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DESIGN:
v. to mark out, to plan, purpose, intend...
n. a plan conceived in the mind, of something to be done...
n. adaptation of means to end...
The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
ELEMENTS OF 3-D DESIGN
Color: can refer to the actual color of the material being used (inherent color,) or
to an applied color such as a paint finish
(applied color.)
Line: the edge or outline of a form, the meeting of planes; linear materials
include: wire, wood, metal rod, string or any materials with a long thin shape.
Mass/ Volume: closed, independent, three-dimensional form, completely
surrounded by space. Volumetric materials include blocks of plaster, wood or
stone. Sometimes mass refers to a positive solid and volume refers to a
negative, open space surrounded by material, as in a bowl or other vessel.
Plane: a flat or level surface planar materials include foam core, cardboard,
sheet metal, plastic sheets, and plywood.
Space: positive and negative: positive space is space occupied by matter.
Negative space is empty space defined by positive space.
Texture: the surface quality of a form rough, smooth, weathered and so on.
Value: light and shadows on the surface of forms; quantity of light actually
reflected by an object's surface; value changes might be affected by the addition
of color to the surface of a work.
METHODS FOR CREATING 3-DIMENSIONAL FORMS
THE FOUR BASIC METHODS FOR CREATING 3-DIMENSIONAL FORMS ARE
AS FOLLOWS:
1. Subtraction: the old clich of the sculptor seeing his "ideal form"
within a rock (or other mass of material) and carving or chipping away at
the excess until he finds it, or "frees" it.
2. Manipulation: modeling malleable materials such as clay.
3. Addition: a sculptural method in which form is created by building up
materials. This method encompasses many contemporary materials and
techniques, such as the assemblage of objects from wood, metal, plastics,
adhesives, fasteners, etc. Objects made using techniques from the world
of furniture construction and carpentry are included in this category, as are
objects welded or riveted together, or made from found materials.
Craft: the tradition of the manipulation of a given material; the act of working a
given material using time-honoured techniques. Critique: any means by which
strengths and weaknesses of designs are analyzed.
Craftsmanship: aptitude, skill, or quality workmanship in use of tools and
materials.
Cross cut: A saw cut made across the length or across the grain direction of a
piece of wood.
Cross-section: a slice taken through an object. Taking multiple cross sections
of an object (through the x, y and z axes) allows its form to be described on a
two dimensional surface.
Curvilinear: consisting of or bounded by curved lines: a curvilinear figure.
Decorative: pertaining to elements which enhance the surface of a designed
object but which are not integrated into the structure of the object.
Density: the extent to which compositional parts are spread out or crowded
together.
DIRECT CARVING: Also referred to as taille directe. A less planned approach to
carving in which the sculptor carves the finished sculpture without using
intermediate models or maquettes. The sculptor typically works from
memory, though some such as Cornellia Van A. Chapin would carve with a
model in front of them.[1] The practice gained prominence in the early 20th
century and, in some respects, was seen as a return to the direct approach used
in primitive art.
Disparate: separate, distinct, dissimilar (often applied to objects or elements
placed together in a composition).
Dominant: refers to elements in a composition; the dominant volume is the
largest element in a group, the most interesting and dramatic in character.
Economy: the use of only the bare essentials needed to perform the intended
task.
Elegant: with respect to design (or mathematics): ingeniously simple and
effective, free of extraneous detail.
Elevation: in orthographic projection, the front, back, and side views of an object
or architectural structure.
Emotive qualities: the qualities of an object or an image that arouse feeling or
emotion in the viewer.
Ergonomic: designed with the comfort of a human user in mind. Ergonomic
design is concerned with the relationship of humans to their physical working and
living environment.
Exploded View: a technical drawing showing the components of a mechanism
separated but in the normal relation to one another. Such a drawing allows
hidden or internal parts to be clearly seen.
Extrusion: the shaping of a material by forcing it through a die or template (for
example, different pasta shapes are made by extrusion of dough through
differently-shaped fittings.) In three-dimensional computer modeling, the process
of giving depth to a two-dimensional shape.
Fabrication: the action or process of manufacturing or constructing something.
Figurative: drawing, painting and sculpture based on the human form.
PLASTER OF PARIS: a fine white powder which sets hard when mixed in water,
mixed 2 to1
POINTING: is used to accurately transfer measuring points from a model or
maquette into stone or wood, in order to carve an accurate copy. This is called
the indirect method of carving.
Platonic solids: each of the five regular polyhedra (tetrahedron, cube,
octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron).
Polyhedron: a solid figure or object with many (usually more than six) plane
faces.
Presentation: The way a piece of art is displayed to the viewer, including its
method of support. Methods of presentation include mounting a piece of
sculpture to the wall, plopping it on a pedestal, or hanging it by fishing line.
Methods of presenting a two-dimensional work like a drawing include framing it
or pinning it directly to the wall.
Process: In art, the means by which an object is produced. Sometimes, the
obstacles posed by a particular fabrication process influence the look and even
the meaning of the final work of art.
Proportion: elements compared, one to another, in terms of their properties of
size, quantity, and degree of emphasis.
Radial: compositions that have the major images or design parts emanating from
a central location.
Realism: visual accuracy in artistic representation from known objects.
Rectilinear: characterized by straight lines.
Relief: sculpture in which forms project from a background, usually mounted on
a wall. It is classified according to the degree to which it is raised from the
surface: high relief, forms moving out from the surface; low relief, forms
remaining close to the surface.
REPLICA: An exact copy or reproduction of an artwork, sometimes made on a
smaller scale than the original.
Representational: forms that resemble other known objects, figures etc (as
opposed to entirely abstract, non-representational forms.)
Rhythm/ Repetition: rhythm is the result of repetition; three rhythmic devices
include:
1) The duplication of the same form
2) Two forms used alternately; and
3) The sequential change of a form (large to small, for example.)
Rip cut: A saw cut made parallel to the long edge of a board, or with the grain
direction of a board.
ROUGHING OUT: The process of carving out the basic shapes of a work before
any detail is created.
SAND CASTING: A method of casting typically used for casting iron, in which the
mold is constructed from compacted
sand. By its nature, the mold can only be used once and needs to be reformed
for each casting[3]
Weld
join together (metal pieces or parts) by heating the surfaces to the point of
melting using a blowtorch, electric arc, or other means, and uniting them
by pressing, hammering, etc.