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Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
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American Institute of Steel Construction
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The American Institute of Steel Construction 2016
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
Course Description
Fundamentals of Bolting and Welding
Session 3: - Bolting Pt. 3: Torque, Turn, Twist and Test
October 18th, 2016
This session will focus on structural fastener installation methods.
Recommendations on the best practices to achieve proper fastener
tension will be given. The differences between just tight and tightened
right, including inspection requirements for common installation methods
will be explained.
Learning Objectives
Learn about required ordering information.
Learn about proper fastener storage and handling.
Gain an understanding of pre-installation
verification testing.
Learn about common installation methods.
Learn about inspection requirements for different
installation and joint types.
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Chad Larson
President
LeJeune Bolt Company
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RCSC
Connected Plies
All plies that are within the grip of the bolt and any materials that are used under
the head or nut shall be steel with faying surfaces that are uncoated, coated or
galvanized.
Compressible materials shall not be placed within the grip of the bolt. The slope
of the surfaces of parts in contact with the bolt head and nut shall be equal to or
less than 1:20 with respect to a plane that is normal to the bolt axis.
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SNUG TIGHT
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tightened joints and pretensioned joints as defined in Sections 4.1 and 4.2 are
permitted to be uncoated, coated with coatings of any formulation or
galvanized.
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Joint Types
Shear/Bearing Joint. A snug-tightened joint or pretensioned joint with bolts that
transmit shear loads and for which the design criteria are based upon the shear
strength of the bolts and the bearing strength of the connected materials.
Pretensioned Joint. A joint that transmits shear and/or tensile loads in which the
bolts have been installed in accordance with Section 8.2 to provide a pretension
in the installed bolt.
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Joint Types
Slip-Critical Joint. A joint that transmits shear loads or shear loads in
combination with tensile loads in which the bolts have been installed in
accordance with Section 8.2 to provide a pretension in the installed bolt
(clamping force on the faying surfaces), and with faying surfaces that have
been prepared to provide a calculable resistance against slip.
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Joint Commentary:
The ultimate strength of a connection is independent of the bolt pretension
Joint Types
RCSC Table 4.1 Summary of Applications and Requirements for Bolted Joints
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ORDERING INFORMATION
See ASTM specification for details
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Ordering Continued
3.2 Test reports, see Section 14.
3.3 Additional details of other assembly components such as nuts and
washers, if required.
3.4 Rotational capacity testing of matched sets or assemblies in accordance
with Annex A2 if required by the purchaser.
3.5 Heavy Hex bolts may be ordered individually, packaged with nuts,
packaged with nuts and washers, or as assemblies.
3.6 Any special observation or inspection requirements shall be specified at
the time of inquiry and at the time of order. See Section 13.2.
3.7 Any supplementary requirements. (For example A325T or A325S)
3.8 Country of origin requirements, if any.
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Notes
NOTE 1A typical description follows: 1000 pieces 34 3 ASTM
F312515, Grade A325 heavy hex bolt, Type 1, each with one hardened
ASTM F436 Type 1 washer, and one A563 Grade DH heavy hex nut.
NOTE 2Bolts are sometimes detailed with names such as A325 HS, A325
SC, A325 X or A490 N. These names relate to connection design and bolt
installation, but do not change the manufacturing requirements and are
preferably not shown on bolt orders.
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JOBSITE REQUIREMENTS
See RCSC specification for details
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Traceability
Production lot traceability is required by many standards
Even if not required, it is good practice to record the lot numbers and keep all
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Properly Stored
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PREINSTALLATION VERIFICATION
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method to be used.
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combination of diameter, length, grade and lot to be used in the work shall be
checked at the site of installation in a tension calibrator to verify that the
pretensioning method develops a pretension that is equal to or greater than
that specified in Table 7.1.
Washers shall be used in the pre-installation verification assemblies as
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Pre-installation Testing
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INSTALLATION METHODS
See RCSC specification for more details
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Methods Worldwide
Japan
Europe
Torque + Torque
Torque + Angle
Torque Only
DTIs
Angle Only
Torque Only
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Installation Types PT or SC
Turn of Nut
Twist Off
RCSC
Calibrated
Wrench
Direct Tension
Indicator
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SECTION 8. INSTALLATION
with Section 2.2. For joints that are designated in the contract documents as
snug-tightened joints, the bolts shall be installed in accordance with Section
8.1. For joints that are designated in the contract documents as pretensioned
or slip-critical, the bolts shall be installed in accordance with Section 8.2.
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the threads. Bolts shall be placed in all holes with washers positioned as
required in Section 6.1. Compacting the joint to the snug-tight condition shall
progress systematically from the most rigid part of the joint.
