Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
Bachelor of Technology
By
KHIRAD T. DHABHAR
(Roll no.:U12EE082)
: Supervisor:
______________
October-2016
TECHNOLOGY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled Optimal Power Flow submitted by
Khirad T. Dhabhar, U12EE082 is a record of bonafide work carried out by him in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology
IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
Date:
Place: SVNIT, Surat
(Faculty Supervisor)
Examiners
Head of Department
SVNIT
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Head
of Electrical
Engineering
Department
for supporting
and
I appreciate all my colleagues whose direct and indirect contribution helped me a lot
to accomplish this report. I would also like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching
staffs for cooperating with me and providing valuable advice which helped me in the
completion of this work.
Finally, I would like to express my thanks to all the members of my lovely family,
without whose support I would have never been able to aspire for this level of education.
-
Khirad T. Dhabhar
ABSTRACT
In todays world most of our major industries and hence economy depends on a reliable source of
electricity. Thus it becomes imperative that the network of generators, transmission lines should
be stable and with minimum downtime. Thus it becomes necessary to continuously monitor the
power flow and all transmission parameters continuously.
This report initially describes the load flow problem which is followed by the economic dispatch
problem. Finally the report formulates the optimal power flow problem and then the local
marginal price is calculated. A program is developed to find the optimal power flow and local
marginal price for an IEEE30 bus and IEEE26 bus system. The results after running the program
are given in the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES................................................................................................ii
Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................2
Chapter 2 Formation of admittance matrix......................................................................................2
2.1 Admittance matrix formulation..............................................................................................2
Chapter 3 Load flow studies............................................................................................................2
3.1 Solution of the load flow problem.........................................................................................2
3.1.1 Newton Raphson method....................................................................................................2
3.1.2 Gauss Seidel method.........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.3 Fast Decoupled method.....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 The load flow problem.........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 4 Optimal power flow........................................................................................................2
4.1 The optimal power flow problem..........................................................................................2
4.2 Formulation of optimal power flow problem.......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Solution of the optimal power flow problem.......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4 Local marginal price............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 5 Computation of optimal location of fact devices............................................................2
5.1 SVC or static var compensator
Introduction
In the early days of commercial use of electric power, transmission of electric power at the same
voltage as used by lighting and mechanical loads restricted the distance between generating plant
and consumers. In 1882 generation was with direct current, which could not easily be increased
in voltage for long-distance transmission. Different classes of loads, for example, lighting, fixed
motors and traction (railway) systems, required different voltages and so used different
generators and circuits.
As the complexity of the transmission system grew due to increase in area and new technology
trends, it became more and more difficult for engineers to be able to do regular system
maintenance and checks. Also to get data like system bus voltages, and do load flow studies and
other studies became increasingly complex. Hence, there was a need to generate an automatic
system that can be used to do load flow studies, economic dispatch studies and many other
studies. In this report Mathlab is used to write c programs (i.e m-files) to perform load flow, then
optimal power flow and using evolutionary programming algorithm the local marginal price of
the system is developed. The programs developed are then used on an IEEE30 bus and IEEE26
bus systems and the results are given in the report.
Node 0 or ground is taken as the reference value . Applying KCL to the nodes one to four we get
equations 2.1 to 2.4.
I1
(2.1)
a
b
Chapter 1
Load flow studies
In power engineering, the power flow study (also known as load-flow study) is an important tool
involving numerical analysis applied to a power system [2]. Unlike traditional circuit analysis, a
power flow study usually uses simplified notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit
system, and focuses on various forms of AC power (i.e.: reactive, real, and apparent) rather than
voltage and current. It analyses the power systems in normal steady-state operation.
Chapter 2
Optimal power flow
Before the 1980s power generation, transmission and distribution was done by a single
company. Thus each company had its own network and the system was vertically integrated.
However, in the early 1980s deregulation of the power network meant that transmission
generation and distribution could each be played by individual companies. Thus the companies
that generate power, transmit power and distribute power are called Gencos, Transcos and
Discos respectively. The entire system is coordinated by the independent system operator (ISO)
and market operator. The ISO coordinates the technical aspects and the market operator the
financial aspects of power generation, transmission and distribution.
The total active power generated should meet the total active power demanded plus the
ii)
iii)
In this report a program is written in matlab to use the data obtained from the optimal power flow
to get the local marginal price of the IEEE30 bus and IEEE26 bus test systems. The results are
given in chapter 7.
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Wind energy
In todays world wind energy has proved to be one of the most competitive and efficient
renewable energy sources and as a result, its use is indeed continuously increasing. Low wind
penetration levels are usually accommodated in present power networks considering that the
network is passively controlled and operated. However, this assumption is no longer valid since
as soon as the wind energy penetration starts increasing, a wide range of technical problems
could appear, such as: bi-directional power ow, voltage rise, in-creased power quality problems
and altered voltage stability [9].
Chapter 5
Simulated test system and computation results
An IEEE30 bus and IEEE26 bus system is used to simulate the load flow, optimal power flow
and local marginal price programs. Figure 7.1 and 7.2 shows an IEE30 bus IEEE 26 bus systems.
Conclusion
In this report the Ybus matrix was formulated and then load flow studies was carried out. The
optimal power flow problem is then presented and using a program developed in Matlab the
optimal power flow problem has been solved. Finally the report calculates the local marginal
price.
Usage of the local marginal price for finding the optimal placement of FACTS devices in a
transmission line is computed. The detail techno-economical or cost benefit analysis in a power
system is left for future work.
4.
5.
6.
7.
no.3,Aug.2012
J. D. Finney, H. A. Othman, and W. L. Rutz, Evaluating transmission congestion constraints in system
8.
planning, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 11431150, Aug. 1997.
E. J. De Oliveira, J. W. Marangon Lima, and K. C. De Almeida, Allocation of FACTS devices in
9.
hydrothermal systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 276282, Feb. 2000.
Borbely A, Kreider J., Distributed generation: the power paradigm for the new millennium. CRC Press;
2001.
10. Bhattacharya K, Zhong J., Reactive power as an ancillary service, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 16, no.
2,PP.294-300, 2001.