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ABSTRACT
Gi-Fi implies gigabit wireless Fidelity, its a wireless transmission technology ;ten times
faster than other technologies. Its chip offers multi-gigabit data transfer rate in a local environment
with speeds upto 5Gbps within a range of 10 meters. Its the worlds first transceiver integrated on
a single CMOS chip that operates at 60Ghz frequency band that is currently mostly unused. It
utilizes 5mm square chip with 1mm wide antenna consuming less than twice watt power to
transmit high speed data over short distances just like Bluetooth. The interesting features and
benefits of this new technology can be as the most anticipated technology with a vast world wide
market to revolutionize the high speed large files transfers with in nano seconds and expected to
be the preferred vital wireless technology enabling the digital economy of the future .Gi-Fi will
helps to push wireless communication to faster drive.

Index

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Chapte

Title

r No.

Page
No.

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Acknowledgement

III

Abstract

IV

Index

List of Figures

VI

Introduction
1.

The Gi-Fi standard

08

Technology Evolution

10

Wireless Transceiver

16

Comparison of Existing Technology

18

1
1.
2
1.
3
1.
4
2

Working Principle
2.

Data Uplinking

27

Data Downlinking

27

Time Division Duplex

28

Time Division multiplexing

31

1
2.
2
2.
3
2.
4
2.

TDM Signal Simulation

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5
3

SISO and MIMO System

38

3.

31

Transmission Schemes

1
3.

SISO and MIMO Simulation

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2

Input Signal with frequency spectrum and carrier signal.. 13

AM Signal with and without noise. 14

Figure 1.3

FM signal with and without noise....14

Figure 1.4

DSB signal with and without noise..15

Figure 1.5

SSB signal with and without noise...15

Figure 1.6

Flowchart for analog modulation identification algorithm...17

Figure 1.7

Functional flowchart for automatic recognition of Analog modulations..18

Figure 1.8

Result when FM is executed..26

Figure 1.9

Result when AM is executed.26

Figure 1.10

Result when DSB is executed....26

Figure 1.11

Result when SSB is executed.26

Figure 2.1

Simulation result of ASK2 modulation and with AWGN noise....29

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Figure 2.2

Simulation result of FSK2 modulation and with AWGN noise.31

Figure 2.3

Functional flowchart for automatic recognition of Digital modulations....33

Figure 2.4

Result when FSK2 is executed...37

Figure 2.5

Result when ASK2 is executed..37

Chapter 1
Introduction
CHAPTER PREVIEW
In this Chapter for introduction and basic ideas about Gi-Fi Wireless Technology and
Technology Evolution.

INTRODUCTION
Wi-Fi (ieee-802.11b) and Wi-Max (ieee-802.16e) have captured our attention. As there is
no recent developments which transfer data at faster rate, as video information transfer taking lot
of time. This leads to introduction of Gi-Fi technology. It offers some advantages over Wi-Fi, a

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similar wireless technology. In that it offers faster information rate in Gbps, less power
consumption and low cost for short range transmissions. Gi-Fi which is developed on a integrated
wireless transceiver chip. In which a small antenna used and both transmitter- receiver integrated
on a single chip which is fabricated using the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
process. Because of Gi-Fi transfer of large videos, files will be within seconds. In theory this
technology would transfers Giga Bytes of our favorite high definition movies in seconds. So Gi-Fi
can be considered as a challenger to Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi and could find applications
ranging from new mobile phones to consumer electronics.
Gi-Fi allows a full-length high definition movie to be transferred between two devices in
seconds to the higher megapixel count on our cameras, the increased bit rate on our music files,
the higher resolution of our video files, and so on. Researchers of Melbourne university has come
up with a wireless technology which promises high speed short range data transfer with a speed up
to 5Gbps within a radius of 10 meters. The new wireless technology is named as Gi-Fi and
operates on the 60 GHz frequency band, which is currently mostly unused. The Gi-Fi chip
developed by the Australian researchers measures 5mm square and is manufactured using existing
CMOS technology, that is currently used to print silicon chips.
The best part about this neoteric technology is its cost effectiveness and low power
consumption, it consumes only 2 watts of power for its operation with 1mm antenna included and
the development of Gi-Fi chip costs approximately 10 AUD (484 INR).