Snug tight is the condition that exists when all of the plies in a connection have
been pulled into firm contact by the bolts in the joint and all of the bolts in the
joint have been tightened sufficiently to prevent the removal of the nuts without
the use of a wrench.
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16 11
14
13 10
15
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8
2
4
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Commentary:
The snug tightened condition is typically achieved with a few impacts of an
snug tightened joint. The splines on twist-off type tension-control bolts may be
twisted off or left in place in snug tightened joints.
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The pretensions in individual fasteners in snug tightened joints will vary from
joint to joint depending upon the thickness, flatness, and degree of parallelism
of the connected plies, as well as the effort applied.
Joints involving material of ordinary thickness and flatness can be drawn into
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to the use of that lot. The testing shall be done at the start of the work. For
calibrated wrench pretensioning, this testing shall be performed daily for the
calibration of the installation wrench.
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RCSC
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to compact the joint until the connected plies are in firm contact. Only after
completion of this operation can the joint be reliably pretensioned. Both the
initial phase of compacting the joint and the subsequent phase of
pretensioning should begin at the most rigidly fixed or stiffest point.
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performance of the joint. If the specified pretension is present in all bolts of the
completed joint, the clamping force in all bolts will be transferred at the
locations that are in contact and the joint will be fully effective in resisting slip
through friction.
If individual bolts are pretensioned in a single continuous operation in a joint
that has not first been properly compacted or fitted up, the pretension in the
bolts that are pretensioned first may be relaxed or removed by the
pretensioning of adjacent bolts. The resulting reduction in total clamping force
will reduce the slip resistance.
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Numerous Options
Pneumatic
Hydraulic
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assemblies in the joint, progressing from the most rigid part of the joint in a
manner that will minimize relaxation of previously pretensioned bolts.
The part not turned by the wrench shall be prevented from rotating during this
operation.
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RCSC
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Calibrated Wrench
8.2.2. Calibrated Wrench Pretensioning: The pre-installation verification
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Calibrated Wrench
All bolts shall be installed in accordance with the requirements in Section 8.1,
operation.
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Calibrated Wrench
Calibrated wrench pretensioning was once removed from RCSC, but then later
reinstated with more emphasis on detailed requirements that must be carefully
followed. For calibrated wrench pretensioning, wrenches must be calibrated:
(1) Daily;
(2) When the lot of any component of the fastener assembly is changed;
(3) When the lot of any component of the fastener assembly is relubricated;
(4) When significant differences are noted in the surface condition of the bolt
threads, nuts or washers; or,
(5) When any major component of the wrench including lubrication, hose and
air supply are altered.
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Calibrated Wrench
It is also important that:
(1) Fastener components be protected from dirt and moisture at the shop or
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Electric
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Twist-Off Type
Single side installation
Visual indicator
Calibrated torque
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Twist-Off Type
Snug only
Shear/bearing connection
Tensioned
By Shear Wrench (TC Wrench)
Turn of Nut tension by elongation
Calibrated Wrench tension by calibrated torque
DTI (direct tension indicator) washer tension by compression
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Twist-Off Type
8.2.3. Twist-Off-Type Tension-Control Bolt Pretensioning: Twist-off-type
tension control bolt assemblies that meet the requirements of ASTM F1852 or
F2280 shall be used.
Assemblies installed in accordance with the requirements in Section 8.1
without severing the spline and with washers positioned as required. If a spline
is severed during this operation, the assembly shall be replaced.
All bolts in the joint shall be pretensioned with the twist-off-type installation
wrench, progressing systematically from the most rigid part of the joint in a
manner that will minimize relaxation of previously pretensioned bolts.
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DTI Washer
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DTI
Tensioned
By Shear Wrench (not recommended)
Turn of Nut tension by elongation
Calibrated Wrench tension by calibrated torque
Impacting or non-impacting wrench
Some visual methods, but still need to measure
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a)The bolt head is stationary while the nut is turned DTI under bolt head
b)The bolt head is stationary while the nut is turned DTI under nut (washer required)
c)The nut is stationary while the bolt head is turned DTI under bolt head (washer required)
d)The nut is stationary while the bolt head is turned DTI under nut
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DTIs
8.2.4. Direct-Tension-Indicator Pretensioning: Direct tension indicators that
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DTIs Continued
All bolts shall be installed with the requirements in Section 8.1, with washers
positioned as required.
The installer shall verify that the protrusions have not been compressed to a
gap that is less than the job inspection gap during this operation, and if this
has occurred, the direct tension indicator shall be removed and replaced.
Subsequently, all bolts in the joint shall be pretensioned, progressing
systematically from the most rigid part of the joint in a manner that will
minimize relaxation. The installer shall verify that the DTI protrusions have
been compressed to a gap that is less than the job inspection gap.
