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Strain Measurement of
Cantilever Beam
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(Sep-Dec 2015)
Introduction:
Strain gauges are used in many systems as sensors to measure
forces, moments, and the deformations of structures and materials. This
experiment deals with measuring the strain in a cantilever beam through
the use of four resistance strain gages; two mounted on top of the beam
and two mounted below. A static load will be incremented at different
locations along the beam to produce measurable strains.
Beam Data:
L= 21 cm
l = 23 cm
b = 2.484 cm
t = 0.312 cm
given by
=
My
I
(Equation 1)
Where;
, so
=E x
(Equation 2)
Where,
= strain
EI
y
M =5 x1150
When a force of 10N is used the formula is
M =10 x2300
(Equation 3)
M =(10 x 22)2300=2080
M =(15 x 22)3450=3120
M =(20 x 22)4600=4160
M =(25 x 22)5750=5200
When a force of 5N is used the strain is found using the method below:
I= second moment of inertia of area
I=
bh 3
12
1
x 24.84 x 3.123 =62.87
12
My 1040 x 1.56
=
I
62.87
mm4
= 25.81
stress
25.81
= =
=1.291 E10
elastic modulus E 200 x 109
When a force 10N is used the strain is found using the method below:
I=
bh 3
12
1
3
x 24.84 x 3.12 =62.87
12
My 2080 x 1.56
=
I
62.87
mm4
= 51.62
stress
51.62
= =
=2.581 E10
elastic modulus E 200 x 109
Initial (0N)
0:16:3
3
0:16:3
4
0:16:3
6
0:16:3
8
0:16:4
0
0:16:4
2
0:16:4
4
0:16:4
6
0:16:4
8
0:16:5
0
0:16:5
2
0:16:5
4
0:16:5
6
0:16:5
8
0:17:0
0
0:17:0
2
Avg :
-5.44
-5.44
-5.44
-5.44
-5.45
-5.44
-5.44
-5.44
-5.44
-5.44
-5.44
-5.44
-5.44
-5.44
-5.45
-5.44
5.4412
5
14.4
4
14.4
4
14.4
4
14.4
4
14.4
4
14.4
4
14.4
4
14.4
4
14.4
4
14.4
5
14.4
4
14.4
4
14.4
5
14.4
4
14.4
4
14.4
4
Force 5N
0:18:0
6
0:18:0
8
0:18:1
0
0:18:1
2
0:18:1
4
0:18:1
6
0:18:1
8
0:18:2
0
0:18:2
2
0:18:2
4
0:18:2
6
0:18:2
8
0:18:3
0
0:18:3
2
0:18:3
4
Avg :
Force 10N
-5.22
-5.22
-5.22
-5.22
-5.22
-5.21
-5.22
-5.22
-5.22
-5.22
-5.22
-5.22
-5.22
-5.22
-5.22
5.2193
3
14.6
5
14.6
6
14.6
6
14.6
6
14.6
6
14.6
6
14.6
6
14.6
6
14.6
5
14.6
6
14.6
6
14.6
6
14.6
6
14.6
6
14.6
6
0:19:2
1
0:19:2
3
0:19:2
5
0:19:2
7
0:19:2
9
0:19:3
1
0:19:3
3
0:19:3
5
0:19:3
7
0:19:3
9
0:19:4
1
0:19:4
3
0:19:4
5
0:19:4
7
Avg :
-5
-5
-5
-5
-4.99
-4.99
-4.99
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-4.99
14.8
7
14.8
7
14.8
7
14.8
7
14.8
7
14.8
7
14.8
7
14.8
7
14.8
7
14.8
8
14.8
7
14.8
7
14.8
7
14.8
7
4.997
14
Force 15N
0:20:3
7
0:20:3
9
0:20:4
1
0:20:4
-4.77
-4.77
-4.77
-4.77
15.0
8
15.0
8
15.0
8
15.0
3
0:20:4
5
0:20:4
7
0:20:4
9
0:20:5
1
0:20:5
3
0:20:5
5
0:20:5
7
0:20:5
9
Avg:
-4.77
-4.77
-4.77
-4.77
-4.78
-4.77
-4.77
-4.77
8
15.0
8
15.0
8
15.0
8
15.0
8
15.0
8
15.0
8
15.0
8
15.0
8
4.770
83
Force 20N
0:21:3
2
0:21:3
3
0:21:3
5
0:21:3
7
0:21:3
9
0:21:4
1
0:21:4
3
0:21:4
5
0:21:4
7
0:21:4
9
0:21:5
1
0:21:5
-4.54 15.3
-4.54 15.3
-4.54 15.3
-4.55 15.3
-4.54
15.2
9
-4.54 15.3
-4.54 15.3
-4.54 15.3
-4.54 15.3
-4.54 15.3
-4.55 15.3
-4.54 15.2
3
0:21:5
5
Avg :
9
15.2
-4.54
9
4.5415
4
Force 25N
0:22:1
9
0:22:2
1
0:22:2
3
0:22:2
5
0:22:2
7
0:22:2
9
0:22:3
1
0:22:3
3
0:22:3
5
0:22:3
7
0:22:3
9
0:22:4
1
-4.31
-4.31
-4.31
-4.31
-4.32
-4.31
-4.32
-4.31
-4.32
-4.31
-4.32
-4.32
4.3141
Avg : 7
15.5
1
15.5
1
15.5
1
15.5
1
15.5
1
15.5
1
15.5
1
15.5
1
15.5
1
15.5
1
15.5
1
15.5
2
Loading
Number
0
1
2
3
4
5
Load(N)
Distance from
support L(mm)
Bending
moment at XX(N-mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
230
230
230
230
230
230
0
1150
2300
3450
4600
5750
Bending Moment(Nmm)
Theoretical
Strain(micro
strain)
Experimental
Strain
(micro strain)
1150
129
76
Percent
age
Error
(%)
41.1
2300
258
156
39.5
3450
387
234
39.5
4600
516
309
40.1
5750
645
386
40.1
7000
6000
5000
4000
Bending moment (N-mm)
3000
Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
2000
1000
0
0
200 400
600
7000
6000
5000
4000
Bending moment (N-mm)
Y-Values
3000
Linear (Y-Values)
2000
1000
0
0
Calculations:
Second moment of area of the steel beam I is;
I=
bh 3
12
1
x 24.84 x 3.123 =62.87
12
mm4
Then from the experimental graph, the young modulus of the steel is
determined by;
m=
So,
y 2 y 1 57501150
=
=14.84
x 2x 1
38676
M EI
=
14.84=
E x 62.87 mm4
1.56
E=
23.15
=0.3682
62.87
The relation between stress and the bending moment is directly
proportional because we had a linear graph. It is shown that the
position of the load affects the magnitude of the strain. This is
because difference in distance between the load and the strain
gauge, the longer the distance, the bigger the strain. The increase in
distance leads to an increase in the bending moment.
Based on the calculated result of experimental and theoretical value,
there is a 39-41% percentage of error, this quite a huge mistake.
This might be as a result of the change in the temperature of the
wire. Changes in temperature lead to the thermal expansion of the
wire as the strain gauge is left on for some time. It will make the
thermal sensitivity error. The errors could be minimized using a halfbridge or a full bridge configuration. With all stain gauges in the
bridge at the same temperature, any change in temperature affects
the gauges at the same ratio. Because of the temperature changes
is similar for all of the gauges, both the ratio of their change in
resistance and their output voltage didnt change.
In conclusion:
We get greater strain when we apply greater force. But there was an
error due to the temperature difference. It tells us that temperature
plays an important part in affecting the result which can be avoided
next time.