1.1

The Gi-Fi standard

Gi-Fi or gigabit wireless is the worlds first transceiver integrated on a single chip that

operates at 60 GHz on the CMOS process. It will allow wireless transfer of audio and video data at
up to 5gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at one tenth the
cost. NICTA researchers have chosen to develop this technology in the 57-64GHz unlicensed
frequency band as the millimeter-wave range of the spectrum makes possible high component onchip integration as well as allowing for the integration of very small high gain arrays. The
available 7GHz of spectrum results in very high data rates, up to 5 gigabits per second to users

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within an indoor environment, usually within a range of 10 meters. It satisfies the standards of
IEEE 802.15.3C.
A new silicon chip developed in Melbourne is predicted to revolutionize the way
household gadgets like televisions, phones and DVD players talk to each other. The tiny five
millimeter side chip can transmit data through a wireless connection at a breakthrough 5 gigabits
per second over distances of up to 10 meters. An entire high definition movie could be transmitted
to a mobile phone in a few seconds, and the phone could then upload the movie to a home
computer or screen at the same speed.

1.2

Wireless Transceiver
A transceiver is a combination transmitter/receiver in a single package. The term applies

to wireless communications devices such as cellular telephones, cordless telephone sets, handheld
two-way radios, and mobile two-way radios. Occasionally the term is used in reference to
transmitter/receiver devices in cable or optical fiber systems.
In a radio transceiver, the receiver is silenced while transmitting. An electronic
switch allows the transmitter and receiver to be connected to the same antenna, and
prevents the transmitter output from damaging the receiver. With a transceiver of
this kind, it is impossible to receive signals while transmitting. This mode is called
half duplex. Transmission and reception often, but not always, are done on the
same frequency.

Fig.1 transceiver

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Some transceivers are designed to allow reception of signals during transmission periods.
This mode is known as full duplex, and requires that the transmitter and receiver operate on
substantially different frequencies so the transmitted signal does not interfere with reception.

1.3

Technology Evolution
The shifts in social paradigm can trigger diversified communication technologies.

Therefore, technical seeds must be fostered to meet these needs. This entails building an
infrastructure for communication technologies for users. We can observe significant developments
in transmission systems, in which the characteristics of technological seeds in optical
transmission, wireless transmission, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max and now Gi-Fi meet these
requirements. Furthermore, it is expected that the communication network infrastructure will
evolve towards greater reliability and contain more intelligent functions by modification of the
Network Evolution. Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short
distances (using short wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from
fixed and mobile devices, building PANs. The IEEE standardized of Bluetooth is 802.15.1.
ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create
personal area networks built from small, low-power digital radios. ZigBee is based on an IEEE
802.15.4 standard. Though its low power consumption limits transmission distances to 10100
meters line-of-sight, depending on power output and environmental characteristics. Wi-Fi is a
local area wireless technology that allows an electronic device to participate in computer
networking using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF ISM bands. The IEEE standardized of Wi-Fi is
802.11 Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g. personal computers, video-games consoles, smartphones,
digital cameras and digital audio players. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the common name associated to the IEEE 802.16a standards. These standards are issued
by the IEEE 802.16 subgroup that originally covered the Wireless Local Loop (WLL) technologies
with radio spectrum from 10 to 66 GHz. Recently, specifications were extended below 10GHz.
Harmonize standards and certify interoperability between equipment from different vendors.
Standardized Interoperable solutions will result in mass volume and bring down costs, promote
and establish a brand for the technology. Wi-Fi style access will be limited to a 4 to 6 mile radius
(perhaps 25 square miles or65 square km of coverage, which is similar in range to a cell-phone

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zone). Through the stronger line-of sight antennas, the Wi-MAX transmitting station would send
data to Wi-MAX enabled computers or routers set up within the transmitters 30 mile radius
(3,600 square miles or 9,300 square km of coverage). This is what allows Wi-MAX to achieve its
maximum range.

Fig.2 Technology Evolution

1.4

Comparison of Existing Technology

The common Wireless technologies currently used are:

-

Bluetooth

Wi-Fi

The disadvantages of existing technologies

Slow rate.

