A. Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works.

More restrictively, it is
writing considered as an art form, or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual
value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. Its Latin
root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera: letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all
written accounts, though contemporary definitions extend the term to include texts that are
spoken or sung (oral literature). Literature can be classified according to whether it
is fiction or non-fictionand whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according
to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized
according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations
(genre).

B.

Poetry, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic[1][2][3] qualities of language
such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metreto evoke meanings in addition to, or in
place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretation to words, or to evoke
emotive responses. Devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm are
sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects. The use
of ambiguity, symbolism, irony and other stylistic elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem
open to multiple interpretations. Similarly figures of speech such
as metaphor, simileand metonymy[4] create a resonance between otherwise disparate imagesa
layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance
may exist, between individual verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm.
Some poetry types are specific to particular cultures and genres and respond to characteristics of
the language in which the poet writes. Readers accustomed to identifying poetry
with Dante, Goethe, Mickiewicz and Rumi may think of it as written in lines based on rhyme and
regular meter; there are, however, traditions, such as Biblical poetry, that use other means to
create rhythm and euphony. Much modern poetry reflects a critique of poetic tradition, [5] playing
with and testing, among other things, the principle of euphony itself, sometimes altogether
forgoing rhyme or set rhythm.[6][7] In today's increasingly globalized world, poets often adapt
forms, styles and techniques from diverse cultures and languages.

1. DIVISION AND TYPES OF POETRY

1.1 Lyric poetry, a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings,
typically spoken in the first person.[1] The term derives from a form of Ancient Greek
literature, the lyric, which was defined by its musical accompaniment, usually on a
stringed instrument known as a lyre.[2] The term owes its importance in literary theory to
the division developed by Aristotle between three broad categories of poetry: lyrical,
dramatic and epic.

Example:
Some of the best examples of lyric poetry are sonnets.

JAMES DEFORD

By chance, or nature's changing course

untrimmed.

Italian Sonnet by James DeFord, written in 1997:

Turn back the heart you've turned

away
Give back your kissing breath
Leave not my love as you have left
The broken hearts of yesterday
But wait, be still, don't lose this way
Affection now, for what you guess
May be something more, could be
less
Accept my love, live for today.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
Another good example is this part
of Sonnet Number 18, written by
William Shakespeare:

Shall I compare thee to a summer's

day?
Thou art more lovely and more
temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling
buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too
short a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of
heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion
dimmed,
And every fair from fair sometime
declines,

1.2

EMILY DICKINSON
This example of lyric poetry is a poem
by Emily Dickinson named I Felt a
Funeral in my Brain. It describes a
person who is going insane, or thinks
they are:

I felt a Funeral, in my Brain,

And Mourners to and fro
Kept treading - treading - till it
seemed
That Sense was breaking through And when they all were seated,
A Service, like a
Drum -Kept beating - beating - till I
thought
My Mind was going numb And then I heard them lift a Box
And creak across my Soul
With those same Boots of Lead,
again,
Then Space - began to toll,
As all the Heavens were a Bell,
And Being, but an Ear,
And I, and Silence, some strange
Race Wrecked, solitary, here And then a Plank in Reason, broke,
And I dropped down, and down And hit a World, at every plunge,
And Finished knowing - then -

Narrative Poetry, a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of
a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metered verse.
Narrative poems do not have to follow rhythmic patterns. The poems that make up this
genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. It is normally
dramatic, with objectives, diverse characters, and metre. [1] Narrative poems
include epics, ballads, idylls, and lays.
Some narrative poetry takes the form of a novel in verse. An example of this is The Ring
and the Book by Robert Browning. In terms of narrative poetry, a romance is a narrative
poem that tells a story of chivalry. Examples include the Romance of the
Rose or Tennyson's Idylls of the King. Although these examples
use medieval and Arthurian materials, romances may also tell stories from classical
mythology.
Shorter narrative poems are often similar in style to the short story. Sometimes these
short narratives are collected into interrelated groups, as with Chaucer's The Canterbury

Tales. Some literatures contain prose narratives, and the Old Norse sagas include both
incidental poetry and the biographies of poets.

Example:
EDGAR ALLAN POE
Following is an excerpt from The Raven by Edgar
Allan Poe:

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered

weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of
forgotten lore,
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there
came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my
chamber door.''
Tis some visitor,' I muttered, `tapping at my
chamber door Only this, and nothing more.'

GEOFFREY CHAUCER
The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey
Chaucer,
is a classic example of narrative
poetry.
In days of old there lived, of mighty fame,
A valiant Prince, and Theseus was his name;
A chief, who more in feats of arms excelled,
The rising nor the setting sun beheld.
Of Athens he was lord; much land he won,
And added foreign countries to his crown.
In Scythia with the warrior Queen he strove,
Whom first by force he conquered, then by love;
He brought in triumph back the beauteous
dame,
With whom her sister, fair Emilia, came.
With honour to his home let Theseus ride,
With Love to friend, and Fortune for his guide,
And his victorious army at his side.
I pass their warlike pomp, their proud array,
Their shouts, their songs, their welcome on the
way;
But, were it not too long, I would recite
The feats of Amazons, the fatal fight
Betwixt the hardy Queen and hero Knight;

The town besieged, and how much blood it cost

The female army, and the Athenian host;
The spousals of Hippolyta the Queen;
What tilts and turneys at the feast were seen;
The storm at their return, the ladies' fear:
But these and other things I must forbear.

HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW

Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is another
example of a lyric poem.
An excerpt from this chapter tells the story of the
wedding, including a special dance:

First he danced a solemn measure,

Very slow in step and gesture,
In and out among the pine-trees,
Through the shadows and the
sunshine,
Treading softly like a panther.
Then more swiftly and still swifter,
Whirling, spinning round in circles,
Leaping o'er the guests assembled,
Eddying round and round the wigwam,
Till the leaves went whirling with him,
Till the dust and wind together
Swept in eddies round about him.
Then along the sandy margin
Of the lake, the Big-Sea-Water,
On he sped with frenzied gestures,
Stamped upon the sand, and tossed it
Wildly in the air around him;
Till the wind became a whirlwind,
Till the sand was blown and sifted
Like great snowdrifts o'er the
landscape,
Heaping all the shores with Sand
Dunes,
Sand Hills of the Nagow Wudjoo!

1.3 Dramatic Poetry is written in verse and is meant to be spoken.

Its main purpose is to tell a story or describe an event in an interesting and
descriptive way.
Dramatic poetry is poetry written specifically for the theater. This type of poetry
can often be lyrical in nature, such as when a character in a play gives a
dramatic monologue.
Dramatic monologues are a very common form of dramatic poetry. In a
dramatic monologue, the speaker addresses a kind of imaginary listener, so they
are not explicitly speaking to the reader. This type of poetry is well fit for the
dramatic context because characters in a theater production may often have
small speeches where they address an imagined listener and, in many cases, the
audience fills in that role. This type of poetry can have a song-like quality to it,
using lyrical elements or even employing a more narrative structure. In this way,
dramatic monologue, and dramatic poetry in general, isn't limited by its
associations with drama and the theater. Instead, dramatic poetry appears in
numerous varying contexts, utilizing many different poetic devices and variations
within the context of the dramatic medium.
Examples:

RUDYARD KIPLING
Here is an example from Rudyard Kiplings The Law
of the Jungle which is addressed to a wolf:

Wash daily from nose-tip to tail-tip; drink deeply,

but never too deep;
And remember the night is for hunting, and
forget not the day is for sleep.
The Jackal may follow the Tiger, but, Cub, when
thy whiskers are grown,
Remember the Wolf is a Hunter -- go forth and
get food of thine own.
Keep peace with the Lords of the Jungle -- the
Tiger, the Panther, and Bear.
And trouble not Hathi the Silent, and mock not
the Boar in his lair.
When Pack meets with Pack in the Jungle, and
neither will go from the trail,
Lie down till the leaders have spoken -- it may
be fair words shall prevail.

ROBERT BROWNING
The Laboratory by Robert Browning is another
example of a dramatic poem:

NOW that I, tying thy glass mask tightly,

May gaze thro' these faint smokes curling
whitely,
As thou pliest thy trade in this devil's-smithy-Which is the poison to poison her, prithee?
II
He is with her; and they know that I know
Where they are, what they do: they believe my
tears flow
While they laugh, laugh at me, at me fled to the
drear
Empty church, to pray God in, for them! -- I am
here.
III
Grind away, moisten and mash up thy paste,
Pound at thy powder, -- I am not in haste!
Better sit thus, and observe thy strange things,
Than go where men wait me and dance at the
King's.
IV
That in the mortar -- you call it a gum?
Ah, the brave tree whence such gold oozings
come!
And yonder soft phial, the exquisite blue,
Sure to taste sweetly, -- is that poison too?

C. Prose , a form of language that exhibits a grammatical structure and a natural flow of

speech, rather than a rhythmic structure as in traditional poetry. Where the common unit
of verse is based on meter or rhyme, the common unit of prose is purely grammatical, such
as a sentence or paragraph.
The word "prose" first appears in English in the 14th century. It is derived from the Old
French prose, which in turn originates in the Latin expression prosa oratio (literally,
straightforward or direct speech). Prose in its simplicity and loosely defined structure is
broadly adaptable to spoken dialogue, factual discourse, and to topical and fictional writing. It
is systematically produced and published
within literature, journalism (including newspapers, magazines,
and broadcasting), encyclopedias, film, history, philosophy, law, and in almost all forms and
processes requiring human communications.

