
CMP 6 SBI 33
SBSTA 33 AWG-KP 15
AWG-LCA 13 Workshops
4 - 9 Oct 2010 Tianjin, China AWG-KP 14
AWG-LCA 12 Workshops
2 - 6 Aug 2010 Bonn, Germany AWG-KP 13
AWG-LCA 11 Workshops
31 May - 11 Jun 2010 Bonn, Germany SBI 32
SBSTA 32 AWG-KP 12
AWG-LCA 10 Workshops
9 - 11 Apr 2010 Bonn, Germany AWG-KP 11
AWG-LCA 9 Workshops
7 - 18 Dec 2009 Copenhagen, Denmark COP 15
CMP 5 SBI 31
SBSTA 31 AWG-KP 10
AWG-LCA 8 Workshops
2 - 6 Nov 2009 Barcelona, Spain AWG-KP 9-2
AWG-LCA 7-2 Workshops
28 Sep - 9 Oct 2009 Bangkok, Thailand AWG-KP 9
AWG-LCA 7 Workshops
10 - 14 Aug 2009 Bonn, Germany AWG-KP 8-2
AWG-LCA 6-2 Workshops
1 - 12 Jun 2009 Bonn, Germany SBI 30
SBSTA 30 AWG-KP 8
AWG-LCA 6 Workshops

And again, all

over the world.

35

1 - 12 Dec 2014 Lima, Peru COP 20

CMP 10 SBI 41
SBSTA 41 ADP 2-7 Mandated Events
20 - 25 Oct 2014 Bonn, Germany ADP 2-6 Mandated Events
4 - 15 Jun 2014 Bonn, Germany SBI 40
SBSTA 40 ADP 2-5 Mandated Events
10 - 14 Mar 2014 Bonn, Germany ADP 2-4 Workshops
11 - 22 Nov 2013 Warsaw, Poland COP 19
CMP 9 SBI 39
SBSTA 39 ADP 2-3 Workshops
3 - 14 Jun 2013 Bonn, Germany SBI 38
SBSTA 38 ADP 2-2 Workshops
29 Apr - 3 May 2013 Bonn, Germany ADP 2 Workshops
26 Nov - 7 Dec 2012 Doha, Qatar COP 18
CMP 8 SBI 37
SBSTA 37 AWG-KP 17-2
AWG-LCA 15-2
ADP 1-2 Workshops
30 Aug - 5 Sep 2012 Bangkok, Thailand AWG-KP 17 - informal
AWG-LCA 15 - informal
ADP 1 - informal Workshops
14 - 25 May 2012 Bonn, Germany SBI 36
SBSTA 36 AWG-KP 17
AWG-LCA 15
ADP 1 Workshops
28 Nov - 9 Dec 2011 Durban, South Africa COP 17
CMP 7 SBI 35
SBSTA 35 AWG-KP 16-4
AWG-LCA 14-4 Workshops
1 - 7 Oct 2011 Panama City, Panama AWG-KP 16-3
AWG-LCA 14-3 Workshops

And then again!

During the first commitment
period, 37 industrialized
countries and the European
Community committed to reduce
GHG emissions to an average of
five percent against 1990
levels (by 2012).
During the second commitment
period, Parties committed to
reduce GHG emissions by at
least 18 percent below 1990
levels in the eight-year period
from 2013 to 2020.
36

Canadas GHG Reduction Targets

800
750
700

650

Total GHG Emissions (Mt)

600

550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150

1 = Kyoto Accord: 6% reduction of 1990 levels by 2012

2 = Copenhagen Agreement: 17% below 2005 levels by 2020
3 = Canadas New Target: 30% below 2005 levels by 2030

4 = 37% below 1990 levels by 2030 (Ontarios target)

100

50
0

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

Year

http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=En&n=FBF8455E-1

37

Options to Reduce GHG Emissions

Supply side
CCS power generation
Coal IGCC
integrated gasification combined
cycle (IGCC)
Coal USCSC
U.S. Carbon Sequestration
Council (USCSC)
New Nuclear
Solar PV and Thermal
Wind
Biomass IGCC & cocombustion
2nd generation biofuels
Distributed Energy
Systems

Demand side
Energy efficiency in
buildings
Industrial energy
efficiency
Energy efficient motor
systems
Heat pumps
Plug-ins and electric
vehicles
Fuel cell vehicles
Solar heating
Smart Grid

IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2008

38

Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)

Source: IPCC special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

39

Benefits of Oxyfuel Combustion

Increase of CO2 concentration in combustion flue gases by
elimination of N2 in air (79% by volume)
Up to 98% CO2 in dry flue gas may be attainable, therefore nearly
pure CO2 for reuse or disposal

Reduced volume throughput (60-80%), therefore:

higher plant efficiency due to lower dry gas energy loss
lower energy loss for gas cleaning/separation
Reduction in NOx generation and ease of SO2 removal by gas
cooling

40

Options for CO2-free Renewable Energy

Options: biomass, solar thermal, PV, wind, hydropower,
ocean thermal, geothermal, tidal
Firewood and large-scale hydro: close to saturation
Rest are <1% of total global power

Problem: all renewables suffer from low power density

Biomass: ~0.6 W/m2 (10 TW from bio ~ 10% of earths surface,
which is comparable to all human agriculture
PV & wind energy ~ 15 W/m2 (better)

RE is intermittent, dispersed i.e. non-dispatchable

Requires storage or backup power
41

Efficiency Improvements
Problem: many technologies are either already near max efficiency, or
have limits, so efficiency alone cannot solve the problem completely
Some examples:
Electric generators 98-99% efficient
Electric motors 90-97% efficient
Heat engines (35-50% efficient, 2nd law applies to steam, gas)
Diesel engine 30-35%, gasoline engine 15-25%
Fuel cells 50-55% now, perhaps 70% later; H2 reformers ~ 80%
Renewables: PV: 15 to 20%; Wind turbines 30-40%
Lighting: Fluorescent lights 10-12%; Incandescent light 2-5%