High power consumption.

Low range of frequency operation.

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Table.1 Comparison

Chapter 2
Working Principle
2.1

Data Uplinking

In this we will use time division duplex for both transmission and receiving. Here data files
are up converted from IF range to RF60Ghz range by using 2 mixers and we will feed this to a
power amplifier, which feeds millimeter wave antenna.

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Fig.3 Data Uplinking

2.2

Data Downlinking
The incoming RF signal is first down converted to an IF signal centered at 5 GHz and then

to normal data ranges. Here we will use heterodyne construction for this process to avoid leakages
due to direct conversion and due to availability of 7 GHz spectrum the total data will be will be
transferred within seconds.

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Fig.4 Data Downlinking

2.3

Time Division Duplex

Time-Division Duplex (TDD) is the application of time division multiplexing to separate

outward and return signals. It emulates full duplex communication over a half-duplex
communication link. As uplink traffic increases, more channel capacity can dynamically be
allocated to that, and as it shrinks it can be taken away. Time division duplex (TDD) refers to
duplex communication links where uplink is separated from downlink by the allocation of
different time slots in the same frequency band.
It is a transmission scheme that allows asymmetric flow for uplink and downlink data
transmission. Users are allocated time slots for uplink and downlink transmission. This method is
highly advantageous in case there is an asymmetry of uplink and downlink data rates. TDD
divides a data stream into frames and assigns different time slots to forward and reverse
transmissions, thereby allowing both types of transmissions to share the same transmission
medium.

Fig.5 Time Division Duplex

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1.4.1 TDM Signal Simulation

The code for TDM signal can be written as:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.01:12;
f=1;

%---Transmitted Signal---%

x=5*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(311);
plot(t,x,'k','linewidth',2);
text(5.35,8,'Transmitted Signal')
title('Sinusoidal Signal')
y=5*square(10*t);
subplot(312);
plot(t,y,'r','linewidth',2);
title('Square Signal')
z=5*sawtooth(10*t);
subplot(313);
plot(t,z,'b','linewidth',2);
title('Triangular Signal')

%---TDM Signal Channel---%

out = [x(1:1:400) y(401:1:800) z(801:1:1201)];
figure;
subplot(311);

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plot(t,out,'k','linewidth',2);
text(5.35,8,'TDM Signal')
title('TDM channel-1');
out1 = [x(401:1:800) y(801:1:1201) z(1:1:400)];
subplot(312);
plot(t,out1,'r','linewidth',2);
title('TDM channel-1');
out2 = [x(801:1:1201) y(1:1:400) z(401:1:800)];
subplot(313);
plot(t,out2,'b','linewidth',2);
title('TDM channel-1');
%---Received Signal---%
a = real(ifft(fft(x)));
figure
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x,'k','linewidth',2);
text(5.35,8,'Received Signal')
title('Recovered Sinusoidal Signal');
b = real(ifft(fft(y)));
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,y,'r','linewidth',2);
title('Recovered Square Signal');
c = real(ifft(fft(z)));
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,z,'b','linewidth',2);
title('Recovered Triangular Signal');

Simulation Results/plots

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Sinusoidal Signal

5
0
-5

10

12

10

12

10

12

Square Signal

5
0
-5

6
Triangular Signal

5
0
-5

Fig.6 Simulation Results of Transmitted Signal

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Fig.7 Simulation Results of TDM Signal Channel

Recovered Sinusoidal Signal

5
0
-5

10

12

10

12

10

12

Recovered Square Signal

5
0
-5

Recovered Triangular Signal

5
0
-5

Fig.8 Simulation Results of Received Signal

Chapter 3
SISO and MIMO System
This Millimeter-Wave Wireless PAN will operate in the new and clear band including 5764 GHz un-licensed band defined by FCC 47 CFR 15.255. The millimeter wave Wireless PAN
will allow high co-existence (close physical spacing) with all other microwave systems in the
802.15 family of WPANs. Two Technologies employed that helped in realizing WLAN are:
A Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
B System-On-a-Package (SOP)
A. Multiple Input Multiple Output
A new architecture for bridging the existing gap in speeds in wireless systems The
Millimeter Wave MIMO system employs millimeter (mm) wave spectrum in the 57-64 GHz

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band, which has been made available by the Federal Communications Commission on a semiunlicensed basis for outdoor point-to-point communication. The small wavelengths enable highly
directive beams providing link budgets sufficient to communicate over ranges of the order of few
meters. MIMO wireless is an emerging cost effective technology that offers substantial leverages
in making 1Gbps wireless links a reality.