1. DIVISION AND TYPES OF PROSE

1.1 Fiction , the classification for any story created by the imagination and, therefore, not
based strictly on history or fact.[1][2][3][note 1] Fiction can be expressed in a variety of formats,
including writings, live performances, films, television programs, animated cartoons, stop
motions, animes, video games, and role-playing games, though the term originally and
most commonly refers to the major narrative forms of literature (see literary fiction),
[4]
including the novel, novella, short story, and play. Fiction constitutes an act of creative
invention, so that faithfulness to reality is not typically assumed; [5] in other words, fiction is
not expected to present only characters who are actual people or descriptions that are
factually true. The context of fiction is generally open to interpretation, due to fiction's
freedom from any necessary embedding in reality; [6] however, some fictional works are
claimed to be, or marketed as, historically or factually accurate, complicating the
traditional distinction between fiction and non-fiction.[7] Fiction is a classification or
category, rather than a specific mode or genre, unless used in a narrower sense as
a synonym for a particular literary fiction form.
Example:
ALICE IN WONDERLAND BY LEWIS CARROL
Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll is a good example of fiction. The story narrates various adventures
of the main character, Alice, in a fictitious land full of incredible creatures and events. Alice has to
go through certain magical experiences in the wonderland. According to the story, one day, while
reading book, Alice grows bored, and notices a rabbit. She follows it when it goes into a hole.
When peeping through it, she loses her balance and falls into it. She floats down slowly into the
hole and observes everything around her. Then she enters the wonderland, and witnesses a
number of weird stuff. This entire magical detail is fabricated and imaginary, which make it a
good fiction to enjoy.

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE BY JANE AUSTEN

Another ample example to portray fiction is, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen. It is one of the most
famous English novels as well. Unlike the previous example, it is set in a real life-like -setting. All
characters are humans, while no magical or weird event takes place in this novel. All the

characters and the whole story of the novel is a made-up narrative. Everything is the outcome of
Jane Austens imagination. She not only presents the issues of the contemporary life faced by
middle class families, but also daily preoccupations of the common people. The novel presents a
good fiction of actual life of nineteenth century.

HAMLET BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

The play Hamlet by William Shakespeare is another befitting example of a fiction that helps understand
it. The story of the play moves around the main character, Prince Hamlet. He is informed by the
Ghost of his father that his uncle murdered his father, King Hamlet, and married his wife and
Hamlets mother, Queen Gertrude. The Ghost elicits a promise from Hamlet that he will avenge
his murder and kill the murderer. This becomes Hamlets dilemma. He wows to kill his uncle but
delays it on one or the other pretext. Overall, the story is all about the intrigues and plots, which
happen inside the royal castle of Elsinore in Denmark. The story may have some connection with
the real life events and characters, yet it is completely a fabricated story created by Shakespeare
to entertain the Elizabeth audience of that time.

1.2 Nonfiction or non-fiction is content (often, in the form of a story) whose creator, n good faith,
assumes responsibility for the truth or accuracy of the events, people, and/or information
presented.[1] In contrast, a story whose creator explicitly leaves open if and how the work
refers to reality is usually classified as fiction.[1][2] Nonfiction, which may be presented
either objectively or subjectively, is traditionally one of the two main divisions of narratives
(and, specifically, prose writing),[3] the other traditional division being fiction, which contrasts
with nonfiction by dealing in information, events, and characters expected to be partly or
largely imaginary.
Nonfiction's specific factual assertions and descriptions may or may not be accurate, and can give
either a true or a false account of the subject in question. However, authors of such accounts
genuinely believe or claim them to be truthful at the time of their composition ior, at least,
pose them to a convinced audience as historically or empirically factual. Reporting
the beliefs of others in a nonfiction format is not necessarily an endorsement of the ultimate
veracity of those beliefs, it is simply saying it is true that people believe them (for such topics
as mythology). Nonfiction can also be written about fiction, typically known as literary
criticism, giving information and analysis on these other works. Nonfiction need not
necessarily be written text, since pictures and film can also purport to present a factual
account of a subject.

1.3 Drama, a piece of writing that tells a story and is performed on a stage, can be a play, movie,
television show, or radio show that is about a serious subject and is not meant to make the audience
laugh and also the art or activity of performing a role in a play, show, etc.

a : a composition in verse or prose intended to portray life or character or to tell a story usually
involving conflicts and emotions through action and dialogue and typically designed for theatrical
performance : play compare closet drama
b : a movie or television production with characteristics (as conflict) of a serious play; broadly : a
play, movie, or television production with a serious tone or subject <a police drama>

A. Comedy,
a play, movie, etc., of light and humorous character with a happy orcheerful e
nding; a dramatic work in which the central motif is thetriumph over adverse
circumstance, resulting in a successful or happy conclusion.
Its Also a branch of the drama which concerns itself with this form of
composition, a comic element of drama, of literature generally, or of life,
any literary composition dealing with a theme suitable for comedy, oremployi
ng the methods of comedy
any comic or humorous incident or series of incidents.
B. Tragedy (from the Greek: , tragidia[a]) is a form of drama based on
human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in audiences.[2][3] While
many cultures have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, the
term tragedy often refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and
important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilisation.[2][4] That tradition has
been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful
effect of cultural identity and historical continuity"the Greeks and the Elizabethans, in one
cultural form; Hellenes and Christians, in a common activity," as Raymond Williams puts it.
1.4 Literary Masterpiece, A literary masterpiece is a work of literature that is considered
to be outstanding in terms of its artistry and technique, and is held in high esteem as an
original work to be read and studied. A literary masterpiece can take the form of any
written work, including a poem, short story, play or novel.