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Differential Amplifier

Experiment #1

Objectives:

To observe the operation of differential amplifier in different mode


To find out the Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) of differential amplifier

Theory:
Differential Amplifier
The amplifier that amplify the difference of the supplied two input signals is known as differential
amplifier.
It is two CE stages in parallel with a common emitter resistor.
Due to low common mode gain and high differential gain it can reject the noise which is common
to both the input sensors.
The differential amplifier can be considered as an analog circuit which consists of two inputs and
one output.
Ideally, the circuit has identical transistors and equal collector resistors. With perfect symmetry, Vo
is zero when the two input voltages are equal. But, when Vi1 is greater than Vi2, the output voltage
has one polarity and when Vi2 is greater than Vi1, the output voltage is inverted and has the opposite
polarity.
The differential amplifier circuit can be represented as shown in the figure below. Also, the output voltage
of a differential amplifier is proportional to the difference between the two input voltages. This can be
represented in equation form as follows:

V0 = V01 - V02

Vi1

V01

V0 Vi1- Vi2

V0
Vi2

V02

Fig. 1: Schematic Diagram of Differential Amplifier


The diff amp of above figure has two separate inputs. Input Vi2 is called the noninverting input
because Vo is in phase with Vi1. On the other hand, Vi1 is called the inverting input because Vo is
180 out of phase with Vi2.
When both the noninverting and inverting input voltages are present, the total input is called a
differential input. Basically there are four configuration of differential amplifier.
o
o
o

Dual input, balanced output differential amplifier.


Dual input, unbalanced output differential amplifier.
Single input balanced output differential amplifier. (Double Ended Operation)
Single input unbalanced output differential amplifier. (Single Ended Operation)

Double Ended Output Operation:


In Double Ended Output Operation of a differential amplifier, input is the differential input between Vi1
and Vi2, and the output is the differential between V01 and V02.

Vi1

The differential voltage gain in double

V01
V0

ended output operation is given by:

(Ad)D=

Vi2

V02

Fig.2: Schematic Diagram of Double Ended Output Operation

Single Ended Output Operation:


In Single Ended Output Operation of a differential amplifier, input is the differential input between V i1
and Vi2, and the output is the differential between V01 and V02 with respect to ground.

The differential voltage gain in single

Vi1

V01
V0

ended output operation is given by:

(Ad)S=

V02

Vi2

Fig.2: Schematic Diagram of Double Ended Output Operation

Common Mode Gain in Differential Amplifier:


When the input signal of differential amplifier is equal in magnitude and phase, i.e, when the input of
differential amplifier are tied together, it is said to be in common mode of operation.
(a) For Single ended output operation

(Ac)S=

(b) For Single ended output operation

(Ac)D=

Fig 4: Differential Circuit

Equipment Required:
1) Dual Power Supply
2) Signal Generator
3) Dual Trace Oscilloscope
4) Digital Multimeter
5) Resistor (100 k )
6) Resistor (15 k )
7) Resistor (10 k )
8) Resistor (1 k )
9) Potentiometer (200 )
10) Silicon Transistor (2N2222)
Calculations:
1. DC voltage across the collector resistor of
transistor Q1,Q2 & Q3 is calculated as:
VRC1 = 6.10 V, IC1 =

1
1

= 0.61 mA

VRC2 = 6.10 V, IC2 =

2
2

= 0.61 mA

VRC3 = 1.23 V, IC3 =

3
3

= 1.23 Ma

1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
2 pieces
1 piece
1 piece
3 pieces

2. Calculation of differential mode gain of single ended and double ended output operation:
a) Vi1 = 50 mV peak to peak at 1 kHz
Vi2 = Ground (0 Volts)

V01 with respect to ground = 850 mV


Phase relation of V01 with respect to Vi1 = 180o

V02 with respect to ground = 850 mV


Phase relation of V02 with respect to Vi1 = 0o

Single Ended Differential Voltage Gain:

(Ad)S=
(Ad)S=

= 34
= 34

b) Vi1 = Ground (0 Volts)


Vi2 = 50 mV peak to peak at 1 kHz

V01 with respect to ground = 850 mV


Phase relation of V01 with respect to Vi2 = 0o

V02 with respect to ground = 850 mV


Phase relation of V02 with respect to Vi2 = 180o

Single Ended Differential Voltage Gain:

(Ad)S=
(Ad)S=

= 34
= 34

c) Case 1: When Vi1 is grounded


V01-V02 = 1.21V

Case 2: When Vi2 is grounded


V01-V02 = 1.21V

Double Ended Differential Voltage Gain:


Case 1: When Vi1 is grounded

(Ad)D=

Case 2: When Vi2 is grounded

(Ad)D=

= 68.44

= 68.44

d) Calculation for Common Mode Gain and Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
Vi1 = 1V peak at 1 KHz
Vi2 = 1V peak at 1 KHz with same phase as Vi1

V01 with respect to ground = 5.4mV


Phase relation of V01 with respect to Vi2 = 180o

V02 with respect to ground = 5.4mV


Phase relation of V02 with respect to Vi2 = 180o

V01-V02 = 0V
Common Mode Gain for Single Ended Output operation:
(Ac)S =

= 5.4 x 10-3

(Ac)S =

= 5.4 x 10-3

Common Mode Gain for Single Ended Output operation:


(Ac)D =

= 0

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) for Double Ended Output operation:
()

CMRR(dB) = 20 * log ( () ) = 75.98

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) for Double Ended Output operation:
()

CMRR(dB) = 20 * log ( () ) = 75.98

Fig: Differential Amplifier Circuit

For DC biasing of the differential amplifier shown in figure above, the following equations can be used:
Vcc = Ic1.Rc1 + VCE1 + VCE3 + Iee.Re + Vee
Vb3 = VBE3 + Iee.Re + Vee
The DC power supply voltage is set at +- 10 Volts. A base resistance Rb1 = Rb2 = 10kohm in each input.
The circuit is designed such that VCE = 4.5 V for the two transistors in the differential pair. Similarly, the
VCE = 4.5 V is set for the current source (transistor Q3). Then Ic1 = Ic2 = 2mA is selected through each
transistor in the differential pair, so the constant current source is provided with Icc = IEE = 4mA. It is
assumed VBE = 0.7V. The voltage Vb3 = -5V is set using the resistors R1 = R2 = 10kohm.

Fig: Simplified Differential Amplifier


1. Using above equation the value of resistors is calculated as:
RC1=RC2=3.35K
RE=1.075k
2. The DC quiescent values for VCE, VBE and Ic for each transitor. Use a Table to compare the
calculated values and the results obtained from the simulation.

Calculation
Simulation

VCE (V)
4.260
4.170

Q1
VBE (V)
0.700
0.690

Ic (mA)
2.050
1.940

VCE (V)
4.260
4.170

Q2
VBE (V)
0.700
0.690

Ic(mA) VCE (V)


2.050 4.503
1.940 5.110

Q3
VBE (V)
0.700
0.680

Ic(mA)
4.10
3.900

Discussion and Conclusion:


Hence from lab the different mode of differential amplifier is observed. The common mode gain and
common mode rejection ratio of differrential amplifier is also calculated.
Using circuit analysis the value of different part of differential amplifier is also calculated. The simulated
value and calculated value is also observed and there is slight deviation in simulated and calculated value
due to the preciseness of different meter used in simulation process. Also simulated value varies from
actual value due to different error occurs in actual practical circuit.

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