Fig.8 MIMO Outline

MIMO wireless constitutes a technological breakthrough that will allow Gbps speeds in
NLOS wireless networks. The performance improvements resulting from the use of MIMO
systems are due to:
1. Array gain
2. Diversity gain
3. Spatial Multiplexing Gain
4. Interference Reduction
1. Array gain:
In MIMO communication systems, array gain means a power gain of transmitted signals
that is achieved by using multiple-antennas at transmitter and/or receiver, with respect to singleinput single-output case. It can be simply called power gain.
2. Diversity gain

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Diversity gain is the increase in signal-to-interference ratio due to some diversity scheme,
or how much the transmission power can be reduced when a diversity scheme is introduced,
without a performance loss. Diversity gain is usually expressed in decibels, and sometimes as a
power ratio.
3. Spatial Multiplexing Gain
Spatial Multiplexing Gain (SMG) is achieved when a system is transmitting different
streams of data from the same radio resource in separate spatial dimensions. Data is hence sent and
received over multiple channels - linked to different pilot frequencies, over multiple antennas. This
results in capacity gain at no additional power or bandwidth. SMG has had a large impact on the
introduction of MIMO systems in wireless technology.
4. Interference Reduction
The co-channel interference reduction for Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output systems for
channel fading with different diversity scheme. Their technique basically an adaptive variation of
diversity scheme and reduced the ratio of outage probability of power of signal. Their analysis
generalizes prior work in that they place no restrictions on the number or power of the interferers,
or on the number of antennas at the transmitter and receiver. Their results indicate that, for
adaptive interference power, system performance degrades when there are dominant interferers. In
addition, for an adaptive of transmit and receive antennas, outage probability and average Bit
Error Rate decrease when the transmitter and receiver have the same number of antennas.
B System-On-a-Package (SOP)
System-on-a-package (SOP) technology with digital, RF, and optical system integration on
a single package, aims to utilize the best of on-chip SOC integration and package integration to
achieve highest system performance at the lowest cost. Recent development of materials and
processes in packaging area makes it possible to bring the concept of SOP into the RF world to
meet the possible needs in wireless communication area. Wireless devices implementing complex
functionality require a large amount of circuitry and consequently, require a large conventional
package or MCM. SOP goes one step beyond Multi Chip Module (MCM) by enhancing overall
performances and adding more functionality and efficiency. SOP approach for the next-generation
wireless solution is a more feasible option than SOC (System on Chip).

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3.1

Transmission Schemes
Depends upon number of antennas used transmission scheme is divided into SISO, SIMO,

MISO, and MIMO for wireless communication system as bellows [1].

3.1.1

Single Input Single Output (SISO)

Single input single output (SISO) is less complex and easier to make for wireless

communication system to transmit and receive signal. Assume input data stream is S, channel is
h11 and output data stream be the Y. Antenna configuration and input output relation of SISO
system is given in the Figure.

The Channel capacity is poor as compare to other Technique but System design is not
Complex.

Fig.10 SISO model

I/P and O/P Relation

Y=h11S+n

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The SISO channel capacity is given by,

= 2(1+S/N)
Where C is known as capacity of channel, B is known as bandwidth of the signal, S/N is
known as signal to noise ratio.

3.1.2

Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO)

SIMO refers to the familiar wireless configuration with a single antenna at the transmitter

and multiple antennas at receiver site. Now we assume we have two receiving signals Y1 and
Y2 with different fading channel coefficient h1 and h2 with input data stream S. Antenna
configuration and input output relation of SIMO (Receive Diversity) system is given by,
I/P and O/P Relation
Y1=h11S+n1
Y2= h21S+n2

Fig.11 SIMO model

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The channel capacity has not increased. The multiple receive antennas can help us get a stronger
signal through diversity. The SIMO channel capacity is given by,
=2(1+/)
Where C is known as capacity, B is known as bandwidth, S/N is known as signal to noise ratio.
is the number of antennas used at the receiver side.
3.1.3

Multiple Input Single Output (MISO)

MISO system has multiple antennas at the transmitter and single antennas at receiver site.

