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Full Duplex: In full duplex both station can transmit and receive simultaneously. Modern
telephone network is the full duplex communication.
Text: Most of the text is in format of ASCII (American Code of Information Exchange)
Number: Number is represented by bit patterns
Images: There is several method of representing color images. One popular method is
RGB.
Audio: This refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or music.
2. Network
Advantage:
1. Dedicated link ensure that each connection carry its own data load, eliminating the traffic
problem.
2. Mesh topology is robust
3. Privacy and security
4. Fault identification and isolation is easy
Disadvantage:
1. Huge amount of cabling and I/O ports required.
2. Installation and reconnection is difficult
3. Required hardware to connect each link will be expensive.
2.2.2 Star topology
In star topology each devices has point to point link only to a central controller, usually called a
hub (fig2.4).
Does not require a central node to manage the connectivity between the computers
Due to the point to point line configuration of devices with a device on either side (each
device is connected to its immediate neighbor), it is quite easy to install and reconfigure since
adding or removing a device requires moving just two connections.
5. Point to point line configuration makes it easy to identify and isolate faults.
Disadvantage:
1. One malfunctioning workstation can create problems for the entire network. This can be
solved by using a dual ring or a switch that closes off the break.
2. Moving, adding and changing the devices can affect the network
3. Communication delay is directly proportional to number of nodes in the network
4. Bandwidth is shared on all links between devices
5. More difficult to configure than a Star: node adjunction Ring shutdown and
reconfiguration
2.2.5 Some example of Hybrid network
Hybrid network is the combination of different physical topology of connection to form single
network.
3.
4.
be achieved). The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring and star. A typical LAN is shown
in fig 3.1
The main reason for distinguishing MANs as a special category is that a standard has been
adopted for them. It is DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus) or IEEE 802.6.
3.3 Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image and information over large
geographical areas that may comprise a country, continent or even the whole world. In contrast
to LANs, WANs may utilize public, leased or private communication devices, usually in
combinations, and can therefore span an unlimited number of miles as shown in Fig. 3.3. A
WAN that is wholly owned and used by a single company is often referred to as enterprise
network.
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It has affected the way we do
business as well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a communication system
that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
Internet is a collection of networks or network of networks. Various networks such as LAN and
WAN connected through suitable hardware and software to work in a seamless manner.
Schematic diagram of the Internet is shown in Fig. 4.1. It allows various applications such as email, file transfer, remote log-in, World Wide Web, Multimedia, etc run across the internet. The
basic difference between WAN and Internet is that WAN is owned by a single organization
while internet is not so. But with the time the line between WAN and Internet is shrinking, and
these terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Also Fig 4.2 has shown the Aircel Network in
India connection as Internet service provider.
primary architectural model for inter-computer communications. A task or group of tasks is then
assigned to each of the seven OSI layers.
LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL:
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
1. Physical Layer: Controls the transmission of the actual data onto the network cable(Fig 6.3).
It defines the electrical signals, line states and encoding of the data and the connector types used.
An example is 10BaseT. The Physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from
one node to the nest. It deals with the mechanical and electrical specification of the interface and
transmission media.
3. Flow control
4. Error control
5. Access control
Fig. 6.13
Fig. 6.16
Example: How Port address is responsible for Process to process communication in
Transport layer.
Fig. 6.17 shows two computers communicating via the Internet. The sending computer is running
three processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving computer is running
two processes at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to
communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note that although physical addresses
change from hop to hop, logical and port addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.
Fig. 6.17
TCP/IP Model
OSI makes the distinction between services, TCP/IP does not originally clearly distinguish
interfaces, and protocol.
between services, interface, and protocol.
The OSI model was devised before the TCP/IP model was just a description of the
protocols were invented. It can be made to existing protocols. The model and the protocol
work in diverse heterogeneous networks.
fit perfectly.
OSI has seven layers. Application, TCP/IP has four layers. Application, Transport,
Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Network layer, Data-Link Layer, Physical Layer.
Data link, Physical.
OSI emphasis on providing a reliable data
transfer service, Each layer of the OSI model
detects and handles errors, all data
transmitted includes checksums. The
transport layer checks source-destination
reliability.
Host on OSI implementations do not handle TCP/IP hosts participate in most network
network operations.
protocols.
A connection-oriented protocol.