42

Transportation Energy Options

43

Smart grid

Smart Grid
- Transmission constraints
- Intermittent renewables
- Load Level Nuclear Baseload

44

Marginal Cost [USD/t CO2]

Cost of Reducing CO2 Emissions

1000

Transport alternative fuels

High
Estimate

800
Industry
fuel switching &CCS

600
400
Power Sector

200

End-use efficiency

0
0

ETP2008
ACT MAP

Low
Estimate
ETP2008
BLUE

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

-200
2050 CO2 Emissions Reduction From Baseline
[Gt CO2/yr]
To bring emissions back to current levels by 2050, a CO2 incentive of $50/t is needed.
Reducing emissions by 50% would require a $200-$500/t incentive
IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2008

Climate Change
Known:
carbon emissions increasing
Unknowns:
Relationship between:
1.
2.
3.

emissions & concentration

concentration & temperature (global avg.)
temperature & regional climate patterns

Current consensus:
1.
2.

that climate change is real (IPCC reports)

CO2 concentration will reach 600 ppm by the middle of the 21st
century (over twice the levels estimated for pre-industrial times,
compare with actual values of 397 ppm and 280 in pre-industrial
time).

VAA Chapter 4
46

Background about Atmosphere

Composition of the atmosphere:

N2 78.08%
O2 20.95%
Ar 0.93%
H2O ~0.4%
CO2 0.037%, rest are trace gases

CO2 (biogenic & anthropogenic) is in a quasi-steady state

Most carbon not in atmosphere
Most in earths crust
Amount at bottom of ocean larger than in atmosphere

47

Flows of carbon between human activity, atmosphere, land-based plant

life, and oceans, in 109 tonnes CO2 as of 2007
Accumulation in atmosphere ~22 Gt/yr

2993
8.5

48

Earths Energy Balance

Of total incoming light from the sun:
50% (mainly visible, 400-750 nm) reaches surface and is
absorbed;
20% absorbed by atmospheric gases;
30% reflected back (by clouds, snow etc).
As a warm body, the earth emits IR thermal energy; some
redirected back to earth - avg temp +150C vs -180C. If not for
this natural greenhouse effect the surface would be covered
by ice.

49

Alternative Pathways for Light Reaching Earths

Atmosphere

Simple Climate 1-D Model

Black-body
radiation

Solar Constant
Albedo

Transmitted
through
atmosphere

Inward flux:

Outward flux:

Conductive heat transfer:

s = 0.11

ta = 0.06

C = 2.5 W/m2K

ta = 0.53

a = 0.31

a = 0.3

51

Goals of Simple 1-D Model

To show the following:
1.

That without greenhouse effect earth would be much

colder

2.

That earths peak energy emissions occur around the CO2

peak absorption band

3.

That changes to ability of atmosphere to absorb energy

warm earths surface and atmosphere (1-D climate model)

52

Simple Climate Model With Heat Fluxes (W/M2)

53

Question: Whats the Effect of GHGs

on the Model?

54

Energy Absorption by Molecules

Important gases absorbing in the IR:
CO2
H2O
CH4
Important gases that do not absorb in the IR:
N2
O2
Ar

55

Relative Warming Efficiencies

Gas

Current
Residence
Concentration
Time

Warming
Efficiency

Carbon Dioxide

365 ppm

50-200 yr

Methane

1.72 ppm

12

21

Nitrous oxide

312 ppb

120

209

CFC-11

0.27 ppb

50

12,400

* CFC-11 is Trichlorofluoromethane
56

Effects Mitigating Climate Change

1.

Deforestation/desertification: increase albedo

2.

deforestation (reducing the amount of forest) /desertification

(increasing the amount of desert) -- will increase the albedo (reflection
of the sunlight) --- so this is a mitigating effect of climate change.
Of course it is also bad to reduce the amount of forest because it can
absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and also produce O2

Increased cloud cover: increases albedo

More radiation, thus mitigate climate change

These are just two factors that help to reduce (or

mitigate) climate change -- the important point is that
Climate Change is very very complex and depends on
many factors.
57

3-D Modeling
General Climate Circulation Models (GCCMs)
Recent models: typically having a horizontal resolution of
between 250 and 600 km, 15 to 20 vertical layers in the
atmosphere and sometimes as many as 30 layers in the
oceans.
Takes into account CO2, aerosol loading
Transient model starting in 1860, observe how well
present-day results in model match current climactic
conditions

58

Over the Next 25 yrs

Energy use including electricity will grow fastest in developing
countries
Oil remains the dominant fuel type
Coal will remain the dominant fuel for electric power generation, but
gas importance will grow
Natural gas will be the fastest-growing primary energy source

Carbon dioxide emissions will continue to grow

Asia will expand its use of nuclear power
Resources will be sufficient to meet demand through 2025
59

More conclusions
Major energy sources are finite and/or emit CO2 to
atmosphere
A range of carbon-free, long-term alternatives are under
development
Urban air pollution is a critical issue
NIMBY must be addressed
There is no one solution, but a range of solutions is required
60

James Hansen Ted Talk

http://www.ted.com/talks/james_hansen_why_
i_must_speak_out_about_climate_change
Dr. Hansen tells the story of his involvement in
the science of and debate over global climate
change.
He outlines the overwhelming evidence that
change is happening and why that makes him
deeply worried about the future.
61