Now we assume we have two transmitting signals S1 and S2 with different fading channel
coefficient h1 and h2 with output data stream Y. Antenna configuration and input output
relation of MISO (Transmit Diversity) is given by,

I/P and O/P Relation

Y=h11S+ h12S+n

Fig.12 MISO model

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The channel capacity has not really increased because we still have to transmit two signals at a
time 2. The MISO capacity is given by,
=2(1+/)
Where C is known as capacity, B is known as bandwidth, S/N is known as signal to noise ratio.
is the number of antennas used at the transmitter side.
3.1.4

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

MIMO is a method of transmitting multiple data streams at the transmitter side and also

receiving multiple data streams at the receiver side. MIMO antenna configuration describes that
use of multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas for a single user produces higher Capacity,
spectral efficiency and more data rates for wireless communication. When the data rate is to be
increased for a single user, this is called single user MIMO (SU-MIMO) and when the individual
streams are assigned to various users; this is called multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO).
Antenna configuration and input output relation of MIMO (Transmit Diversity) is given by,

Fig.13 MIMO model

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From the above fig. Output user data stream =+ (input output relation of MIMO
channel), where =[1 2] is the transmitted data vector, =[1 2] is the received data
vector, and =[1 2] is the Additive White Gaussian noise (AWGN). BPSK modulation is
used in each block modulation of signal for long distance transmission also it satisfies the good
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Let us consider a MIMO system with MT transmit antennas and MR
receive antennas, denote the impulse response between the jth (j= 1, 2, MT) transmit antenna
and the ith (i= 1, 2, MR) receiving antenna.
The MIMO channel can be represented using a MR MT matrix format H is given by,

Where hij is a complex Gaussian random variable that models fading gain between the ith
transmit and jth receive antenna.
If a signal j() is transmitted from the jth transmitted antenna, the signal receive at the ith
receive antenna. The input output relation is given by,
MT
()= , j(), i= 1, 2, MR
=1
Here we take MT transmit and MR receive antennas with input data stream is S and output
data stream is Y. MIMO has higher capacity as compare to other system. The MIMO capacity is
given by,
=TR2(1+/)
Where C is known as capacity, B is known as bandwidth, S/N is known as signal to noise
ratio. T is the number of antennas used at the transmitter side & R is the number of antennas
used at receiver side.

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3.2 SISO and MIMO Simulation

The capacity of MIMO system is given by the formula as
= MT MR 2(1 + /)
Where C is known as capacity of channel, B is known as bandwidth of the signal, S/N is
known as signal to noise ratio. MT is the number of antennas used at the transmitter side & M R is
the number of antennas used at receiver side.

The code for TDM signal can be written as:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
SNR_DB = [0:0.01:40];
SNR = 10.^(SNR_DB/10);
% The capacity of SISO model
C_SISO = log2(1+SNR);
figure
plot(SNR_DB,C_SISO,'-','LineWidth',1.5,'Color','g');
hold on
% The capacity of MIMO model
Nr = 3;
Nt = 3;

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N = min(Nr,Nt);
H = zeros(Nr,Nt);
for k=1:Nr
for l=1:Nt
H(k,l) = randn(1) + j* randn(1);
end
end
[S V D] = svd(H*H');
C_MIMO = 0;
for k=1:N
lamda(k) = V(k,k);
C_MIMO = C_MIMO + log2(1+SNR*lamda(k)/Nt);
end
plot(SNR_DB,C_MIMO, 'LineWidth', 1.5);
legend('SISO','MIMO');
xlabel('SNR');
ylabel('Capacity');

Simulation Results/plots

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45
SISO
MIMO

40
35

Capacity

30
25
20
15
10
5
0

10

15

20
SNR

25

30

35

40

Fig.14 Simulation Results of Capacity comparison of SISO and MIMO system

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