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INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS
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Other Requirements
In addition to the erectors quality control program, tests and inspection are
of washers
Pretensioned joints require pre-installation verification and routine observation
of proper application
Slip-critical joints require inspection of the faying surfaces in addition to the
above inspections
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ensure while the work is in progress that the requirements in this Specification
are met. When inspection is not required in the contract documents, the
contractor shall ensure while the work is in progress that the requirements in
this Specification are met.
For joints that are designated in the contract documents as snug-tightened
joints, the inspection shall be in accordance with Section 9.1. For joints that
are designated in the contract documents as pretensioned, the inspection
shall be in accordance with Section 9.2. For joints that are designated in the
contract documents as slip-critical, the inspection shall be in accordance with
Section 9.3.
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the plies have been brought into firm contact and that washers have been
used as required in Section 6.
It shall be determined that all of the bolts in the joint have been tightened
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Section 8.2.
Subsequently, it shall be ensured by routine observation that the bolting crew
properly rotates the turned element relative to the unturned element by the
amount specified in Table 8.2.
Alternatively, when fastener assemblies are match-marked after the initial fit-
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Section 8.2.
Subsequently, it shall be ensured by routine observation that the splined ends
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observation that the appropriate feeler gage is accepted in at least half of the
spaces between the protrusions of the direct tension indicator and that the
protrusions are properly oriented away from the work.
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appropriate feeler gage is refused entry into at least half of the spaces
between the protrusions. No further evidence of conformity is required.
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AISC Inspection
Chapter N of the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings contains
Quality Control and Quality Assurance requirements for quality control. These
include documentation of materials, personnel, specific production and QC
procedures, and bolting inspection tasks.
Quality Control Inspector (QCI). Individual designated to perform quality
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and workmanship incorporated in construction are in conformance with the construction documents and the
provisions of the RCSC Specification.
(a) For snug-tight joints, pre-installation verification testing as specified in Table N5.6-1 and monitoring of the
installation procedures as specified in Table N5.6-2 are not applicable. The QCI and QAI need not be present
during the installation of fasteners in snug-tight joints.
(b) For pretensioned joints and slip-critical joints, when the installer is using the turn-of-nut method with
matchmarking techniques, the direct-tension-indicator method, or the twist-off-type tension control bolt method,
monitoring of bolt pretensioning procedures shall be as specified in Table N5.6-2. The QCI and QAI need not
be present during the installation of fasteners when these methods are used by the installer.
(c) For pretensioned joints and slip-critical joints, when the installer is using the calibrated wrench method or
the turn-of-nut method without matchmarking, monitoring of bolt pretensioning procedures shall be as specified
in Table N5.6-2. The QCI and QAI shall be engaged in their assigned inspection duties during installation of
fasteners when these methods are used by the installer.
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N5.6-1, N5.6-2 and N5.6-3. In these tables, the inspection tasks are as
follows:
Observe (O): The inspector shall observe these items on a random basis.
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TABLE N5.6-1
Inspection Tasks Prior to Bolting
QC
QA
Connecting elements, including the appropriate faying surface condition and hole
preparation, if specified, meet applicable requirements
Protected storage provided for bolts, nuts, washers and other fastener components
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TABLE N5.6-2
Inspection Tasks During Bolting
QC
QA
Fastener assemblies placed in all holes and washers and nuts are positioned as required
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TABLE N5.6-3
Inspection Tasks After Bolting
QC
QA
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Thank You
Questions?
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8-Session Registrants
PDH Certificates
One certificate will be issued at the conclusion of
all 8 sessions.
8-Session Registrants
Quizzes
Access to the quiz: Information for accessing the quiz will be emailed to you by Thursday. It will contain a link to
access the quiz. EMAIL COMES FROM NIGHTSCHOOL@AISC.ORG
Quiz and Attendance records: Posted Tuesday mornings. www.aisc.org/nightschool - click on Current Course
Details.
Reasons for quiz:
EEU must take all quizzes and final to receive EEU
PDHS If you watch a recorded session you must take quiz for PDHs.
REINFORCEMENT Reinforce what you learned tonight. Get more out of the course.
NOTE: If you attend the live presentation, you do not have to take the quizzes to receive PDHs.
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8-Session Registrants
Recording
Access to the recording: Information for accessing the recording will be emailed to
you by this Thursday. The recording will be available for two weeks. For 8-session
registrants only. EMAIL COMES FROM NIGHTSCHOOL@AISC.ORG.
PDHS If you watch a recorded session you must take AND PASS the quiz for PDHs.
Thank You
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