INDEX PAGE

PAGE NO.

TOPIC

Introduction

Experiment

Images

Theory
(OR Gate)
Theory
(AND Gate)
Theory
(NOT Gate)
Theory
(NOR Gate)
Theory
(NAND Gate)
Bibliography

8
9
10
11
12

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TEACHER SIGNATURE

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the preparation of this project on
LOGIC GATE has been undertaken by Akash Halder of
class 12 Science Roll No.
under the guidance of
subject teacher during the academic year 2016-2017. The
proper guidance for making this project is also given by THE
DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL PHYSICS OF CENTRAL
MODEL SCHOOL so that it become a success.

Examiner Signature

Teacher In-Charge

Principal Signature

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with great pleasure that I find myself penning down
these lines to express my sincere thanks to my physics
teacher Dipankar Bhakta for his untiring guidance and
ample fortitude. The harmonious climate in our school
provided proper guide for preparing the project.
Thanks to all my classmates for their constructive
criticism which helped me throughout the development of
this project.

-Akash Halder

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INTRODUCTION
A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean
function, i.e. it performs a logical operation on one or more logical
inputs, and produces a single logical output. Depending on the
context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has four
instance zero rise time and unlimited fan-out, or it may refer to a
non-ideal physical device.
Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors
acting as electronic switches, but can also be constructed using
electromagnetic relays, fluidic logic, pneumatic logic, optics,
molecules, or even mechanical elements. With amplification, logic
gates can be cascaded in the same way that Boolean functions can
be composed, allowing the construction of a physical model of all of
Boolean logic, and therefore, all of the algorithms and mathematics
that can be described with Boolean logic.

Logic circuits include such devices as multiplexes, registers, arithmetic

logic units (ALUs), and computer memory, all the way up through
complete microprocessors, which may contain more than 100 million
gates. In practice, the gates are made from field-effect transistors
(FETs), particularly MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect
transistors).

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EXPERIMENT
AIM: To design an appropriate logic gate combination for a
given truth table.
APPARATUS:

A battery of 6 A
Two switches
Torch
Bulb
Connecting wires

PROCEDURE:
Write product term for each input (min-term) combination
where Boolean function has output has 1. While writing minterm, complement that variable whose value is 0 otherwise
write it in direct form (without complement).
Add all the min-term to obtain the Boolean function.
Draw the circuit using basic logic gates.

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Page 6 of 12

THEORY
Or Gate:
An OR Gate has this truth table when the inputs are A and B, and
the output is Y

A+B=Y
INPUT
(A)
0
0
1
1

INPUT
(B)
0
1
0
1

OUTPUT
(A+B)
0
1
1
1

An OR Gate is a gate for which the output is 1 wherever one

or more of the input is 1. The output of an OR Gate is 0 only
when all inputs are 0. Shown above is a schematic symbol
for an OR Gate, together with the simulated LEDs and input
buttons so that you can explore OR Gate behaviour.
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THEORY
And Gate:
An AND Gate has this truth table when the inputs are A and
B, and the output is Y.

A . B = Y or AB = Y
INPUT
(A)
0
0
1
1

INPUT
(B)
0
1
0
1

OUTPUT
(A.B)
0
0
0
1

Let us consider our variables, A, B, C to be algebraic

variables, but algebraic variables that can only take on two
values 0 and 1. Then we represent the AND function
symbolically in either of two ways. Some will prefer always
to insert the dot between the variables so that the AND
operation is clearly indicated.
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THEORY
Not Gate (Inverters):
A third important logic element is the inverter. An inverter does
pretty much what it says. If the input is 0, then the output will be
1. Conversely, if the input is 1, then output will be 0. The symbol
for an inverter with the simulated LEDs.
If A is the input the output is NOT-A which is represented as .
The truth table for an inverter is pretty simple since there is
only one input.

A=
INPUT OUTPUT
(A)
()
0
1
1
0

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THEORY
Nor Gate:
The NOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical NOR it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH
output (1) results if both the inputs to the gate are LOW (0); if
one or both input is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results. NOR is the
result of the negation of the OR operator.

Y = not (A or B)
INPUT
(A)
0
0
1
1

INPUT (B)
0
1
0
1

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INPUT
[not (A or B) ]
1
0
0
0

THEORY
Nand Gate:
In digital electronics, a NAND gate (negative-AND) is a logic
gate which produces an output which is false only if all its inputs
are true; thus its output is complement to that of the AND gate. A
LOW (0) output results only if both the inputs to the gate are
HIGH (1); if one or both inputs are LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output
results. It is made using transistors and junction diodes.

Y = not (A and B)
INPUT
(A)
0
0
1
1

INPUT (B)
0
1
0
1

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INPUT
[not (A and B) ]
1
1
1
0

Bibliography

Internet
Physics Arihant All in One
ABC of Physics
Pradeeps Physics

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